Among the mausoleums outside Guan Guan in the early Qing Dynasty, the largest and most mausoleum outside Guan Guan is Shengjing Zhaoling.
The Zhaoling Mausoleum is large in scale and majestic. It is not only a representative of the imperial tombs outside the Pass in the early Qing Dynasty, but also one of the most complete ancient imperial tomb buildings in my country.
The Zhaoling Mausoleum was built in the eighth year of Chongde (1643) when Huang Taiji died of illness. The first phase of the project was completed in September of the same year, and the second phase of the project was completed the following year. Later, stone sculptures were added to the mausoleum area. There are two pairs of standing elephants, standing horses, sitting lions, sitting Xie Zhi, and sitting Qilin, four Optimus Primes and two Wangzhu. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), a mountain of earth was piled up manually from the flat land and named "Longye Mountain". The third phase of the project was completed and Zhaoling was initially completed. Judging from the construction situation of Zhaoling, the tomb was built on flat ground and the project was huge. Since then, in order to promote Huang Taiji's civil and martial arts and show the majesty of the feudal imperial power, the Qing Dynasty has carried out many renovations and expansions of Zhaoling since the Kangxi period. It was not until the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801) that the construction of Zhaoling was finally completed. It took 159 years to complete.
The main red gate of Zhaoling Mausoleum and the sleeve walls on both sides
Zhaoling Mausoleum is a mausoleum on a flat ground, facing south. Its architectural shape is roughly the same as that of Fuling Mausoleum, but in terms of its architectural scale , Zhaoling architecture is even more magnificent. In terms of architectural art level, the artistic level of Zhaoling is also far higher than that of Fuling. The Zhaoling Mausoleum has towering pavilions, majestic halls, lush pines and cypresses, and a magnificent scale. It not only absorbs the architectural advantages of the previous Ming Tombs, inherits the advantages of ancient Chinese traditional architecture, but also integrates the characteristics of Manchu mausoleum architecture, and has a strong ethnic flavor. The style and local characteristics reflect, to a certain extent, the evolution of Manchu architectural art before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The mausoleum covers an area of ??180,000 square meters, and its layout can be divided into three parts: front, middle and back, which is the layout of a three-entry courtyard. The layout of three courtyards is one of the characteristics of the mausoleum system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In this layout, the mausoleum is divided into three courtyards from south to north. The first courtyard is composed of stele pavilion, divine kitchen and divine treasury; The two courtyards are the sacrificial hall and the side hall; the third courtyard is the Baocheng and Minglou. The overall layout of Yongling and Fuling also adopts this three-courtyard layout. The main buildings of Zhaoling are distributed on the central axis of the layout. The buildings on both sides of the central axis are distributed in a symmetrical form. The last part of the central axis is the main body of all buildings.
Zhaoling Huabiao
After Nurhachi's death, his mausoleum was built at the foot of Tianzhu Mountain and on the bank of the Hun River with beautiful scenery. But why was Huang Taiji's mausoleum built in the north of the city after his death? What about on flat ground? Legend has it that in the third year of Tiancong's reign (1629), when Huang Taiji personally led the Eight Banners soldiers to attack Ningyuan City guarded by the Ming army, he fell into an ambush set by Yuan Chonghuan, the Ningyuan guard general of the Ming Dynasty at that time. Huang Taiji fled in panic, his horse stumbled in a hurry, he was thrown out, and his head was badly bruised. The Ming army was reluctant to leave behind. At this moment, a group of black crows flew from the sky and surrounded him. The chasing Ming army saw Huang Taiji lying on the ground from a distance, with crows circling around him, and suspected that he was dead, so they stopped chasing him. Huang Taiji was able to escape death. From then on, Huang Taiji regarded crows as a sacred object and strictly ordered the Eight Banners officers and soldiers not to shoot them. In his later years, Huang Taiji sent people to explore geomantic treasures in order to build a mausoleum for him after his death. One evening, Huang Taiji led the Baylors to the northern suburbs of Shengjing for a hunting trip. As he was walking, he saw a hare running past. He quickly mounted his bow and drove his horse to chase after it. But the hare jumped left and right and disappeared into the grass in a blink of an eye. When Huang Taiji was wondering why his BMW couldn't even catch up with a rabbit, a noise came over. He followed the sound and took a closer look, and saw a large mound in a deserted forest. On the mound A large flock of crows fell. Seeing this, Huang Taiji hurriedly put the arrows into his bag, thinking that I had been protected by this divine creature during my lifetime, and it would be the same after my death, so he turned his horse's head and led everyone to beat the horse away. More than ten years later, people built the Zhaoling Mausoleum for Huang Taiji on the large mound where the crow had fallen.
