More than 1,7 years ago, Zhuge Liang, Prime Minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, invented Mu Niu Liu Ma, but what kind of transportation is Mu Niu Liu Ma? For thousands of years, people have put forward various opinions and debated endlessly. Looking up the history books, "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang" records: "Brightness is longer than ingenuity, and gains and losses are even crossbows, and all of them are unexpected." "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and the Emperors" records: "In the ninth year of Jianxing, Liang came back to Qishan, and the cattle were transported, and the grain was retired; In the spring of the twelfth year, I learned that the masses came out of the oblique valley to flow horses. According to the martial arts Wuzhangyuan, Sima Xuanwang and Weinan. " It is clearly pointed out in the above records that Mu Niu Liu Ma is indeed an invention of Zhuge Liang, and Mu Niu Liu Ma are two different tools respectively. From the time sequence of using Mu Niu Liu Ma, there is Mu Niu first, then Liu Ma, and Liu Ma is an improved version of Mu Niu. Pei Songzhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, who annotated the History of the Three Kingdoms, quoted a record about the wooden cow flowing horse in Zhuge Liangji, which has been lost now, and described the image of the wooden cow and recorded some dimensions of the flowing horse. However, because there are no physical objects and figures left for later generations, the understanding of the wooden cow flowing horse is always rare. 2 years after Zhuge Liang made the wooden ox and flowing horse, it is said that Zu Chongzhi, a scientific genius in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, made the wooden ox and flowing horse. "Biography of Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "Zhuge Liang has a wooden ox and a flowing horse, which is to build a device, not because of Feng Shui, but because of the machine, it does not require manpower." It is hard to understand that he also left no detailed information. However, the record about Zu Chongzhi's creation of Mu Niu Liu Ma provides evidence for the viewpoint of automatic machinery, which is a main viewpoint about Mu Niu Liu Ma. It is considered that it is common to make machinery with gears in the Three Kingdoms period, and the Mu Niu Liu Ma, which is highly praised by later generations, should be an automatic machinery made by using the gear principle. In Huangsha Town, Mianxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, historical records show that this is the place where Zhuge Liang made wooden cows and horses. According to textual research, Zhuge Liang used Mu Niu Liu Ma three times in the eight-year Northern Expedition. It was from here that Mu Niu Liu Ma walked 25 kilometers of plank road and reached the front line of Wuzhangyuan, Qishan. The local old man described the legendary wooden ox flowing horse to us: "The horse's head is made of wood, and then other scattered pieces make up the horse's body, and then the horse's legs are assembled. A gear is installed in the middle of the belly, and there is a wrench behind the Trojan horse. When operating, one step is pressed and one step is pressed." As can be seen from this legend, the wooden ox and the flowing horse have gears, and it seems that the lever principle is also used. Not long ago, Liang Guojun, an ordinary rural teacher in Botou, Hebei Province, said that he had recovered the wooden ox and the flowing horse himself, and it was very successful. Our reporter made a special trip there with great interest. The wooden cows and horses made by Liang Guojun are all wooden machines with four legs and hollow bellies, which can carry loads. Press and lift the horse's neck, and the flowing horse will walk with its legs open; The wooden cow walks by pressing the double shafts at the back. According to Liang Guojun, the wooden ox and flowing horse he made is consistent with the historical records in principle: "The wooden Niu Niu is like an elephant." There is a long labor-saving arm behind the wooden cow, which is a double shaft; The labor-saving arm of a flowing horse is its long horse neck, which is shaped like an elephant. More subtly, Liang Guojun immediately realized the function of secret lock in his stream. When he twisted his tongue, the horse's head was locked and he could not walk, which is very consistent with the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. However, Liang Guojun's restored Muniu Liuma was opposed by another faction. Guo Qinghua, director of Mianxian Museum in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province and director of the Three Kingdoms Cultural Research Center in Shaanxi Province, believed that Muniu Liuma could not have four legs: "The plank road is paved with wooden boards, and the gap in the middle is different. How can four legs walk on the board with gaps? Even if you walk on a non-plank road, it is also climbing, and you need to pull it in front and push it behind. You can't pull or push it with four legs. Therefore, the wooden cow must have wheels. " Why does Guo Qinghua think that wooden cows and flowing horses should have wheels? This can also be found in historical records. Guo Qinghua believes that the wooden ox Liuma should be a four-wheeled car: "In the method of making wooden ox Liuma, when introducing Liuma, it is said that Liuma has a front axle and a rear axle. Everyone knows that a wheel is a shaft, and a shaft is equipped with two wheels, so I think it should be four wheels. " Is a wooden ox or a flowing horse with wheels or four legs? Chen Shidao in the Northern Song Dynasty has the following written record: "There is a small car in Shu, pushing eight stones alone, like a cow's head in front;" There is also a big cart, which is pushed by four people and carries ten stones. " There is also a record in the book "The Origin of Things" written by Gao Cheng in the Song Dynasty: "The wooden ox is the one who has the front shaft of the car today; The horse is the only pusher today. " Lin Qing, a Manchu water conservancy expert in the Qing Dynasty, also put the water at that time ...
