First, "The Queen Mother Married" said.
Qing Dongling, Malanyu, Zunhua County, Hebei Province, is surrounded by mountains and pines. It was a "blessed land" built by the emperor shunzhi himself in the early Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there were nine mausoleums and five imperial concubines here, and there were five emperors and many empresses in Shunzhi, Kangxi, Qianlong, Xianfeng and Tongzhi. Today, the Dongling Mausoleum has been listed as a world cultural heritage and has become a famous tourist attraction, attracting many tourists.
Entering the mausoleum area, the first thing that catches people's eyes is a cemetery isolated from the Feng Shui wall under Changrui Mountain. Looking closely, we can still find that its regulation is quite special in the ruins. There is no manger ditch, jade belt river and coupon bridge in this mausoleum, but there is a tombstone pavilion in front of it. Into the gate, only to find that its three doors are located in front of the pleasure hall. The Hall of Long En has been demolished, leaving only the base address. Some materials and old photos show that this hall is not a common resting peak in the mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi, but a higher-standard double-eaves palace roof, which shows the dignity of the owner of the mausoleum. This is Zhao Qianling, where the famous sourdrang queen in the early Qing Dynasty was buried.
Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, the concubine of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi's biological mother, and the grandmother of Emperor Kangxi, made every effort to assist two generations of children and grandchildren and set up the world. After her death, she accumulated posthumous title, who was honored by the Qing Dynasty as the "Empress of Xiaozhuang Wen as the Apocalypse of Xuancheng Righteousness and Dechun". She is the highest-ranking person buried in the Qing tombs, but why was she placed outside the Feng Shui wall? This leads to the first mystery in the early Qing Dynasty-the marriage of the Queen Mother.
According to unofficial history's records, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Regent Dourgen was in charge of Chaogang. "When I entered and exited the Forbidden Palace, I lived with my sister-in-law, such as my family and father." Empress Xiao Zhuang was in her prime, widowed and unhappy. She thought Dourgen was a great success in the world and gave the throne to her son who was loyal to Fuzheng. Unless she repays herself, it is not enough to make great contributions, so she committed herself to win over Dourgen. Soon, Dourgen's wife died, and Fan Wencheng and other ministers in the DPRK took the opportunity to encourage the Queen Mother and the Regent to enter the palace and formally get married. Naturally, both sides are very happy. After the wedding date was set, it was awarded to the world in the name of the little emperor Shunzhi, claiming that "the queen mother is in her prime, and the spring flowers and the autumn moon are silent." I am the son of heaven, and I support the world. I can only support my mouth, but I can't support my ambition, so that the Virgin Mary is worried and unhappy every day because of widowhood. How does she teach filial piety to the world? Uncle Regent is widowed now, and his status and appearance are the first in China. The queen mother is quite willing to marry him. I am kind and respectful, and I will do it. All ceremonies should be prepared by the company. "In this way, the queen mother condescending, openly married her brother-in-law, and Regent Dourgen became the stepfather of young the emperor shunzhi, named" Emperor Regent ". In the imperial edict, it is also straightforward. The young empress dowager finally found it difficult to keep an empty boudoir, so she went out of the wall and voluntarily married Dourgen, who had just lost his wife. Even in some novels, it is said that as early as when Huang Taiji was alive, Zhuang Fei and Dourgen had already sneaked into their positions. At this time, marriage finally made their long-cherished wish come true.
It is said that in order to organize this wedding, the Ministry of Rites has specially formulated a set of special wedding etiquette, with a total of six volumes called "The Wedding of the Motherland", which is extremely grand, and all Chinese and foreign officials have expressed their congratulations, making it a great event. Even Zhang Huangyan, a famous anti-Qing scholar in Southern Ming Dynasty, who was far away on the island of eastern Zhejiang, was moved by the wind and wrote a poem: "The last life is a wedding, and the Cining Palace is full of rotten doors. Guan Chun entered the new instrument note yesterday to marry the Queen Mother. " In other words, the queen mother's birthday wine became a wedding banquet.
However, after Dourgen's death, he was immediately denounced as a traitor and was ruthlessly liquidated politically. The status of Xiaozhuang is getting more and more respected. From the Empress Dowager to the Empress Dowager, I feel that remarriage is ridiculous. I'm sorry that my ex-husband, Huang Taiji, has no face to meet each other. So she didn't want to be sent back to Shengjing to be buried with Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji after her death, so she told her grandson Kangxi to bury her in Dongling. The mausoleum was built outside the feng shui wall, which has a derogatory meaning. She should be punished for guarding the door for the royal family. Wait, legends abound.
