First listen to the fish friends talk about the classification of water. There are four kinds of water: first, fresh water, that is, tap water that has just been aired or well water that has been newly drilled. Although this kind of water is clean, it is very different from the environment in which fish live in nature. Because there is no nitrifying bacteria community in the water, fish excreta and scattered food residues decompose into ammonia after corruption, and fish are easy to be poisoned. Second, the old water, light green or amber, is rich in humus and beneficial microorganisms and algae, and has established a good ecological circulation system. After nitrogen cycle, it is decomposed into nitrate which is harmless to fish. This kind of water is extremely beneficial to the growth of fish. The third is green water. There are too many organic substances in the water, and cyanobacteria, green algae and brown algae multiply in large numbers, and the content of bacteria and microorganisms increases sharply. The water is thick green, and sometimes it smells bad, which can easily lead to the death of the whole tank of fish. The fourth is to return to clear water, also called biting clear water. It is because there are too many algae and microorganisms in the green water, which consumes the oxygen in the aquarium, causing the death of algae and aerobic bacteria, and turning the water into stagnant water without oxygen and a large number of anaerobic harmful bacteria. Of the above four kinds of water, only old water is our pursuit. It is true that what we are adding to the aquarium at present is new water. How can we turn it into old water? In order to increase the humus in the water, we can consciously let the dead branches and leaves of some aquatic plants rot in the water, and even bury a few dead clams in the bottom sand. However, a more feasible method may be to "break the tank" with fish: that is, put a few cheap, strong and easy-to-raise fish in the newly-built aquarium (perhaps this is not kind, because fish are easy to die), and after feeding for a few days, some ammonia will be produced in the water. At this time, a small amount of commercial nitrifying bacteria can be added, and then feeding for a few days and then adding a small amount of nitrifying bacteria. After repeated several times, nitrifying bacteria can be established in about one month. Nitrifying bacteria are aerobic bacteria, so it is best to keep the oxygen pump and filter open all the time during hydroponics. Because the ammonia content in the water is very low at first, even if more nitrifying bacteria are added, they will die because of lack of food, so nitrifying bacteria should be added gradually. If we can get some used bottom sand and filter cotton from old fish friends and put them in water tanks and filters, it will undoubtedly be of great benefit to accelerate the aging of water. If you don't take the above measures, of course, you can also establish digestive flora, but the time is much longer, and it will take several months!
In the process of raising water, pay attention to gradually turn on the light, and gradually increase the daily exposure time, and do not add water grass liquid fertilizer. Because the newly planted aquatic plants have weak metabolism, they can't absorb nutrients in water in time. If the light is strong and there are many fertilizers, algae will multiply in large numbers, further competing for the nutrients of aquatic plants, resulting in a vicious circle. Don't turn on the light for the first few days. Then turn on the light for 2 hours every day. In a few days, it will be turned on for 3 hours every day ... After one month, it can basically reach the normal turn-on time, 8- 12 hours every day, and the liquid fertilizer should be added later.
Fourth, buy fish.
Generally, before adding an aquarium, many fish friends may have decided what fish to raise, and some even add an aquarium just to raise a certain kind of fish. If you haven't decided yet, it's time to consider what kind of fish to breed, koi fish or tropical fish? It depends on your preference. I raise all these fish, and I only give you the following advice:
(1), if you care about the electricity bill, don't keep tropical fish. For the average family room temperature, it is necessary to heat the aquarium in winter;
② If you like to breed aquatic plants, it is best to breed small tropical fish that don't eat grass, otherwise the species of aquatic plants will be greatly limited. Goldfish, koi fish and some large tropical fish have herbivorous habits, and large fish can often stir aquatic plants;
(3) koi fish and goldfish generally eat more than tropical fish, consume more oxygen and have more mucus on the fish surface, so they need to change water more frequently. Personally, I suggest that koi fish is better, and the price ranges from less than 10 yuan to several hundred yuan. When buying koi fish, you should distinguish it from grass goldfish. Generally, koi fish has two beards on his mouth.
(4) If fish are raised in water tanks, clay pots and pools. It is best to raise goldfish or koi fish, because these two kinds of fish are more suitable for viewing from above;
⑤ The feeding conditions and living habits of goldfish, koi fish and tropical fish are quite different and should not be mixed;
⑥ Aquarium should cultivate several kinds of fish that feed on algae, such as elves, black jasmine, green moss mice, etc.
⑦ For beginners, we should start with fish that are easy to breed. The simplest standard is price: cheap ones are often easy to breed.
2. The principle of polyculture
(1) The requirements of fish for water quality are similar, including water temperature, pH, old and new, hardness and salinity.
(2), the size difference should not be too big, pay attention to choose fish species that are easy to be mixed, and cannot pose a threat to each other;
③ Some large carnivorous fish, such as piranha, are better kept alone or mixed with fish with similar body shape and habits, such as maps;
4 Some rare and timid fish, such as colorful immortals, are best kept separately;
⑤ Pay attention to the coordination of body color and body shape in polyculture;
6. Different fish have different activity spaces, so we should pay attention to the collocation of fish species in each layer;
⑦ There should not be too many mixed fish species, otherwise the aquarium will be very messy. It is best to take one fish as the main body, and then decorate a small number of other fish that will not be presumptuous.
