The capital of unified national or local political power in Chinese history. Also known as the capital, the capital, the capital, and the capital. Kyoto is not only the political center of a certain dynasty, but also often its economic and cultural center. Therefore, its setting should be relatively stable. However, with the development of the country's politics and economy and the need for outward expansion, Kyoto often moved from the old capital to more suitable new places. In Chinese history, not only did many regimes experience a gradual shift in the location of Kyoto during their own development, but overall, Kyoto throughout the dynasties also showed a change in location, first mainly moving east-west, and then alternating north-south.
The relocation of Kyoto must also consider various geographical factors: ① Kyoto should be established in an economically developed and wealthy area to maintain the material needs of the ruling group; ② Kyoto should choose a geographical location in the middle of the country, or have Convenient transportation conditions are to facilitate the spread of government orders, control internal and external forces; ③ Beijing should choose natural conditions that are safe and defensible, so that it will not be destroyed by external forces and the country will have long-term peace and stability. The choice of the location of the capital of any political power in history cannot fully meet the above three conditions. Instead, it can only choose a relatively favorable location based on the main contradictions at that time. Therefore, the selection of the capital often reflects the overall situation of that period. On the contrary, once the capital is determined, it will also have a certain impact on the political, military, and economic development of the entire country.
Tang Chang'an:
Tang Chang'an City (called Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty) is the most magnificent capital city in the history of our country. It is the most magnificent capital city in ancient China established by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and his ministers, reflecting the grandeur of the unified dynasty. In order to reflect the desire to unify the world and achieve long-term peace and stability, the city took into account the ideas of time, location and people during the planning process. "The law of the sky is like the earth", the emperor is revered and served by hundreds of officials. In order to accommodate a larger population and move the nobles from various countries in the south of the Yangtze River to realize the grand plan of the capital, the city was built far ahead of its time, with an area of ??84 square kilometers, 2.4 times that of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty and 1.4 times that of Beijing City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. . It was 7 times larger than the capital of the Byzantine Kingdom at the same time and 6.2 times larger than the city of Baghdad built in 800 AD. It was one of the most popular cities in the world at that time.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, various repairs and renovations were carried out on Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty, making the city layout more rational. The establishment of the Daming Palace on Longshouyuan gave the rulers of the Li and Tang Dynasties a more prestigious and superior geographical location. Standing on Longshou Plain, overlooking the whole city, it shows the magnanimity and style of an empire that ruled the world.
Luoyang:
Luoyang is a famous historical city in China and one of the six famous ancient capitals in China. It shines like a brilliant pearl in the east of the world.
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation, and Luoyang is the center of this cradle. Because Luoyang is located in the world, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Therefore, in China's thousands of years of history, many dynasties have established their capitals here. Luoyang is famous both at home and abroad as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties".
The so-called "Nine Dynasties" has two meanings: one refers to numerous dynasties. In ancient China, "Nine" was the largest and most numerous. The second refers to the nine dynasties. The first statement is not accurate. The second statement is inconsistent with historical facts. How many dynasties have established their capital in Luoyang? Based on historical facts and archaeological discoveries, I believe that there are Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Western Han, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin Five dynasties established their capitals in Luoyang, each of which is explained below.
1. Xia Dupo (Xunmi)
The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in Chinese history. According to the records in the "Bamboo Chronicles", the Xia Dynasty existed between the 21st century BC and the 16th century BC, with a history of more than 470 years and 17 emperors.
The Luoyang area is the hinterland where the Xia people established their country. Yu, the first king of the Xia Dynasty, first made his capital Yangcheng and later moved to Yangzhai. Yangcheng is in Dengfeng and Yangzhai is in Yu County, both not far from Luoyang. Taikang (son of Qi), the third emperor of the Xia Dynasty, poured wine (Xunmi). The ancient "Bamboo Book Chronicles" records: "Tai Kang lived in the pouring (Xunmi)." The current version of the "Bamboo Book Chronicles" also records: "Zhongkang was the emperor, according to the pouring (Xunmi)." "Historical Records·Xia Benji" It says: "Taikang lived in Zhen (Xunmi), Yi also lived there, and Jie also lived there." Yi is Hou Yi, a leader of the Yi tribe in the East. Taking advantage of Taikang's lack of justice and the resentment of the Xia people, he settled in Xunyi and ruled, while rejecting Taikang from outside. After Taikang died, Fuzhongkang ascended to the throne and still lived in Zhen (Xunmi). He was later killed by his henchman Hanzhuo. Where is the 斟 (Xunmi)? There are different opinions at present. "Guoyu · Zhouyu 1" records: "Xi Yi and Luo died, and Xia died.
