Where is the graveyard of Qin Shihuang?

The legend that the underground palace was stolen is still circulating. In 209 BC, the first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China, and Chen Sheng's guangwu rose up, and all parts of Kanto responded in succession. Soon, a powerful rebel army led by Zhou Wen arrived at Xishui (near Xingfeng in the northeast of the cemetery), which is less than 10. At this time, hundreds of thousands of mausoleum repairers had to obey orders to abandon the unfinished cemetery project, and then Zhang Hanfeng was ordered by the Shaofu to stop the uprising army, and the crumbling Qin Dynasty died after less than a year's kneading. With the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, the bad luck of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum came. Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, was the first person to visit the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. The plot and extent of Xiang Yu's excavation of the Qin Mausoleum are not the same in historical records, and even differ greatly before and after. Sima Qian recorded in Historical Records that Xiang Yu's excavation of the first imperial tomb was extremely rigorous. In all his records concerning cemeteries, there is no mention of the modern tomb of Xiang Yu. Only when Liu Bang and Xiang Yu scolded each other before the war, Liu Bang listed the top ten crimes of Xiang Yu, one of which was "digging the tomb of the first emperor". This statement comes from Xiang Yu's opponent Liu Bang, and even Sima Qian couldn't assert it when he wrote Historical Records, so he had to objectively and forever forget Liu Bang's original words. Later, when Ban Gu recorded this matter in Hanshu, he was also cautious. "The work of Mount Li was not finished, but millions of masters from Zhang Zhou went." Ji Xiang burned his palace and camp, and those who went there saw the excavation. Later, the shepherd lost his sheep and it got into his chisel. The shepherd held a torch to shine on the ball sheep and lost his hiding place. Since ancient times, burial has not been as prosperous as that of the first emperor. "A few years later, it's a pity that the outside was destroyed by Ji Xiang, and grazing was forbidden inside. This passage by Ban Gu was not his own invention. It's written by Liu Xiang 'an, the minister of Emperor Han Cheng. In those days, Emperor Han Cheng built Yanling and soon rebuilt Changling. "After several years of failure, it will be returned to Yanling, and the system is too extravagant." Faced with the situation of changing the mausoleum site several times and wasting a lot of manpower and material resources, Liu Xiang advised Emperor Cheng to be buried thinly and opposed thick burial. In the book of exhortation, he not only listed the typical cases of thin burial, but also talked about the consequences of thick burial, of which Qin Shihuang was the example he emphasized. As an exhortation, the author's subjective motivation and emotional color are obvious, and the historical examples involved are not completely accurate. Even so, the author's account of Xiang Yu's excavation of the first imperial tomb is measured. Xiang Yu just "burned his palace to build it, and those who went wanted to watch it dig." "A few years later, what he did outside Jixiang was blessed by Mu Zhi." It can be seen that Liu Xiang's remonstration book talked about Xiang Yu's burning underground palace, but did not assert that Xiang Yu robbed the Qin Tombs. In a word, a preliminary conclusion can be drawn from the original records of Historical Records and Hanshu: Xiang Yu led troops to dig the first imperial tomb. In short, from the original records of Historical Records and Hanshu, we can draw a preliminary conclusion: Xiang Yu visited the first imperial tomb and set fire to the "palace camp" of the cemetery, but it is impossible to assert that Xiang Yu led troops to excavate the first imperial tomb. However, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, when Li Daoyuan wrote Notes on Shui Jing and Wei Shui, his records were quite different from Historical Records and Hanshu. He wrote: "Xiang Yu entered the customs with 300,000 people, and things could not escape within 30 days. The Kanto thief sold copper, and the shepherd looked for sheep to burn, but the fire burned for 90 days." In fact, part of this record comes from Hanshu, when the shepherd found the sheep to burn it; The other part is illusory, which is different from Hanshu. For example, "Xiang Yu entered the customs and made a fortune, with 300,000 people, and he could not be poor in 30 days." Obviously, Li Daoyuan's record is artificially played, and his lines are full of imagination. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, died over 100 years ago, Ban Gu, the author of Hanshu, died over 200 years ago, and Li Daoyuan died over 400 years ago. Arguably, the closer to the Qin dynasty, the more detailed the record should be. However, Sima Qian only "dug the tomb of the emperor" through Liu Bang's mouth; Ban Gu also said through Liu Xiangzhi that Xiang Yu "burned his palace and camp". It can be seen that these two historians are very cautious and noncommittal about whether Xiang Yu stole the Qin tombs. Later records affirmed: "Xiang Yu entered the customs and made a fortune, with 300 thousand people, and he could not be poor in 30 days." How many people dig graves here and how many days the excavated things have been transported are clearly recorded. This cannot but arouse people's doubts. What is the basis of Li Daoyuan? Besides, I'm