The ancient feudal emperors paid great attention to the art of mausoleums when choosing mausoleum sites, and they all chose places with beautiful mountains and rivers to build their mausoleums.
The three rooms on the west side are the slaughtering halls, which are the places where pigs, cattle, and sheep used for sacrifices are slaughtered.
Details of the Zhaoling stone archway
The Zhenghongmen is the starting point of the second part of the Zhaoling layout. It and the square city form the second part of the Zhaoling layout. The Zhenghongmen is located due south of the entire cemetery and is the main entrance of the cemetery. It consists of three large semicircular red arches, several meters high, with a touch of vermilion and copper nails and copper rings inlaid in between. It is red with yellow and imposing. brilliant. The entire Zhenghongmen is imitated from the Imperial Palace of Beijing and is majestic. On the large red arch is a single-eaves Xieshan-style gate tower, and the bracket building is composed of colored glazed components. There are relief decorations on the sides of the three arches of the main red door. The relief on the middle door is the pattern of two dragons playing with beads. The left and right red doors are decorated with floral patterns. Each of the three red doors has a door forehead on the inside. There is an aquarium on the ridge of the middle door of the main red door. The sound of the aquarium is used to express the meaning of ensuring the safety of the mausoleum.
The brick walls on both sides of the main red gate are called sleeve walls. There are colorful glazed dragons embossed on the walls, so the sleeve walls are also called dragon walls or dragon brick walls. The sleeve wall is 8.5 meters long and more than five meters high. The shape of the giant dragon above is extremely exaggerated. It raises its paws and leaps into the air. It is wearing strong armor and is dazzling and vivid. There are red curtain walls on both sides of the sleeve wall. The curtain walls extend to the left and right to form a square wall, tightly surrounding the entire mausoleum. The walls of Zhaoling are all made of blue bricks. The south wall is nine feet eight inches high, the east and west walls are seven feet eight inches high, and the surrounding length is 495 feet nine feet. The wall is covered with red soil, so it is also known as the Red City. Since the wall is red, the doors in the wall are also called red doors, such as the Zhenghongmen, Donghongmen and Xihongmen. The East-West Red Gate is a side door of the mausoleum located in the middle of the east and west walls of the wall. There are also dragon-carved sleeve walls built on the north and south walls of the East-West Red Gate. The entire Zhaoling Wall is beautiful, solemn and elegant. There are 1,925 pine trees originally planted in the wall. There is also a big bell cast on the east side of Donghongmen and a bell tower. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor paid a visit to the mausoleum, he performed a "visit ceremony" and opened the left side door to enter and exit. The main door is opened for entry and exit only when the "big feast" is held.
Zhaoling Stone Elephant Standing Image
Inside the main red gate is the Shinto, which is paved with long stone slabs. Starting from the Dismounting Monument and leading to the Long'en Hall at the back of the mausoleum, it actually forms the central axis of the entire mausoleum. On both sides of the Shinto of Zhaoling, there are a pair of stone carvings, six pairs of stone beasts, and a pair of large viewing pillars arranged from south to north. Among the stone animals, there are one pair each of a sitting lion, a sitting Xie Zhi, a sitting Qilin, a standing horse, a lying camel, and an standing elephant, totaling six pairs and twelve. These stone beasts are the "Twelve Imperial Forests" described by Taoist Miao Junji in the poem "Looking at Zhaoling in Autumn" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. These "Royal Guards" guarded the safety of the underground imperial city day and night, and also showed the majesty of the royal family.