"It proves that Zhen (Xunmi) is in Yiluo District. "Historical Records: Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi" records: "Xia Jie's residence has the river on the left and Taihua on the right, Yique in the south and Yangchang in the north. "Luoyang is in this position. In 1959, the China Archaeological Institute conducted archaeological excavations in Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang area, and found that the Erlitou area was a large capital ruins, named "Erlitou Culture". After carbon 14 determination, its The absolute age is equivalent to the Xia Dynasty, with a history of more than 4,000 years. It is a large-scale capital ruins of the Xia Dynasty. It has a total area of ??3.75 square kilometers. Archaeologists have determined that the Erlitou Cultural Site is the ruins of the Xia Dynasty capital. , that is, the location of the capital of Xia (Xunmi). The three emperors Taikang, Zhongkang, and Xia Jie of the Xia Dynasty once established their capitals here. According to the "Tongjian Waiji" record of Taikang's 29th year in office: Zhongkang reigned for 52 years and the Xia Dynasty was in the 94th year.
2. The Shang Dynasty was the second dynasty in Chinese history, and it was also the period when China's slave society was highly developed. Period. The Shang tribe was an ancient tribe in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It was a vassal state of the Xia Dynasty. The Shang tribe migrated eight times from Qi to the 14th century of Tang Dynasty. The main areas of activity of the Shang tribe were the northern part of Henan, the southern part of Hebei and the southwestern part of Shandong. The last place where Tang settled was Shangqiu in eastern Henan, known as Nanhao in history.
Xia died in about 16th century BC. Shang established. After Shang Tang conquered Xunyi, the capital of Xia, he decided to build a new capital near Xiadu. After the new capital was built, Shang Tang moved it here from Nanhao, which was called Xishao in history. Where is Xishao, the capital of the Shang Dynasty? This has been a question in history for thousands of years. "Yanshi, Henan, was Xishao, the capital of Emperor Ku and Tang, and Pan Geng also moved his capital there." This Xishao is located in Yanshi Township, Luoyang. .
In 1983, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted archaeological excavations in the Xixianggou, Dahuaishu and Tazhuang areas of Yanshi, Luoyang, and discovered the ruins of this shopping mall, thus revealing the secret of Xishao. It ended thousands of years of historical mystery about Xishao. This is a major discovery in the field of history at home and abroad. The total area of ??the mall is 1.9 million square meters. There are palace ruins in the south center of the city. There are several palace buildings facing each other from east to west, and the roads in the city are crisscrossed in an orderly manner. There is a road surrounding the city. This large-scale merchant palace was obviously built according to the specifications of the capital. It is a city in the early Shang Dynasty. Thirdly, the Shang cultural site in Yanshi Township, Luoyang is the location of Xishao, the capital of the Shang Dynasty. The "Bamboo Book Annals" records: "Tang lived in Xishao, and Xin Chou became the king in the first year of Zhongding. Moved from nothing to clamor. "Historical Records·Benji of Yin" also records: "At the time of Emperor Pan Geng, Yin had already made its capital in Hebei. Pan Geng crossed Henan and returned to his former residence in Chengtang." "It is also said that "Emperor Geng Ding died, his son Emperor Wu Yi was established, and Yin Fu left Hao and moved to Hebei. "It can be seen from this that the Shang Dynasty had its capital in Xishao twice. The first time it was from 1711 BC to 1482 BC, a total of 230 years, it went through Chengtang, Waibing, Zhongren, Taijia, The 10 emperors Woding, Taigeng, Xiaojia, Yongji, Taiwu and Zhongding made the capital of Xishao the second time, from about 1310 BC to 1140 BC, which lasted for 170 years. The nine emperors Xiao Yi, Wu Ding, Zu Geng, Zu Jia, Xun Xin, Geng Ding and Wu Yi were the capitals of Xishao twice in the Ming Dynasty, with 19 emperors in the Shang Dynasty.
Since Pan Geng began to implement the dual-capital system, there were both the southern capital, Xichao City, and the northern capital, Yincheng. Luoyang and Anyang became sister cities during the Shang and Yin Dynasties.
3. Luoyang, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was originally the Zhou clan. A tribe with a long history in western my country, together with the Xia and Shang tribes, they were called the three major tribes at the end of my country's primitive society. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the Zhou Dynasty was their vassal state.
