Youxi, located in the hinterland of Fujian. Zhu Song used to be a county commandant here, then he lived here and gave birth to Zhu. Zhu Song's native place is Wuyuan in ancient Huizhou. This is a surname with a long history. Zhu Zun, the ancestor, was the commander-in-chief of Shitaoya in Tang Tianyou (904-907), led 3,000 troops to defend Wuyuan and settled here. Later, he was appointed as an official in charge of tea administration. However, this family was completely destroyed when it was in the hands of Zhu Sen, the seventh grandson. Zhu Song, the son of Zhu Sen, worked hard to become an official in Fujian and finally settled in Fujian.
Zhu spent his childhood in the war. Father Zhu Song was forced by the war to hide in Tibet and lost his official position several times. Later, due to the blow to Qin Gui's policy, he completely lost the future of being an official. So he pinned all his hopes on his son Zhu. He disciplined his son with strict Confucian dogma and cultivated him into a learned scholar. Zhu Song was deeply influenced by Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, and both he and Dong Li studied under Luo Congyan, Cheng Yi's favorite pupil. Summing up his academic thoughts in his later years, he said that he studied in the capital in his early years, learned examples and deliberately studied ci chapters. Five years later, Yihe (1 123) began to learn about Heluo from Luocong Cave. From then on, I abandoned the old school and devoted myself to the history of the Six Classics and Neo-Confucianism. Zhu grew up under the influence of his father's neo-Confucianism. When he was eight or nine years old, he went to college every day, reading The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. After reading Mencius' autumn chapter, I understand the truth that Confucius said, "Benevolence is far away, I want benevolence, and I am full of benevolence", that is, we must work hard and do things without stopping, in order to succeed. So I am indignant about my study and knowledge. /kloc-When I was 0/0 years old, I read Mencius' Sages Like Me and found it easy to be a saint, so I set my life goal of being a saint.
/kloc-at the age of 0/4, Zhu's father Zhu Song died in his prime, leaving Zhu and his mother alone.
Before he died, Zhu Song did not forget to entrust his own affairs, especially the study and future of Aiko. Before he died, he said to Zhu, "Hu Zhai from Jixi, Liu Mianzhi from Baishui and Liu Zikai from Pingshan are my good friends. Their knowledge comes from a source, and I am in awe. I'm dying, so you should treat them like your own father and listen to what they say. In that case, I will die without regret. " At the same time, he wrote a letter to Liu Zikai and trusted his wife and children. After Zhu Song's death, he came from Jian 'ou with Zhu's mother and son, which opened the curtain of Zhu's life under the sponsor.
Upon arrival, Zhu entered the Liu family school and studied under Mr. San. Here, he received a strict and good comprehensive Confucian education, which laid the foundation for his future academic development.
While teaching Confucian classics, Mr. San also instilled Buddhism and old ideas into Zhu from time to time. The blending and mixing of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was a common phenomenon in the cultural and ideological circles at that time. The decline of Confucianism and social unrest make helpless intellectuals seek spiritual comfort and outlet from Buddhism and Taoism. Under this cultural thought, it is not surprising that Mr. San likes Buddhism and the old, and integrates Confucianism with Buddhism and Taoism. It is not surprising to teach this kind of Zen-filled Confucianism to Zhu. Influenced by Buddhism and Taoism in his youth, Zhu has long been addicted to Buddhism and Taoism classics and Zen master's preaching. But it also prepared conditions for him to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and establish new Confucianism in the future.
11In the autumn of 47, Jianzhou held a "rural tribute". Examiner Cai Zi found in a group of candidates that one candidate's "three strategies are all about handling important matters for the court". He asserted that this man "will be extraordinary in the future." The candidate is Zhu, 18 years old.
The next year, Zhu became a scholar again. Three years later (1 15 1) was named Jody Kelang, the master book of Tongan County, Ren Quan.
Zhu is a newcomer in official career. While he is full of ambition, he has never stopped pursuing knowledge and truth. He is seeking the promotion and deepening of academic thought. On the eve of Tongan's appointment, he visited his father's "classmate" Dong Li. Dong Li and Zhu Song studied under Luo Congyan, a disciple of Cheng Yi. Zhu met and worshipped him as a teacher, which determined the transformation of Zhu's academic thought from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to pure Confucianism, and also made him truly a direct disciple of Neo-Confucianism. Since then, Zhu, with the goal of reviving Confucianism and the responsibility of inheriting orthodoxy, has stepped onto the stage of China's cultural and ideological history and staged an epic live drama.