There is another way to place elephants, horses, lions, unicorns, camels, and zhizhi in front of the emperor’s mausoleum. It is said that the main entrance of the mausoleum has five levels: Minglou, main hall, city tower, and stele tower. Elephants, horses, lions, unicorns, camels, and geese are the six beasts, which is the so-called five-level six beasts.
In front of the stone beasts on both sides of the Zhaoling shrine, there is a pair of Chinese watches. The columns of the Chinese watch are carved with dragons, clouds and water patterns. They are all white. The cloud plates are made of dark green stone, with one on each top. "Looking at the sky". Head toward the mausoleum. The base of the Huabiao is octagonal, with patterns carved on it. There are eight pillars and railings around each side, which are connected to each other. The railings are carved and embossed. There are four lions and four monsters squatting on the pillars, each in a group. Set up in separate groups. When you enter the main red door and look around, you first see this pair of Chinese watches, which gives you a sense of solemnity.
The cemetery architecture of Zhaoling is basically the same as that of Fuling. Its uniqueness is mainly reflected in the characteristics of the stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto. Underneath the stone beasts in Zhaoling, there is a Xumizuo with a height of 1 meter, a width of 1.5 meters and a length of 2.7 meters, which is engraved with auspicious and wishful patterns. The carvings are fine, steady and generous. Each pair of stone beasts are approximately fifteen meters apart. The stone beasts are either sitting or standing, with vivid expressions. The stone carvings are extremely fine, the lines are concise and powerful, full of a sense of rhythm, and also present a simple, concise, deep and powerful artistic feature.
In front of the Danuan Pavilion, there are two dragon and phoenix thrones for the emperor and the empress, and on both sides there are two seats for the two concubines, indicating that the two concubines are in the position of sharing sacrifices (or food). The throne and the seat cushions are made of yellow cloud satin. There is an offering table in front of the throne, which is used to place sacrifices. In front of the altar table, there is a set of five kinds of offerings, including a gemstone-fired copper enamel incense burner, a candlestick and a vase, which were made during the Qianlong period. The bases of the five offerings are all made of hardwood, and the bases are all five. They are placed in the five offerings' vases. There is Ganoderma lucidum grass. During the sacrificial ceremony, the two sacred tablets were placed on the dragon and phoenix throne respectively, and the emperor and empress joined in the act to offer sacrifices. In addition, there are two Fuquan chairs in the hall, divided into east and west, four facing lamps, four pedestals, a bow cabinet, and six dragon blankets. Most of the objects in Long En Hall are decorations with symbolic meanings.
Zhaoling Longen Hall
On the platform in front of Longen Hall, there are three roads of stamping. The middle road is the Danbi Royal Road, also known as "Dragon Road". It is paved with a huge stone that is 5.5 meters long and nearly 2 meters wide. The boulder is embossed with seawater cloud and dragon patterns, and two dragons are tumbling and swimming in the water. Exquisite and gorgeous, this stone carving is powerful and full of three-dimensionality. In the old days, no one was allowed to walk on it. In front of the main entrance of Long'en Hall, there is also a long strip of green stone, about seven or eight feet long and three or four feet wide. Its color is eye-catching. It is said that in the old days, there was a rectangular sapphire on the west side in front of Long'en Hall. In the past, fourth-rank officials of the Qing Dynasty used this stone as a top bead. The floor tiles around Long'en Hall are all made of gold ore. The gold bricks commonly known as the Emperor's Gold Bricks are made of this gold ore. These gold ores spread around the main hall sparkle whenever the sun shines, but this scene is not easy to see now. It turns out that there are five square stones in the east of Long'en Hall, which are called Zhanfang Stones and "Jiaxi" in Manchu. According to legend, Emperor Taizong built a warhouse with this stone when he was fighting. Because Taizong loved it, he placed it in front of the palace as a memorial. Others say that in the past, every time before a big sacrifice, the sacrifices might not be complete for a while, so the sacrifices were moved here and placed in the shed. This stone was used to build the shed. At that time, the sacrifice will be carried out in one voice, so there will be no risk of mistakes being made.
