The stylobate appeared early. Judging from the rammed earth platform of the palace in the archaeological site of Yin Ruins, the traditional architecture in China has the concept of building abutment, which increases the sense of dignity of the building. In the Six Dynasties, Buddhism and religion were introduced, and the form of stylobate began to change, and Xumishan became a stylobate with rich visual decoration.
The column base is located in the contact position between the column and the ground, and its function is waterproof, anti-kicking, and convenient for the extraction and replacement of the wooden column. Various shapes.
Paving refers to the material covering the surface of the main support, which has the function of protecting the main support and surface decoration. Paving can be divided into indoor paving and outdoor paving.
There are many different forms of ancient roofs in China, mainly sloping roofs and flat roofs. There are single roof, double roof and four roofs at the top of the slope. According to the relationship between the roof and the gable, the tops of the two slopes can be divided into hard mountains and hanging mountains. Generally, there are four slopes, five ridges and four slopes and nine ridges at the top of the four slopes. There are also clear water ridges and rolling shed ridges on the treatment ridges. In addition, there are pyramid-shaped roofs (triangle, quadrangle, hexagon, octagon, circle, etc. ), helmet top, ceiling top, cross ridge top.
Handrails are also called bar sills or hook bars. Materials are divided into wood and stone.
There are also temples with single eaves and double eaves. There are single eaves, double eaves, three dripping pavilions, large eaves, rolling sheds and so on. Hard mountain, hanging mountain, ordinary people have both one floor and two floors; There are many forms of pointed buildings, such as triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, circle, single eaves, double eaves and multi-storey eaves.
The roof is located between the abutment and the roof, and the structure is divided into load-bearing wall structure, beam-column structure and mixed structure.
Bucket arch is a unique part of ancient architecture in China. Square blocks are called buckets, short arcuate blocks are called arches, and long oblique blocks are called Ang, which are collectively called bucket arches. Generally placed between the stigma and forehead (also known as diaphragm head, commonly known as visiting, located between two eaves columns to support the bucket arch) and the roof, used to support the load-bearing beam frame and overhangs, with decorative effect. It consists of bucket-shaped wood blocks, bow-shaped short wood blocks and inclined long wood blocks, which are staggered and stacked, and are picked out layer by layer to form a support with a big vertical bottom and a small bottom.
As the definition and divider of space, partition is composed of brick, stone, wood and soil. The distinguishing method is complete division, which is defined by some divisions. Smallpox and algae wells. Decorative content is divided into color painting, sculpture, clay sculpture, cutting and gluing, toenail pottery and furniture.
China's architecture, from the relationship between Feng Shui and nature to the construction, materials and spatial order of the single building itself, shows the world outlook of man and the world.
As far as architecture itself is concerned, it includes palaces, offices, academies, mansions, pagodas, temples and so on. Buildings in a broad sense include not only buildings in a narrow sense, but also spatial structures, such as battlements, gates, archways, tombs, dikes, bridges and so on.
The frame of the house
As the basic unit of space, it consists of "room" and "frame", in which the room is a horizontal span parallel to the long direction and the frame is a vertical span parallel to the short direction. Because different buildings have different regulations, we can infer the plane size, area and status of secondary buildings from the number of rooms and frames in a building. The interval is odd.
Site selection and geomantic omen originate from transmission, unification, comparison, land and wind, water and view. From the study of geomantic omen to the Ming Dynasty, it can be divided into shape method (chaos), direction method (regulating qi) and Japanese method (choosing time), and it can also be divided into shape method and direction method for Yang and Zhai (living, living, living, living).
Builders use a variety of calculation methods, and different parts have different measurement systems, such as Lubanchi, which not only has the size scale, but also defines the quality of each size.
China's architectural combination adheres to the principle of balance and symmetry. The main building is on the central axis, and the secondary building is divided into hatchbacks, forming an important courtyard hall. The principle is the same, regardless of residence, government offices, palaces and temples. Its architectural space reflects China's social ethics. Its distinct levels and complete system make the buildings in China look serious and lively.
Take the house as an example. The main house is occupied by the owner, the back yard is occupied by the owner's elders, the left and right hatchbacks are occupied by the younger generation, and the left and right sides are condescending, and the living position is allocated according to the status in the family.
As early as 500,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Age, primitive people in China already knew how to use natural caves as their shelter. Cliff caves inhabited by primitive people have been discovered in Beijing, Liaoning, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hubei and Zhejiang. In the Neolithic Age, clans and tribes in the middle reaches of the Yellow River used loess as the wall, built semi-caves with wooden frames and grass mud, and then developed into above-ground buildings, forming settlements. Because of the wet and rainy weather, the Yangtze River basin is often flooded and hurt by animals, so it has developed into a pole-column building. In this regard, there are many records in ancient literature that "building trees as nests to avoid group harm" and "the upper ones are nests and the lower ones are holes". According to archaeological excavations, about six or seven thousand years ago, it was known in China that the ancients built wooden frame houses with tenons and mortises (such as Zhejiang, Jiang, Yu, Yao, He, Mu, Du, Heritage and Site), and many origins, beginnings, gatherings and falls (such as West, An, Banpo, Heritage, Site, Pro and Tong) were also discovered in the Yellow River Basin. These settlements, such as residential areas, burial areas, pottery fields, etc., have clear zoning and good layout. The shape of wooden frame has appeared, and the plane form of the house also has round, square and land shape because of the different production and function. This is the primary stage of ancient architecture in China.