In feudal China, ordinary folk widows were commended for their diligence and chastity. They erected memorial archways. If you remarry, you will inevitably be criticized by your relatives and neighbors. Besides, as a noble empress dowager, it is certainly a shocking anecdote that the hydrangea is thrown again and scored twice. This statement was widely circulated. In the early years of the Republic of China, there was no distinction between north and south, and people were old and young. Stories about the Qing Dynasty were all told and believed in history, so that many scholars later criticized the draft of the Qing Dynasty for not "writing straight books" and lost a head for it.
Second, people and things in Xiaozhuang.
In the history of Xiao Zhuang, the queen's surname was Bolzigit, and her name was Bumubutai (or translated as Benbutai). The legend in unofficial history says that her name is Da Yuer, which is really unfounded. She was born on February 8th in the forty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1665438+March 28th, 2003), and is the second daughter of Berzhai Sang in Horqin, Mongolia. Horqin Mongolia joined Houjin earlier and married it, which consolidated the political alliance between the two sides. In the 10th year of the mandate of heaven in the late Jin Dynasty (1625), in February, 13-year-old Bumu Butai was sent to Liaoyang, the new capital of the late Jin Dynasty, accompanied by his brother Wu Keshan, and married Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, who was 34 years old at that time, as the side Fujin, namely the wing. As early as 1 1 years ago, her aunt Zhezhe had married Huang Taiji as the richest man, and nine years later, in the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), Huang Taiji, who had inherited the Khan position, married her sister Hailanzhu, so her aunt and nephew were three colleagues.
After the marriage, Bumu Butai successively gave birth to three daughters for Huang Taiji. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), she gave birth to four emperors' daughters and was later named princess royal, the eternal mother of Gulun. In the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), she gave birth to five daughters, and was later named princess royal, a Gulun Shuhui; In the second year, she gave birth to seven daughters of the emperor, who were later named Princess Gu Lunduanxian. The three princesses were married to Mongolian aristocrats Bill Tahar, Sebuteng and Ken Gilg.
1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Qing dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing (Shenyang). At the same time, the harem system was established, and five concubines were divided among many wives. Bumu Butai was named Princess Zhuang and lived in the West Second Palace-Yongfu Palace. The book awarded to her by Huang Taiji was written in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese, and the word was simple: "... the daughter of Mongolian Kuerqin, Qierben Butai, got married and became a great beauty. I boarded the antique Dabao, and the book is called Princess Yongfu Palace. You are honest and simple, pure and humble, but you obey the queen's instructions and live up to my life. " Zhuang Fei's aunt Zhezhe is of course the queen of the middle palace, and her sister Hailanzhu entered the palace after Zhuang Fei and was named Chen Fei, ranking second only to the Queen of the East Palace-Guanju Palace. Two other concubines in the West Palace and Princess Shu of Yanqing in the East Palace were originally the wives of Mongolian Lidan Khan in Chahar, and Huang Taiji married them after conquering Chahar. This arrangement is mainly due to political considerations. Therefore, in the harem, Zhuang Fei's nephew status is the most prominent. Besides her sister Chen Fei, the youngest Zhuang Fei is also very popular. Especially in the first month of the third year of Chongde (1638), Chen Fei's eighth son, who was regarded as the heir by Huang Taiji, died, and Zhuang Fei gave birth to her ninth son Fu Lin in due course two days later, further enhancing her status.
The official book of Qing Dynasty said that Zhuang Fei had "assisted Tang Taizong's writing", but during the period of Tang Taizong and Huang Taiji, young Zhuang Fei was unlikely to have much political performance. Only the story of "Zhuang Fei persuaded her to surrender her territory" was widely circulated among the people, paving the way for the later saying that "the empress dowager married". It seems that this clever and beautiful empress Zhuang Fei used to use honey traps. In the seventh year of Chongde (1642), during the Song and Jin Wars in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hong Chengchou, commander-in-chief of the Ming army outside the customs, was defeated and captured, and was taken to Shengjing. Huang Taiji was eager to let Hong Chengchou defect and take advantage of it, so he sent a group of Han ministers, including Fan Wencheng, to surrender in turn. However, Hong Chengchou seems to be very determined and unmoved. He went on a hunger strike and died in prison, and Huang Taiji was at a loss. One night, the prison door was gently opened, and Zhuang Fei floated to the scene and reached into the soup. The words touched Hong Chengchou, made him come to their senses, fell at the feet of pomegranate skirt, and later made great contributions to the Qing Dynasty. This story is vividly interpreted by many literary works. However, according to historical records, Hong Chengchou refused to surrender at the beginning of his capture, but was caught by Huang Taiji's ideological weakness and surrendered himself successfully.