3. Carrying capacity
There is a saying: 1 cm fish needs 1 liter of water. This is just a general statement. However, different kinds and sizes of fish have different requirements for oxygen capacity. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize stocking density. If the aquatic plants are abundant and the water quality is clear, the stocking density with aerobic facilities can be higher, otherwise it will be less. The general principle is that less should not be more, and good should not be excessive. This is easier said than done. Many fish friends go back to buy their favorite varieties and make the fish tank full of fish. Although there are many kinds, it is chaotic, and the water quality is turbid. The fish is just short of oxygen, which makes the fish and the viewers uncomfortable. Restraining the desire to buy fish is a basic skill that fish friends must practice well! So how to measure whether density is appropriate? My opinion is that fish can live normally without floating their heads unless there is oxygen and filtration facilities! First, this can ensure that it will not be "stuffy" when it is accidentally powered on, and second, it will have a natural taste in the look and feel. Of course, the smaller the density, the better the living environment of fish, and the less difficult it is to raise them.
Step 4 buy fish
① Be familiar with the habits and breeding methods of the fish you want to buy before buying, and don't buy beautiful fish when you see them;
Be sure to buy healthy fish. The identification method is as follows: first, look at whether the fish's skin has bloodshot, scales, white spots and white hairs, wounds, or whether the fins are damaged. Sometimes you need to look from above, and you may see it more clearly if there is light; Then see if the fish swims freely and evenly, and whether the fins stretch naturally; Third, see if there are dead fish and sick fish in the same tank; Fourth, see if the water color of the fish tank is normal. If the water color is abnormal, it may be that the boss is treating the fish; There is also a common method, which is suitable for some kinds of fish: shake your palm back and forth in front of the fish tank, and healthy fish often have a big appetite and will come after you;
(3) Don't buy fish with physical defects unless you think this defect will help you cultivate new varieties;
Don't be too greedy, it is often cheap to buy a lame donkey. As an ornamental, it is very uncomfortable to have flaws;
Try to buy underage fish, one is to save money, and the other is to adapt to the environment easily. If you buy old fish, your adaptability to the new environment will be poor. Besides, it won't be long before you die. What's the point? ! Of course, you can't buy fish that are too small. First, it is too weak to eat. Second, some characteristics can't be shown. It is hard to say whether it can grow into a fish that meets the requirements in the future.
⑥ It's best to choose one with a large amount of fish. First, there is a lot of choice. Second, the price is cheap. Third, it is not easy to buy residual fish and eliminate fish.
⑦ It is best not to buy fish that has just arrived in the local area, because I don't know whether it is suitable for the local water quality and whether it is sick. It's best to keep it in an aquarium for a week before buying it.
Step 5 bring fish
Nowadays, fish are usually packed in plastic bags. Note that plastic bags should not leak or be too small. Don't fill it with water, leave a space full of air 1/3- 1/2. Long-distance transportation of plastic bags can be filled with oxygen, or oxygen-increasing tablets can be placed to ensure that there is no lack of oxygen on the way. It is hot in summer, so salt and antibiotics can be properly added to the water. It's cold in winter, so you can use foam to keep warm. For high-oxygen fish and high-grade fish, the density in the bag should be reduced appropriately.
Five, fish into the tank
The water temperature and quality in the plastic bag for fish brought from outside are different from those in your own tank. If you put the fish directly into the tank, the water temperature and quality will suddenly change, which will make the exhausted fish worse and easily lead to the death of the fish. The solution is "hanging fish" or "pouring water".
"Hanging fish" can only solve the problem of water temperature difference, and it is suitable for general fish with strong adaptability to water quality: put the plastic bag with fish in the tank, let it float naturally on the water surface for 10 minute (winter time can be appropriately extended), and when the temperature is the same, pour the fish into the tank or fish it into the tank. I prefer "fishing" because I am not at ease with the water outside. Of course, "hanging upside down" also has its advantages: if you don't touch the fish, it won't get hurt easily.
"Pour water" may be more gentle. Suggestions for fish with high water quality: gently pour the water and fish in plastic bags into an open container, take out the water from the container and slowly add it to the container until it accounts for about 1/5 of the original water, then let it stand for 5 minutes, then pour out the water from the container 1/5, then add the water from the container 1/4, and then let it stand .. and so on. Note that in winter, it is best to let the container float in the cylinder during the static process to ensure that the temperature gradually approaches, because if the room temperature is low, 5 minutes is enough to cool the water.