afraid it's not credible to say that the shepherd burned down the underground palace where he was living. Are there really flying geese in the mausoleum? What are the precious funerary objects in Qin Gong? This has caused many magical legends and stories for thousands of years. Flying geese in the underground palace is a very charming legend. "Three Auxiliary Stories" records that Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, took 300,000 people to rob the Qin Mausoleum after entering the customs. During their excavation, a golden goose suddenly flew out of the tomb, and this magical flying goose kept flying south. The sun, the moon and the stars have been running for hundreds of years. During the Three Kingdoms period (the first year of Baoding), there was an official named Zhang Shan who was a satrap in southern Japan. One day, someone gave him a golden goose, and he immediately judged from the words on the golden goose that it belonged to the first imperial tomb. Is there any historical basis for this magical legend? In recent years, some scholars wrote: "Although this is a legendary story, it shows that the cultural relics of the Qin Mausoleum have been lost to the outside, as far away as Yunnan in the south. As for the golden goose, it is not only beautiful, but also can fly, which is also possible. Because in the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous craftsman Lu Ban was able to create a wooden goose, flying in the sky and flying directly to the city of Song State. Hundreds of years later, it is credible that craftsmen in Qin can make flying golden geese. " (Wu Bolun, The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1990, March) So, is this legendary story credible or not? In China, a country that paid little attention to science and technology in history, it would be a rare miracle in the history of science and technology in China and the world if the flying golden goose could be built more than 2,200 years ago. However, the reliability of metal flying geese really makes Chinese people sweat. If you scrutinize it carefully, you will immediately see the flaw in this legend. Imagining a metal object flying in the air is not as simple as flying a kite and a light balloon. Because of its light weight, the latter can fly in the air with the help of natural wind. But for a metal object, if it only depends on natural wind power without mechanical power, I'm afraid even the basic problem of takeoff can't be solved. How did China solve the flight dynamics problem of metal objects 2200 years ago? Further analysis, assuming that the Qin Dynasty had the ability to make flying golden geese, the golden geese would fly automatically after being buried in the underground palace, and have been flying in the underground palace for nearly 1000 days and nights. When Xiang Yu opened the underground tomb, the flying golden goose flew out of the ground smoothly along the underground tomb, and then flew to the far south, crossing the mountain peaks thousands of meters high on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. If this anecdote had not been fabricated by gossip writers, Jin Yan's control and command system might have lagged far behind today's computers. Therefore, we can say for sure that there is no legend of metal flying geese in Qin tombs, and China people with modern scientific and technological consciousness should not believe this legend. The problem of distinguishing forgeries in The Legend of Jin Yan should stop here. However, further, is there any trace of this legendary story fabricated by ancient literati in historical documents? The author looked up the relevant documents of Han Dynasty and found that there was a saying in Sima Qian's and Ban Gu's accounts: "Gold is a flying goose". Obviously, two historians recorded "flying geese" made of gold in their tombs, and ancient scholars probably romanticized and "created" the story of the legend of flying geese. How many years has the cemetery been built? Qin Huang swept Liuhe, targeted He Xiongzai, and with 700,000 criminals, rose from the ground to Mount Li. This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented. The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Fifteen Years of Self-defense" ("Historical Records"); The mausoleum of King Zhongshan in Pingshan County was also built before his death. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for more than 30 years, until the death of Qin Shihuang, the second emperor succeeded to the throne, and then it was built for more than a year before it was basically completed. Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. After 9 years of large-scale construction with 654.38 million people, the main project of the cemetery has been basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the winter of the following year, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted for 378 years, the whole project has not been finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Chen Sheng and Guangwu's men led troops to the vicinity of Shuiling Cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He, a lost soul, begged ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "The bandits have arrived, and the territory is far from the county seat. There are many people in Mount Li, please forgive them and send troops to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended. In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 378 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, even eight years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.