There are also east and west side halls built on both sides of Longen Hall. There are three east and west auxiliary halls each with the same shape as the main hall, so they are called auxiliary halls because they are spare halls. If the main hall is repaired, the emperor's sacred tablets and other supplies will be moved here to be temporarily placed until the main hall is repaired. After the repairs to the main hall are completed, the Emperor and Queen tablets and other supplies are returned to the main hall.
Behind Zhaoling Longen Hall, there is a painted wooden door composed of two facades. This is Shizhumen, also called license plate. So this door is called Shizhumen because there are two square stone pillars more than three feet high on both sides of the wooden door. And because there are two stone pillars on the side of the door, it is also called Erzhumen. There is a single eaves above the stone pillar door. The top of the eaves is covered with yellow glazed tiles. There are dragon-shaped decorations on the tiles. Each of the four corners of the eaves has a glazed eaves decoration of a glazed beast and a Taoist riding a bird. The Stone Pillar Gate can only be installed in the emperor's mausoleum, and the Zhaoling Stone Pillar Gate was added during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, whenever the emperor came here to pay homage to the mausoleum, he would mourn behind this gate.
Behind the Shizhumen is the five stone offerings added during the Jiaqing period. There are five types of stone offerings arranged on a long stone. The long stone is one foot eight feet six inches long and five feet wide. It is white and has decorative patterns carved around it. It is laid on a Xumi stone base about four feet high.
The offerings listed on the long stone are all carved from white marble. The stone cauldron in the middle is about 0.8 meters high, with a stone cap with a sea water cloud and dragon pattern on it, and two black and purple stones on the stone incense burner. The hat is made of Duanxi stone. Because the five kinds of offerings are all made of stone, they are called the Five Offerings of Stone. Shiwugong is used to suppress the underground palace gate. The underground palace gate is just below it, and there is a tunnel leading directly to the underground palace. During every major sacrifice, the emperor would pray to heaven in front of the Five Stone Offerings.
Zhaoling Lingxing Gate and Shiwuzuo
To the north of Shiwuzuo is the coupon cave door, which is two meters high and 21 meters long. The door is made of double vermilion copper leaves. Nail the door. The inner wall of the cave door is red. Through the coupon cave gate, you can enter Crescent City, which connects Fangcheng and Baocheng. As soon as people enter the gate of the coupon cave, they will feel the gloomy wind and echoes, fully experiencing the gloomy atmosphere of the imperial mausoleum. As soon as you enter Crescent City through the Quandong Gate, you will see the glazed screen wall on the front wall, which faces the stone pillar gate in the north and south.
The screen wall is built close to the north wall of Crescent City. It is five meters high and 5.8 meters wide. It is covered with yellow glazed tiles and glazed dragon bricks. The wall is red and the eaves are green. Lotus flowers and pure vases are carved on it. Lotus flowers are also carved on the four corners of the screen wall. The green lotus leaves and the red bottom of the wall contrast with each other. The alternation of red and green is really cute. It is said that the patterns carved on the tiles on this wall all have secret codes. If you move a certain tile, you can open the underground palace door and enter the underground palace under the treasure roof. It was originally built to repair the interior of the underground palace. However, the location of this secret code and the method of opening it have long been lost due to the passage of time.
There is a Ming Tower above the gate of the coupon cave. This is the stele tower of Emperor Taizong Wen. The stele tower is located in the middle of the square city wall above the entrance gate. It is a double-eaves Xieshan-style building with a square plane and a length of 15.3 meters on each side. The building is red and covered with yellow glazed tiles. An iron horse hangs on each of the eight eaves corners, and there are glazed statues of auspicious animals, fish and Taoists on it. There are blue paintings on the eaves, with golden dragons and other patterns on them. There is a gold inscription on a blue ground in the middle. The inscription is written in Chinese, Manchu and Mongolian from left to right. There is an arch on each side of the stele tower, and the door is made of wooden gates. There is a mausoleum stele made of white marble in the building. The stele is about six meters high and is supported by a Xumi pedestal. The forehead of the stele is embossed with two dragons playing with beads. The body of the stele is engraved with Chinese, Manchu and Mongolian characters from left to right. "The Mausoleum of Emperor Taizongwen" is inscribed. The courtyard inside the Ming Building is painted with "green" as the main color, making the building more solemn and solemn. This building was first built in the fifth year of Kangxi (1666). After a fire, it was rebuilt in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong's reign (1781). Later, it was destroyed by thunder and fire and rebuilt again. The Zhaoling Ming Tower is the tallest building in the whole mausoleum. You can overlook the panoramic view of Zhaoling.