Daily management procedure
1, feed feed
It is suggested to buy fish worms, feed them with granular fish feed as little as possible, soak them in water first, and feed live shrimp, fry and water worms if possible. After the fish is put into the culture container, the most basic job every day is to feed. If you feed too much, the bait will be left, and if there is too much fish manure, the water quality will be easily turbid. If you feed too little, the fish will naturally be underfed. The frequency of feeding and the amount of feeding each time should be mastered according to the specific situation. Different species, sizes, development stages and water temperatures have different requirements for fish feed. For example, at the optimum growth temperature, fish have a large amount of activity and strong metabolism, and need more food; If the temperature is close to the lower limit that the fish can bear, and the fish seldom move, it is necessary to reduce the feeding amount; Koi fish carp need more food than ordinary tropical fish. Young fish should eat more than adult fish. Generally, the daily feeding frequency should be controlled at 1-3 times. The amount of feed to be fed each time should be controlled according to the size of fish, the number of fish and the number of feeding times per day. Feeding 1 time a day should be enough, and there should be room for feeding. You can't finish it at that time, but you can finish it in the same day. If you feed it 2-3 times a day, you can feed it to 80% full, and it will be eaten in about 10 minutes, leaving no residual bait. For the same kind of fish, if it is fed with fine bait such as fish and worms, the feeding time can be appropriately longer, and if it is fed with larger bait such as small fish, the feeding time can be shorter; For the same bait, the feeding time of small fish can be shorter and the feeding time of big fish can be longer. When feeding, it is best not to feed all the bait at once, but to feed it in 2-3 times, and then feed a part after the last bait is basically eaten. This is not easy to overdose, but also stimulates the appetite of fish, and at the same time, a large amount of bait will not fall into the bottom sand when the fish has no time to eat. How do I know if the fish is full? Every time a certain bait is put in, the feeding situation can be observed. At first, the fish reacted quickly, so they swam to swallow it and ate it quickly one after another. Later, it was slow and not so exciting; Later, ignoring the bait, or hesitating, means you are full. Write down the total feeding amount this time, and you will know the "appetite" of the fish in a few days. No matter how many times you feed it every day, you should regularly ration three meals. If you feed 1 time every day, the time can be chosen at 8-9 am; Feed twice a day, 7-8 am and 3-4 pm; If it is fed three times a day, you can choose 7-8 am, noon and 5-6 pm. Of course, these times are for reference only. Now people are nervous at work, so they can usually feed them before or after work. Just pay attention to the rules and don't feed at will. Because fish will sleep after turning off the lights, it is best not to feed them at night, otherwise it will easily cause indigestion. If you forget to feed the fish for something, you can feed it normally at the next meal. Generally speaking, fish will not have a big problem if they are hungry for a few days.
2. Sewage is water
Generally speaking, laying sand and grass in the tank, opening the filter regularly and adding beneficial bacteria have a great effect on purifying water quality. However, although our aquarium can establish a better ecological filtration system, the ecological environment is too small after all, and the density of fish is too high compared with natural waters. Therefore, the "ecological balance" is more likely to be destroyed. The transformation of water quality and water environment is mainly due to the deposition of fish manure and residual erbium, turbidity of water quality, oxygen consumption of organic matter and harmful gas of hydrogen sulfide; Or algae is flourishing, and the photosynthesis of aquatic plants is affected; Due to evaporation of water or increase of organic matter, the physical and chemical properties of water change, and so on. If the aquarium is large and there are few fish, the filtration system should work well, but changing water is still the basic solution. For the bare cylinder, it is best to suck out the dirt at the bottom of the cylinder with a siphon combined with changing water every day, and add an appropriate amount of new water. 1 week, you can change the water 1-2 times, and you can also suck out some dirty things in the sand with a special straw. The weekly water exchange rate is controlled at about 1/3 of the total water. For different water quality and different fish, the number of water changes and the amount of water change should be different. For example, a bare tank with high fish density, small volume and easily turbid water quality may need to be filtered day and night and changed with more water every day. For example, fighting fish is less active. If you like old water, you should reduce the number of water changes and the amount of water changed. When changing water, pay attention to the temperature difference of water should be controlled within 4℃. Fish sensitive to water temperature should control the temperature difference within a small range.
3. Lighting equipment
If fish are kept in bare fish tanks, the requirements for light are generally low. Although light has a certain influence on the body color and physique of some fish, it is often dominated by natural light or supplemented by a small amount of light. It can even be said that most of the lights in the bare fish tank are only for good viewing effect, without considering the needs of fish growth. But unless there is strong scattered light indoors, the photosynthesis of aquatic plants needs to be turned on on time. Generally, the lights are turned on for 8- 12 hours every day, and the time for turning on the lights is fixed. The time is too short, the water plants are not illuminated enough, and the time is too long, which is easy to breed algae. Different aquatic plants have different requirements for light. Light is to aquatic plants what food is to fish, so it can't be arbitrary.
Step 4 expand
When the water lacks oxygen, the fish floats to the surface and never returns to the water, commonly known as "floating head". When the water on the water surface comes into contact with air, some oxygen can be dissolved from the air, so the dissolved oxygen on the water surface is more than that on the lower layer. When this happens, the aerator should be started immediately or aerated with fresh water. If we don't take timely measures to increase the oxygen in the water and let the fish float, it won't be long before the fish will suffocate and die, commonly known as "stuffy tank", but I prefer to keep a small amount of fish in a larger fish tank and let them grow normally without oxygen. This not only reduces the cost, simplifies the management, but also increases the beauty of nature.