, King Zhou was ignorant and ignorant. During the reign of King Wu, Zhou's power was already very strong and he was determined to destroy Shang. In 1066 BC, King Wu of Zhou took the opportunity to lead his troops eastward and crossed the river via Mengjin in the north of Luoyang, overthrowing the rule of the Shang Dynasty in one fell swoop. Xing. The history is called the Western Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he wanted to build the capital in Luoyang. "Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Three Years" records: "King Wu conquered the Shang Dynasty and moved the Nine Tripods to Luoyang." The Nine Tripods are important weapons of the country. Where to build the capital? After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he first came to Luoyang and decided to build a city here immediately, named Luoyi. The site was located southeast of today's Baima Temple. "Historical Records of the Zhou Dynasty". 》contains: "King Wu camped in Luoyi for weeks and then left. "Between the camps, King Wu once went to Mount Song to offer sacrifices to heaven. King Wu did not return immediately after conquering Shang. Instead, he stayed in Luoyang to observe the terrain, built a residence for the Zhou people, offered sacrifices to heaven on Mount Song, moved Jiuding, etc.
At the same time, before Zhou Gong built Luoyi, Luoyang was already named Luoyi, and the city of Luoyi was probably not big. Although King Wu wanted to make the capital Luoyi, he did not move the capital. He moved the capital to Luoyi only after he became the king of the city.
The second year after King Wu destroyed Shang, he died of illness in Haojing, and King Cheng ascended the throne. Because King Cheng was a child, his uncle Zhou Gong assisted in the administration. In the year when King Cheng came to power, he sent Duke Zhao to "restore the camp in Luoyi". Duke Zhou came to Luoyi one after another. After actual testing, he started large-scale construction projects. The construction of the city of Luoyang was completed from March to December. From then on, the Western Zhou Dynasty had two capitals. Haojing in the west was called Zongzhou, and Luoyi in the east was called Chengzhou. Chengzhou was divided into the royal city and the lower capital. Xiadu was later called Chengzhou. Luoyang had many names during the Zhou Dynasty, and they often changed. After the city of Luoyang was built, "the king established his ding in Jia (humiliating the 卩)". Jia (humiliation means) is the city of the King of Zhou. In the fifth year of King Cheng's reign, he moved the capital to the royal city of Cheng Zhou. The inscription "He Zun" records: "King Wei moved his residence to Chengzhou for the first time, and returned the rituals to King Wu, and blessings came from heaven. King Wei made five sacrifices." Since the Western Zhou Dynasty became king, all the kings came to Chengzhou to occupy the throne and govern. This is recorded in Zhou Dynasty inscriptions. Among them, it is recorded that there are 8 vessels for King Zhao, 7 vessels for King Zhao, 1 vessel for King Mu, 14 vessels for King Gong, 4 vessels for King Yi, 3 vessels for King Xiao, 1 vessel for King Yi, 15 vessels for King Li, and two vessels for Xuan and You. King Kang did not find any inscriptions on each of the king's two utensils. Other kings often stayed in Luo to handle state affairs. Neither Luo nor Hao has the highest official office of the central government, the Minister of Affairs, and the Duke of Zhou lives in Luo and the Duke of Zhao lives in Hao. After the death of Duke Zhou, his son Jun Chen inherited Duke Zhou's position and continued to guard here. As the eastern capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang lasted for 295 years from the fifth year of King Cheng to the second year of King Ping. It went through 10 emperors: King Cheng, King Zhao, King Mu, King Gong, King Yi, King Xiao, King Yi, King Li, King Xuan, and King You. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of one country and two capitals was implemented.
4. King Zhou Xuan died and King Zhou You was established in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. A big earthquake occurred in Guanzhong and the disaster was serious. "Shi Xiaoya·The Turn of October" says: "Three rivers dried up, Qishan Mountain collapsed. Hundreds of rivers boiled, mountain tombs collapsed, high banks became valleys, and deep valleys became mausoleums." In addition, internal affairs were corrupt, society was dark, and the palace was divided. In 771 BC, King You was killed and the western capital of Haojing was robbed. In the second year after King Ping came to the throne, that is, 770 BC, he decided to abolish the Western Capital and move all of it to the Eastern Capital, which was known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty had only one capital, Luoyang.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were still two cities: one was the royal city, which was built by Gong Gong and was the residence of the emperor at that time. The first was the Zhou Dynasty, built by King Wu, and the Duke of Zhou resumed the camp. It was an important military location at that time. Wangchengren has been the capital of Qiudong Bureau for 310 years. Starting from King Ping of Zhou, it went through King Huan, King Zhuang, King Li, King Hui, King Xiang, King Qing, King Kuang, King Ding, King Jian, King Ling, King Jing, King Mourning, and so on. King and King Nan 14 emperors. Chengzhou was the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 205 years and experienced 11 kings: King Jing, King Yuan, King Zhending, King Ai, King Si, King Kao, King Weilie, King An, King Lie, King Xian, and King Shenliang. . Luoyang served as the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 515 years and experienced 25 emperors.