1 162, the emperor of the peace faction announced his abdication and supported Zhao Jiwei. The new emperor wanted to do something, so soon after he became king, he wrote a letter asking for the truth. Zhu seems to see the hope of resisting gold and saving the country from the new king, so he actively responded to the call and put forward three suggestions for revitalizing the platform and restoring the Central Plains: First, "the emperor must be familiar with the study." Second, "the plan to repair the clam must be decided early." Third, "the original land cannot be meaningless." In other words, Zhao should take orthodoxy as the theoretical guidance, political affairs as the major policy, the rectification of political platform and the selection of talents as the breakthrough point to get rid of disadvantages, and make the country rich, resist foreign aggression and restore the Central Plains. In this "meditation", Zhu's social and political thoughts began to show signs, and showed firm and strong anti-peace thoughts.
Since then, Zhu has been hired as a local governor by the imperial court for many times, but his ambition is not to be an official, so he resigned several times and devoted himself to academic research and lectures. According to historical records, his days as an official outside the country add up to only 9 years, and only 40 days in the central government. But even in this short nine years, Zhu's achievements are extraordinary.
1 178, Zhu met Nankang Army. In this year, Nankang Army suffered a once-in-a-century drought. Zhu showed outstanding administrative ability in leading this large-scale disaster relief. His meticulous measures to save the famine, aggressive work style and indomitable spirit of struggle finally freed the desperate victims from their sufferings. The history books say that he "lived a lot", while the people praised him as "the most innocent man in politics". During Zhu's tenure as a local official, he vigorously promoted two measures to benefit the people: one was to set up a cooperative warehouse, and the other was to do it seriously. The "social warehouse" is used for disaster relief to protect poor farmers from usury; The "serious border" is to eradicate the disadvantages of land annexation by Hao Min and bureaucratic landlords. Zhu is an official. Everywhere he went, he never forgot to set up a school, promote learning and gather disciples to give lectures. During his stay in Zhinankang, he restored the long-abandoned Bailudong Academy and made learning rules for it. On the day when the college officially opened, he personally gave lectures to the students. Every rest day, he always goes to Bailudong to discuss and debate with his classmates and answer questions. At the age of 64, Zhu was appointed as an Anfu ambassador, stationed in Jinghu South Road. Shortly after his arrival, he began to repair Yuelu Academy. According to records, Zhu handled government affairs during the day and tried his best; In the evening, I talked with the students of the Academy of Fine Arts about academics, answered questions, and had no tiredness. His lectures were pragmatic, pertinent, cordial and sincere, which moved the students very much. For a time, Yuelu Academy became a holy place for Sanxiang students to seek classics. "Scholars have gathered more than 1000 people. They are skeptical about every quality and are tirelessly demonstrating it." (Hua Shan County Records of Guangxu (volume 1 1))
In addition, Zhu also founded Wuyi Jingshe and Kaoting Academy. Everywhere he went, he set up an academy as an official to rectify county schools and train a large number of talents for Neo-Confucianism.
Zhu's life is mainly academic research and writing. If 1 160 marked the beginning of Zhu Neo-Confucianism, there were several important links in his academic thoughts and activities in the following 40 years.
1 168 was compiled as the suicide note of Cheng, a book jointly compiled by Zhu, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and their students. Cheng Er is the founder of Neo-Confucianism. After integrating Buddhism and Taoism into Confucianism, Zhu first set out to sort out Cheng Er's legacy, with good intentions. More than one hundred years have passed since Cheng Er's time, and many of their speeches and writings have been changed by later generations. Zhu believes that the information of the founders of Neo-Confucianism has been distorted. "If you miss a little, someone will be speechless." Therefore, the revival of Neo-Confucianism must start from its roots. He emphasized that when reading Cheng Zi's book, "if you are sincere, you can respect it, you can learn it, if you are poor, you can learn it, and if you know it, you will win the heart of your husband every day and judge it from the spread of doubt." (Biography of Zhu Zi)
1 170, Zhu Zi was 4 1 years old, and his mother, Mrs. Zhu, died. Zhu built a cold spring building in his mother's cemetery, one for three years' mourning, one for scholars and the third for writing. The years of cold springs and quiet houses are the years when scholars made great progress in knowledge and wrote rich works.
First of all, he completed the construction of the basic theoretical framework of philosophy in his own neo-Confucianism system. The completion and publication of Taiji Illustration, Mingxi Interpretation and Shu Tong Interpretation is an important symbol of the completion of this construction.