Is it true that Zhuge Liang invented wooden cows and flowing horses?
There are some wooden cows and horses, which are not as magical as those written in the novel. It's just a tool for transportation based on mechanical principles.
Please adopt it, thank you!
does Zhuge Liang's wooden ox and flowing horse really exist? What is the principle? Why does it go by itself
More than 1,7 years ago, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, invented the wooden ox and flowing horse. But what kind of transportation is it? For thousands of years, people have put forward various opinions and debated endlessly.
Looking up the history books, the biography of Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms records: "Brightness is better than ingenuity, and gains and losses are even crossbows, and the horses are floating, all of which are unexpected." "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and the Emperors" records: "In the ninth year of Jianxing, Liang came back to Qishan, and the cattle were transported, and the grain was retired; In the spring of the twelfth year, I learned that the masses came out of the oblique valley to flow horses. According to the martial arts Wuzhangyuan, Sima Xuanwang and Weinan. " It is clearly pointed out in the above records that Mu Niu Liu Ma is indeed an invention of Zhuge Liang, and Mu Niu Liu Ma are two different tools respectively. From the time sequence of using Mu Niu Liu Ma, there is Mu Niu first, then Liu Ma, and Liu Ma is an improved version of Mu Niu.
Pei Songzhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, who made a note on the Three Kingdoms, quoted a record about the wooden ox flowing horse in Zhuge Liangji, which is now lost, and described the image of the wooden ox and recorded some dimensions of the flowing horse. However, because there are no physical objects and figures left in later generations, the understanding of the wooden ox flowing horse is still rare.
It is said that 2 years after Zhuge Liang made the wooden ox and flowing horse, Zu Chongzhi, a scientific genius in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, made the wooden ox and flowing horse. "Biography of Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "Zhuge Liang has a wooden ox and a flowing horse, which is to build a device, not because of Feng Shui, but because of the machine, it does not require manpower." It is hard to understand that he also left no detailed information.
However, the record of Zu Chongzhi's creation of Mu Niu Liu Ma provides evidence for the viewpoint of automatic machinery, which is a main viewpoint about Mu Niu Liu Ma. It is considered that it is common to use gears to make machinery in the Three Kingdoms period, and the Mu Niu Liu Ma, which is respected by later generations, should be an automatic machine made by using gear principle.
In Huangsha Town, Mianxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, historical records show that this is the place where Zhuge Liang made wooden cows and horses. According to textual research, Zhuge Liang used Mu Niu Liu Ma three times in the eight-year Northern Expedition. It was from here that Mu Niu Liu Ma walked 25 kilometers of plank road and reached the front line of Wuzhangyuan, Qishan.
The local old man described the legendary wooden ox and flowing horse to us: "The horse's head is made of wood, and other small pieces form the horse's body, and then the horse's legs are assembled, and a gear is installed in the middle of the belly. There is a wrench behind the Trojan horse. When operating, one step is pressed, and the other step is pressed." As can be seen from this legend, the wooden ox and the flowing horse have gears, and it seems that the lever principle is also used.