5. Luoyang, the first capital of the Western Han Dynasty. On the third day of February in 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao, which was called the Western Han Dynasty or the Former Han Dynasty in history. In the month when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he came to Luoyang from Dingtao. "Zizhi Tongjian" records: "The emperor set up wine in Luoyang Nangong." Commenting on the merits and appreciation, the civil servants and generals were all very happy, so Luoyang was established as the capital. In May, Lou Jing, a native of Qi, passed by Luoyang and persuaded Liu Bang to move the capital to Chang'an. Most of Liu Bang's civil and military ministers were from Guandong and were unwilling to move westward. After a debate, Liu Bang decided to move the capital west to Chang'an.
6. In the 25th year of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor in Baixiang, Hebei, as Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. In the same year, he conquered Luoyang and made Luoyang the capital. It is called the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty in history. After more than ten years of fighting, Guangwu Liu Xiu completed the great cause of unifying the country. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoyang was a famous capital in the world. Luoyang was the political, economic, and cultural center of the country, and it was also the largest industrial and commercial city in the country. Its city site is on the east side of the current White Horse Temple, which is the ruins of the ancient city of the Han and Wei dynasties. Liu Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty founded it in 26 AD, and it took 196 years until Emperor Xie arrived in 220 AD. The Eastern Han Dynasty had three capitals: Luoyang, Xuchang, and Chang'an. Among them, Luoyang was the capital for 165 years, Xuchang was the capital for 26 years, and Chang'an was the capital for 5 years. There were 14 emperors in Luoyang: Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang, Emperor He, Emperor Shaodi Shang, Emperor An, Shaodi (Liu Yi), Emperor Shun, Emperor Chong, Emperor Zhi, Emperor Huan, Emperor Ling, (Liu Bian), and Emperor Xian.
7. After the first year of Chuping, the capital of Cao Wei and Luoyang, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, the world fell apart, warlords separated themselves, and fighting continued for years. The Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. The situation of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu gradually taking shape.
Cao Cao's power gradually grew during the warlords' melee and suppression of the rebel army, and finally took control of the power of the Eastern Han Dynasty, holding the emperor in power to order the princes. In 207 AD, Cao Cao basically unified northern China. In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty granted Cao Cao the title of Duke of Wei. In 216 AD, Cao Cao was granted the title of King of Wei. In 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang, and his son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne. Soon, Cao Pi deposed Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty as Duke of Shanyang, and established himself as emperor, who was Emperor Wen of Wei. He changed the name of Han Dynasty to Wei Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital. It is called Cao Wei in history. Cao Wei made Luoyang its capital for 46 years from 220 AD to 265 AD when Sima Yan destroyed Wei. It went through five emperors: Emperor Wen of Wei, Emperor Ming of Wei, King Qi, Duke Gaogui, and Emperor Yuan.
8. In the late Cao Wei Dynasty in Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, the politics of Cao Wei Dynasty was dark, and Cao Wei Dynasty declined. In 265 AD, Sima Yan succeeded to the throne of the Jin Dynasty, and then repeated Cao Pi's trick of replacing the Han Dynasty, forcing Huan Huan to abdicate the throne and proclaimed himself emperor as Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. He changed the name of the country to Jin, and was known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. The capital of the Western Jin Dynasty was still Luoyang. In the 51st year of Duluo in the Western Jin Dynasty, there were four emperors in the Jin Dynasty: Emperor Wu, Emperor Hui, Emperor Huai, and Emperor Min. The city is located at the ruins of the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties east of White Horse Temple.