In the eighth year of Chongde (1643 September 2 1), on the ninth day of August, Huang Taiji, who had fought all his life, died of illness. Because Huang taiji did not appoint an heir to the throne before his death, there was a power vacuum in the DPRK, which caused a chaotic situation in which kings competed for the throne. Finally, the factions reached a compromise and made Fu Lin, who was only six years old, emperor. At this time, Fu Lin's biological mother, Zhuang Fei, played an important role in the Five Empresses. On August 26th (65438+1October 8th), Fu Lin ascended the throne and changed her title to Shunzhi, and Zhuang Fei was honored as the "Empress Dowager".
Although Shunzhi was a wayward emperor, under the supervision of Xiao Zhuang, his studies in all aspects were excellent. After Xiao Zhuang came to power, he still admonished his words and deeds from time to time, which made him quite successful in politics. Unfortunately, Shunzhi died young, and Xiao Zhuang personally chose Michelle Ye, who was under eight years old, to inherit the throne. He once again shouldered the heavy responsibility of protecting and educating the young emperor, and his position was further promoted to empress dowager. The emblem is added as "Zhao Sheng Ci Shou An Yi Dun Huiwen and Hong Jing Empress".
Xiaozhuang loves Kangxi very much. When he was young, he put him under his knees and asked his maid Ma Su Lagu to take care of him. Of course, Xiao Zhuang's education of Kangxi was also very strict. Kangxi later recalled: "When I was a toddler, I was taught by my holy grandmother. All my food, shoes and words have been trained. Although I live a quiet and lonely life, I was taught not to go off the rails, or I would be supervised. This is because of my success. " In the complicated political situation in the early years of Kangxi, Xiaozhuang balanced various relationships with his influence. In particular, instead of continuing to choose the queen from the matriarchal family Borzigit, she decided that Sony's granddaughter heseri hala was the queen, and Ao Bai, the assistant minister monopolized by Sony, reflected her politician's mind and knowledge. Kangxi's successful eradication of Ao Bai was also inseparable from Xiao Zhuang's support. Kangxi lived up to his grandmother's painstaking efforts and expectations, and soon grew into a generation of successful British masters. He is also extremely filial to Xiaozhuang, and his grandparents and grandchildren have deep feelings. Xiaozhuang lived happily in his later years.
In the 26th year of Kangxi (1688 65438+1October 27th), Xiao Zhuang died on December 25th at the age of 75. Before she died, she told Kangxi that Taizong Mountain Mausoleum had been in peace for a long time and could not make a move for me. Besides, I loathe to give up your father and son, so she chose a place to bury me near your father's Xiaoling Mausoleum. At the behest of Kangxi, five rooms in the East Palace of Cining Palace, where Xiao Zhuang lived before his death, were demolished and built at the foot of Changrui Mountain, called "Temporary Anfengtang" for him to rest. It was not until the third year of Yong (1725) that a cemetery was built in the original site of the temporary Anfengtang and buried in the underground palace. Because its mausoleum is located in the west of Zhao Jingling, Emperor Taizong of Shengjing, it is called "Zhao Qianling". Zhao Qianling and Zhaoling echo each other from a distance, which is actually one and two, and two and one. If it is enclosed in the feng shui wall of Dongling, it will form a barrier. Therefore, it is natural for the mausoleum to be built outside the Feng Shui wall, and there is no derogatory meaning.
Third, around the death of Dourgen.
Dourgen, the 14th son of the Qing emperor Nurhachi, was born on October 25th in the 40th year of Wanli (16121.1.07), and was the half-brother of Taizong. It is said that Dourgen looks like his father the most and is deeply loved by his father. Nurhachi once intended to take him as his successor. However, when Nurhachi died in 1626, princess royal Ulanala, Dourgen's mother, was forced to die. Of course, Dourgen who is under 15 years old can't compete for the position of Khan. During the period of Huang Taiji, the young Dourgen fought bravely and tactfully. Soon, with his outstanding exploits, outstanding talents and loyalty to his brother Huang Taiji, he surpassed several brothers, was made Prince Rui, led a white flag, participated in military affairs, and married Zhuang Fei's sister.
