As one of the famous ancient capitals in China, Nanjing was studied by many people during the Six Dynasties, the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China. Today we are going to discuss the specific architectural layout and urban planning of Nanjing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Southern Ming Dynasty.
Dongjin Jiankangcheng (Nanjing)
There is an unchangeable law in history, that is, the rise and fall of dynasties, new rulers will rebuild the capital. After Sun Quan established political power in the State of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, he built a city on the site of today's Nanjing. Jianye city? Jianye City faces south and the terrain is relatively flat. Jianye is east of Yanque Lake, north of Jilong Mountain and south of Jubaoshan.
There are mountains and water on all sides, and there is a great plain in the middle. Building its capital here can be said to be an excellent treasure, and it is the central area of Sun Wu's attack and defense.
The whole city is square, surrounded by moats, and connected with Qinhuai River and Yangtze River through water abuse. The palace in the imperial city and downtown is the Taichu Palace. Since it is the imperial city, there are naturally many palace buildings in it.
It took about 60 years for Jianye to build a city and destroy it in the Western Jin Dynasty, and then it took more than 40 years before it was gradually destroyed. It was not until the Jianwu period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that the new city was rebuilt, but it was renamed at this time? Jiankang city? .
Jiankang City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was also built in the position of Jianye City, the capital of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, but Jianye City has been destroyed, and the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has been rebuilt, which is much larger than Jianye City. Due to the development of the times, the expansion of capital is also necessary.
Jiankang City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is square in plane, running through the city with the central axis, starting from the east side of Jubaoshan in the south to Zhuquehang and Zhuquemen, and finally reaching Jiankang City.
The number of doors opened on each wall in the whole city is
South Four Gates: Guangyang Gate, Xuanyang Gate, Jinyang Gate and Qingming Gate; North Four Gates: Daximen, Xuanwu Gate, Guangmo Gate and Yanximen; Simon: Hehemen, Ximingmen; East Gate: Dongyang Gate and Jianchun Gate;
The whole Miyagi is rectangular, long from north to south and short from east to west, and the center of Miyagi is Taichu Palace.
There is Xizhou City in the southwest of Jiankang City, which is square in plan, accounting for about one sixth of Jiankang City.
In the southeast corner of Jiankang City, there is Dongfu City, which is also a plane square, similar to the Western Zhou City. Later, a Danyang county was built in the south of Jiankang City.
Generally speaking, through the analysis of the buildings of Jiankang City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, we can understand the location, topography and surrounding conditions of Jiankang City, as well as the plane layout, overall planning of the city, the location of the imperial city and the locations of the gates. Today, it is even more difficult to know more details about Jiankang City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because the buildings in Nanjing City are so dense that it is impossible to dig any more.
Jiankangfu in Southern Song Dynasty (Nanjing)
Jiankang House in the Southern Song Dynasty is Nanjing, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. It can be said that it was a city second only to the capital at that time. At that time, there was a popular saying called? The foundation of the country lies in the southeast, and the foundation of the southeast lies in health? This is enough to prove that Nanjing was indeed the military, economic and political center at that time.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the layout of Nanjing was also square, with moats and dense rivers outside. Street planning is not very neat. There are also many buildings in the city, especially palace buildings. At that time, the emperor's palace was expensive, with 40 halls and pavilions, as well as government offices, academies, temples and towers.
In fact, Nanjing City in the Southern Song Dynasty was built several times, which can be roughly divided into two periods. The most talked about is the gate building. The gates of Jiankang House in Southern Song Dynasty are Ridongmen, Rinanmen, Ribeimen and Riximen, which are just the gates. In addition, there are five land gates and three water gates. The architectural styles of these gates are also different.
The internal layout of Jiankang City is to change Miyagi in the Southern Tang Dynasty into a palace, and the Hongqiao in front of the palace was renamed Tianjin Bridge, which is now the inner bridge. On the east and west sides of the palace are stationed military camps, while those government offices and academies are in the southeast. Some residential areas are concentrated on both sides of Qinhuai River, which is quite lively.