Not long ago, Liang Guojun, an ordinary rural teacher in Botou, Hebei Province, said that he had recovered the wooden ox and the flowing horse himself, and it was very successful. Our reporter made a special trip there with great interest.
The wooden cows and horses made by Liang Guojun are all wooden machines with four legs and hollow bellies, which can carry loads. Press and lift the horse's neck, and the flowing horse will walk with its legs open; The wooden cow walks by pressing the double shafts at the back. According to Liang Guojun, the wooden ox and flowing horse he made is consistent with the historical records in principle: "The wooden Niu Niu is like an elephant." There is a long labor-saving arm behind the wooden cow, which is a double shaft; The labor-saving arm of a flowing horse is its long horse neck, which is shaped like an elephant. More subtly, Liang Guojun immediately realized the function of secret lock in his stream. When he twisted his tongue, the horse's head was locked and he could not walk, which is very consistent with the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
However, the Muniu Liuma restored by Liang Guojun was opposed by another faction. Guo Qinghua, director of Mianxian Museum in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province and director of the Three Kingdoms Cultural Research Center in Shaanxi Province, thought that Muniu Liuma could not have four legs: "The plank road is paved with wooden boards, and the gap in the middle is different. How can four legs walk on the board with gaps?" Even if you walk on a non-plank road, it is also climbing, and you need to pull it in front and push it behind. You can't pull or push it with four legs. Therefore, the wooden cow must have wheels. "
why does Guo Qinghua think that wooden cows and flowing horses should have wheels? This can also be found in historical records. Guo Qinghua believes that the wooden ox Liuma should be a four-wheeled car: "In the method of making wooden ox Liuma, when introducing Liuma, it is said that Liuma has a front axle and a rear axle. Everyone knows that a wheel is a shaft, and a shaft is equipped with two wheels, so I think it should be four wheels. "
Is a wooden ox or a flowing horse with wheels or four legs? Chen Shidao in the Northern Song Dynasty has the following written record: "There is a small car in Shu, pushing eight stones alone, like a cow's head in front;" There is also a big cart, which is pushed by four people and carries ten stones. " There is also a record in the book "The Origin of Things" written by Gao Cheng in the Song Dynasty: "The wooden ox is the one who has the front shaft of the car today; The horse is the only pusher today. " Manchu in Qing dynasty .......
Why did Mu Niu Liu Ma disappear?
it's not because the structure is too complicated, the hardness of wood is not high, even if the worn parts are added with copper sleeves and steel sleeves, the wear is very serious, so it can't be popularized and popularized in the wood age.
Is the wooden ox and flowing horse made by Zhuge Liang real? If so, what scientific principles are used?
controversial, but not impossible. From the structural point of view, the wooden cow adopts a power-assisted mechanism, and a flywheel mechanism may be added inside. From his execution, there are gear mechanisms and crank-connecting rod mechanisms used in it. When people push the wooden cow, the crank-connecting rod mechanism inside drives the flywheel through the gear. After the flywheel is executed, it helps the wooden cow because of the inertia of the flywheel, thus achieving the purpose of saving labor.
The structure of Liuma is actually a scooter, but its center of gravity and bearing parts have been changed, making it more labor-saving than the previous scooter. Ios in the world, unify the world and wait for you to fight!
Is it true that the wooden horse and ox flowed in the Three Kingdoms?
That was the wooden horse and ox, right? ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— . Mu Niu Liu Ma
Lu Guo Mu Niu Liu Ma
Mu Niu Liu Ma can be traced back to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. According to Wang Chong's book Lun Heng, Lu Ban, a famous carpenter in Lu State, made a wooden chariot and horse for his old mother Qiaogong, and "the authorities have it, but they can't drive it back."