To the north of Minglou, there is Baocheng connected with Crescent City. Baocheng is also called "Tuancheng", and in the middle of Baocheng is a protruding circular tomb. Baoding, below the Baoding is the deep underground palace, which is the burial place of Huang Taiji and Borzijit. Baocheng and Baoding are a unique form of sealing the tombs of emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Its construction method is in. A tall brick city was built on top of the underground palace, and then the brick city was filled with earth until a dome was formed that was higher than the brick city. There were crenelations and parapets built on the city wall of the Bao City, which looked like a small city because it was built on the top of the city. The place where the emperor was buried was called Baocheng. The dome of the mound above Baocheng was also called Baoding. Zhaoling's Baocheng was two feet, three feet and eight inches high, with a circumference of sixty-one feet. There are brick crenels and parapets, and in the middle of the parapets on both sides is a bridleway. The pavement slopes from the outside to the inside. The bridleway is paved with large and regular granite, about 2.4 meters wide. There are stones on the inside of the parapet. The drainage ditches and shafts are covered with manhole covers, which are quite similar to the "horse gourds" along the city roads. During the rainy season, rainwater flows into the shafts along the drainage ditches and then flows out of Zhaoling through drainage pipes. The top of the treasure is two feet high and has a circumference of thirty-three feet. The top of the treasure was originally painted with white ash, which was so brilliant that it was called "the scene of Zhaoling". Now it has been covered with loess and is covered with lush vegetation. . It is said that there is an elm tree named "Shenyu" growing on the top of the treasure. It is said that during the Qing Dynasty, during the Yi Dynasty, this elm tree would grow a fork. (The existing elm tree is called Zhaoling.) As for the internal situation of Zhaoling Underground Palace, it has not been recorded in history books and has not been discovered today, so it has always been a tantalizing secret.
Zhaoling Crescent City and Minglou
p>Behind Baocheng is an artificially piled earth mountain. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed that this mountain was connected with the western foot of Changbai Mountain and became one body. (1651) The mountain was named Longye Mountain to symbolize the prosperity of the emperor's business. The Kanyu family also called the mountain "Backer Mountain" at that time, and the locals also called it "Longgang" or "Dragon Vein". It is six feet by one foot and one hundred and fifty-one feet long. The green vegetation on the mountain and the singing of kingfishers present a natural scenery, which greatly enhances the atmosphere of the cemetery and adds a lot of elegance to the cemetery.
The Zhaoling Mausoleum is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with a spacious terrain, large-scale buildings, majestic and resplendent buildings; towering battlements, majestic palaces, red walls and green tiles, a colorful layout with well-organized pine and cypress trees. Covered, quiet environment.
It is a unique architectural art produced by the blending of Manchu and Chinese cultures, and is the crystallization of the blood, sweat and wisdom of the working people in ancient my country. However, such a beautiful imperial mausoleum has always been a heavily guarded royal forbidden area in the Qing Dynasty. The old system of Lingshan is roughly the same as that of Fuling and Yongling. At that time, there were officials such as Zhang Guan Fang, Shang Cha Zheng, Shang Shan Zheng, Nei Guan Ling, and Military General Manager in charge of various matters of the mausoleum. There were red stakes, white stakes and green stakes around the mausoleum as boundary markers. At that time, the surrounding boundary was 2,560 feet. For the working people, it is a symbol of imperial power and divine power. It also experienced hardships in old China. Experienced many vicissitudes of life.
After the founding of New China, this famous historical monument returned to the hands of the people. The People's Government has repaired Zhaoling many times to ensure that it is properly protected. In 1963, Zhaoling was approved as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, and in 1982 it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. In 2004, it was listed as a world cultural heritage and became a famous scenic spot in Shenyang.