Secondly, he began to compile Notes on Four Books and set about rebuilding the Confucian classic system.
Thirdly, he completed the historical masterpieces that marked his unique historical system of Neo-Confucianism —— Outline as a Mirror, Records of Words and Actions of Famous Officials in Eight Dynasties and the first monograph on the academic origin of China.
Fourthly, I cooperated with Lv Zuqian to complete the first philosophical anthology in the history of China. This is the ladder and introductory reading of Neo-Confucianism, and it is also the summary of Zhu Zi's thoughts in the works of Korean society in recent years. In this book, he borrows the language of Zhou Dunyi, Er Cheng and Zhang Zai to express his own Neo-Confucianism system, which is concise and exquisite. This book later became the most basic teaching material for Zhuzi studies.
1 194, Guangzong Zen, Ningzong Zhao expanded to the throne. In order to "win the heart of the world" ("Mei", volume 26), Zhao Kuo adopted the recommendation of Prime Minister Zhao Ruyu and appointed Zhu as the assistant minister and commentator of the official Zhangge. The assistant lecturer in Song Dynasty is a very special official position, whose task is to study the history of reading for the emperor, explain the meaning of classics, and prepare consultants to handle it. Obviously, this is a good opportunity to get close to the emperor and exert influence on him. However, Zhao Kuo was not a monarch who really wanted to study Neo-Confucianism. The purpose of inviting conductor Zhu is only to whitewash the peace and window dressing. Therefore, when Zhu once preached "The Art of Emperors" to him as an emperor's teacher and asked him to be sincere, sincere and patient, and asked him to study hard, the new monarch immediately developed an instinctive disgust. He thinks Zhu is a nosy and boastful scholar. So an imperial edict expelled the scholar who was praised by ministers as "the first person in the world" from the palace. At this time, it was only 40 days before Zhu entered the palace to give lectures.
In his speech, Zhu neglected politics several times. He advocated the restriction of monarchical power, opposed the interference of recent studies in state affairs, and opposed the autocratic power of ministers and monarchies. This not only caused the emperor's counter-threat, but also caused the dissatisfaction of Han Zhou, an ambitious man who was crony and arbitrary. This led to a well-planned political persecution with Zhu and his school as the main goal.
1196 65438+February, Zhu was dismissed. His scholarship was denounced as "pseudo-scholarship", and someone even wrote to ask Zhu to be executed as a Taoist scholar. Zhu's student Cai was also dismissed from office and exiled. Zhu's works were banned, and for a time, dark clouds overwhelmed the city and the theory was fierce. 1 197 published the book "pseudo-learning and anti-perception", including 4 records, 44 ministers, 3 military attaché s, 88 scholars and 59 blacklists.
Under such cruel political pressure, Zhu showed a fearless pure Confucian spirit and detached attitude. 1 194, retired from Beijing to Jianyang, Fujian, and settled in the picturesque Kaoting Pavilion, where a bamboo forest was built (later called Cangzhou Jingshe). He still gathered his disciples to give lectures and spread Neo-Confucianism. When someone told him that Taoism was strictly forbidden by the imperial court and someone wrote to kill him, he laughed it off and said, "Death, life and disaster have long been ignored, so don't worry too much." At the same time, he still devoted himself to writing and insisted on writing. During the short four years from his dismissal to his death, he completed his works, including Interpretation of Rites and Righteousness, Biography of Korean Literature (not completely completed, but later completed by Cai Shen), Notes on Songs of the South and Dialectics. Until the day of his death, he was still revising the article on college sincerity.
1On the morning of March 9, 2000, a generation of cultural giant Zhu finally finished his tortuous and brilliant theoretical thinking and passed away with regret and humiliation.
But his legacy is indeed an immortal ode to humanism, a never-ending road of Neo-Confucianism and culture. With the passage of time, his theories, thoughts and doctrines show more and more special value beyond the times and history.
Shortly after his death, Zhu was rehabilitated and his reputation was restored. He was called "Wen" and was honored as "Zhu Wengong" from now on. 1227, the letter said: "I have a view that Zhu's Notes on the University, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean have given full play to the wisdom of the sages, and there are ways to make up for it. "Since then, Zhu has been sealed by the rulers of past dynasties, and his works have been listed as the official textbooks of the imperial examinations, and his portraits have been listed as Confucius Temple sacrifices.