The wooden ox and the flowing horse in the Three Kingdoms
Perhaps it was inspired by Luban's wooden chariots and horses. About 7 years later, Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period invented the wooden ox and the flowing horse, and used it to transport rations on the rugged plank road, and "people don't work hard, and cows don't eat." Compared with Wang Chong's few words about Lu Ban's wooden chariots and horses, the descriptions of Zhuge Liang's wooden oxen and horses in the Records of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the Three Kingdoms are vivid, vivid and extremely detailed. But I don't know why, but Chen Shou and Luo Guanzhong didn't mention a word about the principle and technology of making Mu Niu Liu Wu.
In the one hundred and twentieth chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Sima Yi occupied the Wei Bridge in the North Plains and Zhuge Liang made a wooden ox and a flowing horse", which describes that Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times and captured Meng Huo seven times, which shocked the Central Plains, and invented a new means of transportation called "wooden ox and flowing horse", which solved the problem of grain and grass transportation for hundreds of thousands of troops. This tool is more advanced than the current one, and it does not need energy, and will not cause an energy crisis.
Zhuge Liang made wooden cows and flowing horses to transport grain and grass. Since ancient times, there has been no agreement on what it is like to have a wooden ox and a flowing horse. There are all kinds of sayings, but none of them are more in line with the original state. I think the reason lies in the fact that machinery is not familiar with history, and machinery makers have no habit of textual research.
It has been more than 2 years since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is said that Zu Chongzhi, a genius of science and technology in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, recreated it. It is hard to understand that he also left no information about a picture.
Exploration
First, look at the introduction of the wooden ox and flowing horse in the book: the head is bent with a square abdomen, one foot and four feet, the head is in the collar, the tongue is on the abdomen, carrying more but walking less, and the lone traveler is dozens of miles, and the group traveler is twenty miles. The person who hangs is a cow's tongue, the person who bends it is a cow's rib, the person who engraves it is a cow's tooth, the person who stands is a cow's horn, and the cow raises two shafts. People walk six feet, cattle walk four steps.
Liuma: The rib is three feet and five inches long, and the left and right sides are the same. The front axle hole is divided into four inches, the front foot hole is divided into four inches and five minutes, and there are two square capsules.
From the description in the book, the wooden ox is a device equivalent to an engine, and the flowing horse is just a device for loading things, which is equivalent to a car compartment.
From the structure of the wooden bull, it adopts a power-assisted mechanism, and a flywheel mechanism may be added inside. From his execution, there are gear mechanisms and crank-connecting rod mechanisms used in it. When people push the wooden cow, the crank-connecting rod mechanism inside drives the flywheel through the gear. After the flywheel is executed, it helps the wooden cow because of the inertia of the flywheel, thus achieving the purpose of saving labor.
The structure of Liuma is actually a scooter, but its center of gravity and bearing parts have been changed, making it more labor-saving than the previous scooter.
About what the book says about this and that, it's just a habit of China people to increase the mystery of wooden cows, just like what the Zhouyi said about horses.
A wooden cow has four legs, which are actually wheels. In ancient times, there was no professional mechanical term, so the expression of some parts was different from that of today.
It is speculated that the wooden cow walks with its feet, but it needs a hydraulic mechanism, which is impossible under the conditions at that time. It's impossible to shake it by hand. Because there are too many institutions used in this way, some institutions were not invented at that time.
The reason why you can't walk by twisting the ox tongue is simple. There is an anti-reverse ratchet mechanism inside.
Of course, I only speculate based on the records in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. But it shouldn't be too far away. I don't have detailed information about Mu Niu Liu Ma at hand now, but I just speculate based on my experience.
there may be complicated imagination, but I think it is more reasonable, and the structure adopted in this way is relatively simple, which is in line with the productivity situation at that time.
Our sages seem to join hands to keep the next eternal mystery to test the wisdom of our descendants.
research and development
ancient mysteries have attracted mystery seekers from generation to generation. Far from saying, since 1956 alone, seven research societies on wooden cows and flowing horses have been spontaneously established all over the country. ......
was the wooden ox and flowing horse invented by Zhuge Liang? Perpetual machine?
The wooden ox and the flowing horse were the means of transportation invented by Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms period, and were divided into wooden ox and flowing horse. It was used by Zhuge Liang during the Northern Expedition from the ninth year to the twelfth year of Jianxing (231-234).