9. After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang and the Western Jin Dynasty unified the People's Republic of China, there was a period of social stability, the economy was restored and developed, and material wealth increased. But the rulers were extremely corrupt. Emperor Wu of Jin had more than 10,000 concubines and lived in debauchery. Empress Jia was so lascivious that she snatched men from the street and brought them into the palace to become her concubines. It is surprising that Wang Kai, a foreign relative, is richer than Shi Chong, a nobleman. And so on, it finally led to the "Eight Kings Rebellion", which lasted for 16 years. Luoyang encountered serious damage. In 494 AD (the 18th year of Taihe), the Northern Wei Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, unified the north, and moved its capital to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a very accomplished emperor. He insisted on reforms, rectified official administration, severely punished corrupt officials, restored the economy, and developed production. Promoting learning Chinese, speaking Chinese, and wearing Hanfu promoted the integration of northern ethnic groups. Luoyang was destroyed and restored and developed. In the 41st year of Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were eight emperors: Emperor Xiaowen, Emperor Xuanwu, Emperor Xiaoming, Emperor Xiaozhuang, King Changguang, Emperor Jiemin, King Anding, and Emperor Xiaowu.
10. The Sui Dynasty established the Eastern Capital. In 604 AD, Yang Guang ascended the throne in Chang'an and became Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. At the end of the year when Yang Guang took the throne, he came to Luoyang in person, climbed Mang Mountain, and inspected the terrain. He believed that the south of Mang Mountain, the north of Yique, the west of (氵廛) water, and the east of Jianhe River were excellent military locations, and he decided to build the eastern capital here. In March 605 AD, he appointed Shangshu Yang Su as the eunuch to build the Eastern Capital, Nayan Yang Da as the deputy eunuch, and Yu Wenkai as the general master craftsman. He recruited two million craftsmen every month to carry out large-scale construction. The project of the Eastern Capital in Luoyang was completed in the first month of the second year. Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, who was touring the south of the Yangtze River, immediately set off from Jiangdu and arrived in Luoyang, the Eastern Capital. Then the officials of the Sixth Palace moved to Luoyang. It has become the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country, with a population of over one million and tens of thousands of wealthy merchants. Xiyuan in the west of the city is the largest and most beautiful Huaxuan in the country. In 618 AD, Sui Dynasty general Yu Wenji rebelled in Yangzhou. Entering the palace, he killed Emperor Yang Tong of the Sui Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang. Wang Shichong became the Taiwei and took charge of the government. In April of the second year of Yining (AD 619), Wang Shichong deposed Yang Tong as the Duke of Lu and established himself as the emperor. , the country was named Zheng. It was later destroyed by the Tang Dynasty in the 15th year of Duluo.
Eleven, the Tang Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang in 618 AD, and both were in Chang'an. Li Shimin ordered the renovation of Luoyang City, known as Luoyang Palace. He came to Luoyang three times to handle government affairs and foreign affairs, and lived in Luoyang Palace for two years. In the 23rd year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 649), Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne. In the sixth year of Hui Dynasty (AD 657), they came to Luoyang together to handle national affairs, and made Luoyang the eastern capital. In fact, the capital of the Tang Dynasty had been moved from Chang'an to Luoyang. In the 44th year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, Luoyang was the capital for 10 years. After the Anshi Rebellion, the power of the Tang Central Committee was greatly weakened, and the power of the Jiedushi was growing. In 904 AD, Zhu Wen, the military governor of Xuanwu, sent troops to Chang'an and took Emperor Zhaozong hostage to move the capital to Luoyang. The Tang Emperor (Aizong) was deposed and the Tang Dynasty was divided. After that, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms appeared in Chinese history. During the Tang Dynasty, both the East and the West were important, and Luoyang and Chang'an were both famous capitals in the world. Emperors Gaozong, Zhongzong, Ruizong, Xuanzong, Zhaozong, and Aizong of the Tang Dynasty lasted for more than 30 years.
12. Wu Zetian, the capital of Wuzhou, was the only female emperor in Chinese history. Development played a certain role. She was famous for her beauty and entered the palace at the age of 14. After Tang Gaozong Li Zhi came to the throne, he was named queen. Li Zhi suffered from hypertension and Empress Wu participated in political affairs.
The ministers also called the emperor and empress the "Two Saints". On September 9, the first year of Tianshou (AD 690), Wu Zetian proclaimed Li Dan his heir, proclaimed himself emperor, honored him as Holy Emperor, changed the country's name to Zhou, and changed the Eastern Capital to the Divine Capital. In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD), the 82-year-old Wu Zetian was forced to give way to Tang Zhongzong Li Xian while she was ill, and the country's name was restored to Tang. Wu Zetian was in power for 50 years and reigned as emperor for 15 years, with Luoyang as her capital.