Yingtianfu in Nanming Period (Nanjing)
Nanjing in the Southern Ming Dynasty was only used as the capital. Nanjing is located in the south bank of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a beautiful geographical environment, surrounded by mountains and waters. Also known as being surrounded by dragons and tigers. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties and then to the Six Dynasties, emperors of all dynasties established their capitals here.
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing its capital, with a length of 30 kilometers. In Ming Dynasty, Nanjing was not only the largest ancient city in China history, but also relatively large in the world. The shape of the city is extremely irregular, which is the representative of the most untidy city. Nanjing is still well preserved.
There are 13 gates in all city walls, namely (Jubao Gate, Sanshanmen, Shichengmen, Liangqing Gate, Dinghuai Gate, Yifeng Gate, Zhongfu Gate, Jinchuan Gate, Toilet God Gate, Taiping Gate, Chaoyangmen, Zhengyangmen and Tongji Gate).
The height of the city wall varies from 14m to 21m. Most of the bricks in Nanjing City were fired in Yichun and Linjiangfu, Jiangxi Province, and most of them were fired by celadon clay.
The rivers in the city include Qinhuai River, Canal and Pearl River, which are interconnected.
Qinhuai River is divided into two streams, one of which flows through Tongjimen, Jubaomen and Sanshanmen, and finally flows into the Yangtze River.
Qinhuai River in the city enters the city from Tongji Watergate, flows into Dazhong Bridge and joins Wucheng, and goes out of the city to Wangxian Bridge in the west. In order to adjust the water level, Nanjing City has set up a drainage ditch at the lower part of the city wall.
Gongcheng District was mainly Miyagi in Ming Dynasty, located at the western end of the city, accounting for 1/5 of the whole city. Enter from Zhengyangmen and go straight to Hongwumen in the north. This central axis is the central axis of the palace. Hongwumen is the south gate of Miyagi, and further north are Yudao Street, Chengtianmen and Wumen, which are the main gates of the imperial city. The buildings in the imperial city are Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall, Shenshen Hall, Ganchao Hall, Gongsheng Hall and Kunning Palace from south to north. Bei 'anmen is the north gate of Imperial City, and the north gate of Miyagi is Xuanwu Gate.
On both sides of Yudao Street are Wu Wen yamen. There are five places in the east, namely, officials, households, rituals, soldiers and workers. In the west, there are five governors' offices in the Wumen Gate, Wuying Hall in the west and Wenhua Hall in the east. After entering the city, there are wenlou and wulou in the east-west direction; There are East Palace and Taiji Palace on the east side of Miyagi, and West Palace and Imperial Garden on the west side. The layout of Nanjing City, in which the East Gate of Miyagi is Donghuamen and the West Gate is Xihuamen, embodies the planning principles of the city map in Zhou Li Kaoji, with the central axis as the center, symmetrical left and right, the front facing forward, the back sleeping, and the left ancestors and the right society. It laid a good foundation for the planning of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Summary language
Through the analysis of Nanjing City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty and Southern Ming Dynasty, we can see that the name and architectural style of Nanjing City in each period are different, and the overall layout of the city is roughly the same, but there are also many changes, especially in the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing City is much better in scale and architecture than before.
Today, Nanjing is also the four ancient capitals of China and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Its geographical location has always been considered unique, with good feng shui. After many wars or disasters in ancient times, rulers liked to choose Nanjing to recuperate. Sun Quan established Jianye, later changed to Jiankang, and changed to Jiankang House in the Southern Song Dynasty, and made its capital. Finally, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Qing Ji and changed it to Tianfu until today's Nanjing.
With more than 7,000 years of civilization history, more than 2,000 years of urban construction and nearly 500 years of capital construction, fortunately, today's Nanjing still retains many primitive ancient cities.
reference data
Zhang Yuhuan's History of China City.
"Ding Jing Jiankangzhi" Volume 20 "City Quezhiyi"