When the battle for the throne reappeared after the death of Huang Taiji, there was a serious confrontation between Dourgen and Huang Taiji's eldest son, Prince Su Houge. Both sides are armed to the teeth, with Dourgen supported by two white flags and Haug supported by two yellow flags. At that time, they were deadlocked. However, both sides have their own scruples. Once the sword meets the soldier and blood splashes on the imperial court, no one will win. Finally, at the meeting of five ministers, Dourgen assessed the situation, rejected the recommendation of his supporters, and proposed that Fu Lin, the youngest son of Huang Taiji, should succeed him, and he and Zheng Qinwang Gilhallang should be the assistants. This proposal has been recognized by all parties. Since the son of the first emperor was established, the ministers of the two yellow flags had nothing to say, and the princes swore allegiance to each other, thus avoiding the division and killing each other within the Qing Dynasty at the critical moment on the eve of the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Although Dourgen didn't become emperor, he shattered the dream of his political rival Emperor Haug, greatly strengthened his rights and status, and became the actual ruler of the Qing Dynasty.
A few months later, Dourgen keenly seized the opportunity, accepted the request of Wu Sangui, the company commander of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, led the army into Shanhaiguan, defeated the peasant uprising army in Li Zicheng, which just overthrew the Ming Dynasty, and occupied Beijing in one fell swoop. In September of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), he welcomed the Empress Dowager and the young emperor Fu Lin to Beijing and settled in the Central Plains, realizing the long-cherished wish of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji. While he divided his troops and continued to fight in the south, he also learned from the previous dynasties and formulated various internal and external systems. Dourgen was in charge of the imperial envoys and devoted himself to being king, which played an important role in the history of the replacement of Ming and Qing Dynasties. His power and status are getting higher and higher. The title was changed from "Uncle Regent" to "Uncle Regent" until "Father Regent", which was equivalent to the father of the emperor. But Dourgen was sober. He always warned the king not to flatter himself, disrespect the court and be disloyal to the emperor.
However, Dourgen, who made great contributions to the world, did not live long. In November of the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Dourgen went hunting outside the Great Wall, and died on the ninth day of December (1650,12,31) at the age of 39 in Kara City (now Luanping, Hebei Province). When the coffin returned to Beijing, the emperor shunzhi personally led the king out of the city to meet him on his knees. In order to commemorate his merits and demerits, Shunzhi issued a funeral edict: "Emperor Taizong went far away, and all his ministers supported his father, the Regent. My father, the Regent, insisted on abdicating and bowed for me. There is no difference between the past and the present when pacifying the Central Plains, spreading all over the world and making great achievements. Unfortunately, on the ninth day of December in the seventh year of Shunzhi, he was sick and disheartened, and mourners at home and abroad all followed the emperor's ceremony. " Then he respected Dourgen as "Emperor Maud cultivated a wide range of businesses, made contributions to the people's government, and sincerely respected righteousness", and the temple became a Sect. Yuan Fei, who chased him, was the "righteous queen", and the couple rose to the ancestral temple to enjoy the sacrifice together, that is, they were regarded as the real emperor, and they were both sad and happy.
However, the contradiction caused by the struggle for the throne finally broke out after years of repression. When Dourgen was in power, prestige was self-centered and it was unfair to treat his political opponent Hao Ge. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), he was persecuted to death and attacked the ministers of the two yellow flags who opposed him at the beginning, which caused some people to be extremely disgusted with Dourgen, but they could only submit to humiliation. Now that Dourgen is dead, they still have a chance to turn over. In February of the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), it was revealed that Dourgen had done eight yellow robes before his death, so the king attacked him, saying that Dourgen was an expert and had the heart of rebellion. As soon as he took charge of Shunzhi, he immediately wrote a letter, beheaded Dourgen, withdrew from the ancestral temple, expelled the imperial clan, sealed up all seals, and became an official without any property. His adopted son, Dourgen, returned to his ancestral throne (Dourgen had no children and caressed his younger brother, Duoduo's son). What's more, Dourgen's mausoleum was demolished, his body was flogged and his head was cut off. In just over two months, Dourgen's reputation was very different.
It was not until forty-three years of Qianlong (1778) that Dourgen was completely rehabilitated after more than one hundred years of injustice. Emperor Qianlong issued a special imperial decree, affirming that Dourgen led his troops into the customs first, and "set the boundary and draw the scale of creation." Looking for is to welcome sai-jo to visit the capital, establish the foundation of the country and become a unified industry, which is the most outstanding. He also said that his words and deeds were recorded in Historical Records, "If you don't cry for it, Wang Zhi will follow his heart, and it is especially rare in history to be truly loyal to your kindness and understand the meaning of this monarch and his subjects", and categorically denied Dourgen. So he ordered Dourgen to be reinstated as Prince of Switzerland, and made him "loyal" and added it to the decree, which still allowed Dourgen to support his heir. Dourgen, as an extraordinary person in an extraordinary period, lived before his death.
The above is transferred from Wuhu Forum Author: Hu Zhu
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