In fact, this is to send the prisoner to Ningguta for life imprisonment. However, not everyone is qualified to send Ningguta, and most people who can go to Ningguta are losers in political struggle.
Because Ningguta is the birthplace of Manchu, it is located in Ning 'an District, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province. Because of its harsh natural environment, living conditions are very difficult.
In addition to Ningguta, the places where prisoners were exiled in Qing Dynasty were Shangyangbao (Shenyang), Bukui (Qiqihar), Samsung (Yilan), Ji Hui (Heihe) and Alechuka (Acheng).
In the late Qianlong period, in order to protect the so-called Long Mai, the Northeast was completely banned, and new refugee regulations were promulgated, and prisoners began to be sent to Yili, Xinjiang.
After talking about the dispatch of Ningguta in Qing Dynasty, let's go back to the origin of dispatch. This penalty system for punishing prisoners may have developed from the relocation or adaptation of the capital of the Qin Dynasty.
In the process of annexing the six countries, in order to effectively control the border, the State of Qin drove some criminals to the border to live. This means, later developed into a relatively independent punishment, called? Moving? Or? Is it suitable? .
This kind of punishment in the Qin Dynasty was very light, and there was no clear sentencing standard. As for where to move and where to go, it is not decided according to the severity of the crime, but only considering the actual needs, and there is no fixed place.
By the Han dynasty, this kind of punishment was gradually mature, and its sentencing standard rose from the general light punishment to the heavy punishment second only to the death penalty, which was called? Move to the border? The essence is to drive the prisoners to the border to exile the army.
Moreover, the position of the boundary has become relatively fixed. For example, criminals who are immoral, disrespectful and similar in nature will move to northwest border counties, such as Shuofang and Liangzhou, if their death penalty is reduced.
If the prisoner is guilty of heinous crimes, the principal offender will be executed. If the accessory and his family have to reduce the death penalty, they will be transferred to southern border counties such as Fangling, Hepu, Rinan and Jiuzhen.
Although they all moved to the southern border county, the Han Dynasty was slightly different. The Western Han Dynasty moved to Fangling and Hepu, and the Eastern Han Dynasty moved to Rinan and Jiuzhen. Why?
Let's start with Fang Ling. The Western Han Dynasty took Fangling as its exile and followed the historical tradition of the Qin Dynasty. During the Qin Shihuang period, after the death of Lao Ai and Lv Buwei, their family moved to Fangling.
During the Western Han Dynasty, it became the exile place of senior nobles. According to incomplete statistics, many royalty, such as Zhang Ao, Ji Liuming, Chang Shanbo, Qinghe Nian, etc., were all demoted to Fangling.
Fangling is not a frontier, why can it become an exile? Some people think that Fang Ling? Thousands of miles, four mountains and four blockades, its solid Gaoling, if there is a house? Therefore, it was chosen as an exile.
In fact, the house is surrounded by mountains and waters, and the natural environment is not very bad, is it? Xanadu is called. Fangling was chosen mainly because it is close to Beijing and easy to manage to some extent.
Compared with the lucky ones in the early Western Han Dynasty, the prisoners after the middle Western Han Dynasty were even more miserable, and they were often exiled to Hepu in Lingnan area.
Hepu is one of the nine counties established in Lingnan area after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam. Yulin and Nanhai counties are adjacent to the north, Jiaozhi county to the south and Nanhai to the southeast.
Its administrative areas probably include today's southeastern Guangxi, southwestern Guangdong and Hainan. In the eyes of the Central Plains people at that time, it was a wild land filled with smoke, poisonous snakes everywhere and wild animals.
Therefore, after the mid-Western Han Dynasty, Hepu County was newly opened as an exile. Only in the decades after Han became emperor, because of sin? Move to Hepu? There are more than 10 people.
For example, Jing Wang Zhang offended the general Wang Feng, died in prison, and all his wives moved to Hepu; After Chun Yuchang died in prison for a heinous crime, his wife moved to Hepu as a nanny. Wait a minute.
Although, after political setbacks, these people focused on developing production and relied on more advanced production technology and skills, and soon made a fortune.
So in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hepu area gradually prospered, and the bronze casting industry, glass firing industry and pearl collection industry were all developed, which was no longer suitable for exile.
Knock on the blackboard and draw the key points! So, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, where were the prisoners exiled? Mainly concentrated in Jiuzhen and Rinan, it belongs to the same state as Hepu, but it is farther, more desolate and more remote.
Among them, Jiuzhen is located in Xupu County, Vietnam today (in Yang She Village, Dongshan County, Qinghua Province, Vietnam). Its jurisdiction is equivalent to today's Viet Nam's Kyung Hwa Province, Ha Tinh Province and the eastern part of nghe an.
According to records, Liang Mao, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, twice exiled nine towns with his family. If you are not familiar with his name, I'll mention two more people. His grandson is General Liang Shang, and his great-grandson is General Liang Ji.
Liang Jia was exiled for the first time because his younger brother, Ma Xu Song Liang, sought office for others. It turns out that Song Liang was executed, along with his second brothers Liang Mao and Liang Gong? All the migrations are real? .
Liang Mao was even more talented. On his way to exile, he wrote an essay "Ai Sao Fu", lamenting that Wu Zixu and Qu Yuan died innocently. After reading Ming Di, they were allowed to return to their hometown by imperial edict.
Is it because Liang Jia was exiled for the second time? Liang Taizu's daughter gave birth to a son named Liu Zhao to Zhang Han. Queen Dou had no son, so she adopted Liu Zhao as her own son.
Later, Liu Zhao was made a prince. This is a good thing! Liang Jia celebrated privately, and when Dou Jia knew about it, Queen Dou framed Liang Jia for plotting rebellion.
As a result, Liang Mao died in prison and his family was exiled to the land of Nine Towns. After Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Liu wrote a letter to Liang Taizu's wife and son.
When the Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty arrived, the general Liang Ji was autocratic. General print, confiscated by Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty, was changed to the hometown of Bijing. Liang Ji committed suicide on the same day.
Where is Bi Jing? Why did Liang Ji commit suicide that day? It turns out that Bi Jing is located in Rinan County, farther south than the old town where his grandfather Liang Mao was exiled.
Specifically, Rinan County is located in today's central Vietnam. It is located in Donghe City, Guang Zhi Province, Vietnam, and its jurisdiction covers the area from the south of Hengshan Mountain in Vietnam to the north of Pingding Province.
Why is this place called Rinan? It turns out that this place is located in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, with two months in a year and the sun in the north, hence the name Rinan County.
Then, why did Bi Jing use this name again? Originally ancient? Scene? Jing heel? Shadow? Chinese characters are interchangeable characters. Compared with this place, at noon, the sun is above and the shadow is below, which means comparison.
The worse the luck now, the better the next time. During the period of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, General Dou Wu and Commander Chen Fan conspired to destroy the eunuch forces, but ended in failure, and his family moved to Rinan County.
However, according to historical records, after Dou Wu's wife died in Bijing on June 172, Dou Taihou became depressed and died in July. So the Dou family was also exiled to Bijing.
Refer to Purple Tongzhi Sword