The establishment of Xia Dynasty in 2 1 century BC marked the end of primitive society. After Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, many cities were built in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and rammed earth technology has been widely used to build city walls and platforms. For example, in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan, there is a rammed earth platform with a length of 100 meter, on which there are eight-bay halls and cloisters around it. At this time, the wood structure technology has been greatly improved compared with the primitive society, and special tools for processing wood components such as axe, knife, saw, chisel, drill and shovel have appeared. Both wood frame and rammed earth technology have been formed, and some progress has been made. Fengjing, Haojing and Luoyang were built in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states established their own capitals centering on palaces. These capitals are all built of rammed earth, surrounded by huge cities and tall gates. The palace is arranged in the city and built on a rammed earth platform. Wood structure has become the main structural form. Pottery tiles have been used on the roof, and the wooden frame is decorated with colorful paintings. This marks the formation of ancient architecture in China. Whether it is rammed earth technology, wood structure technology, facade modeling and plane layout of buildings, manufacturing and application of building materials, and application of color and decoration, it has reached the embryonic stage. This is the foundation of the development of ancient architecture in China.
In 22 1 BC, after Qin Shihuang annexed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, he established a centralized empire and used the manpower and material resources of the whole country to build the capital, palaces and tombs in Xianyang. Today, from the Epang Palace site and the large terracotta warriors and horses on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, we can imagine the grandeur of the building at that time. In addition, in order to prevent the Huns from going south, the equator leading to the whole country was built, and a lingqu was dug for water transportation. These huge projects easily use the resources of hundreds of thousands of people, and almost all of them go hand in hand. In the end, the Qin empire was extravagant and exhausted the people's strength, and it died the next year.
After more than half a century's rest, the Han Dynasty entered a period of large-scale construction after the Qin Dynasty. Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, built the Great Wall on a large scale five times, opening up the Silk Road to West Asia. Gui Palace, Guangming Palace in Chang 'an City and Zhangjian Palace and Shanglin Garden in the southwest suburb have also been built. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Tang Ming and Bi Yong were built in the southern suburbs of Chang 'an. Liu Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty built Luoyang City and its palace on the former site of the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
During the 500 years of Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the unification of the country and the enhancement of national strength, the ancient buildings in China experienced the first development climax in its own history. The wooden frame of its main structure has matured, and buckets are widely used in important buildings. There are various forms of roofs, such as Diandian, Xieshan, Hangshan, Jianjian and Ding Dian, and some of them are widely used. New progress has been made in brick making, masonry structure and arch coupon structure.
The Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of great ethnic integration in China's history. During this period, traditional architecture continued to develop and Buddhist architecture was introduced. Shortly after the unification of China in the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out. Several ethnic minority leaders in the northwest frontier led troops into the Central Plains, and successively established more than a dozen regimes, known as the Sixteen-State Period. In 460 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the northern part of China and then split it. In the south, the Jin Dynasty moved south to establish the Eastern Jin regime, and then there appeared four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. This is the historical period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Since then, the social economy in the north and south of China has gradually recovered. Luoyang, the capital, was built in the Northern Dynasties, and Jiankang was built in the Southern Dynasties. These capitals and palaces are constantly built on the basis of the previous generation, and their scale and momentum are far less than those of Qin and Han Dynasties.
Buddhism introduced into China in the Eastern Han Dynasty developed at this time, and Buddhist temples were widely built by the northern and southern regimes. Buddhism, religion, temples and stupas prevailed at that time. According to records, there were more than 30,000 Buddhist temples in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and only 1367 were built in Luoyang. There are also more than 500 Buddha statues and temples in Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Dynasties. In many areas, cave temples have been excavated and statues carved. Important grottoes include Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Tianlongshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, Xiangtangshan Grottoes in Fengfeng South and Xiangtangshan Grottoes in North. This made China architecture in this period integrate many architectural forms and styles handed down from India, India, the West and Asia.
The architecture in Sui and Tang Dynasties not only inherited the achievements of the previous generation, but also blended with foreign influences, forming an independent and complete architectural system, which pushed the ancient architecture in China to a mature stage and spread to North Korea and Japan.
Although the Sui Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty of less than forty years, it made great achievements in architecture. Daxing, with its capital, and Luoyang, with its east, manages Jiangdu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The Grand Canal starts from Yuhang in the south, reaches Zhuo Jun in the north, Jiangdu in the east and Chang 'an in the west, with a total length of about 2,500 kilometers. It also used millions of people to build the Great Wall of Wan Li. During the reign of Yang Di, Li Chun, a famous craftsman, built the world's earliest open-shouldered large stone bridge Anji Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province.
After 100 years of stable development in the early Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous, the national strength was strong, and the territory was far expanded, reaching its peak in Kaiyuan. We will continue to build huge palaces, courtyards and government offices in the capital Chang 'an and the eastern capital Luoyang. Across the country, many famous local cities, commercial and handicraft cities have emerged, such as Guangling, Quanzhou, Hongzhou, Mingzhou, Yizhou, Youzhou, Jingzhou and Guangzhou. With the development of industry and commerce, many new changes have taken place in the layout of these cities.
In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of pagodas and Taoist temples were built in the capital and local towns, and stone carvings, caves, Buddha statues and temples of the previous generation were inherited. The famous Wutai Mountain North Monk Hall, nanzenji Buddha Hall, Xi 'an Ci 'en Temple Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Jianfu Temple Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Xuanzang Pagoda, Dali Chihiro Pagoda, and some cave temples have survived to this day. During this period, the building technology has made new progress, and the wood frame has been able to correctly use the material properties. In architectural design, it is known that "wood" is the design standard of wooden frames. The imperial court has formulated a decree on building repair, and set up officials who master rope ink, draw drawings and manage construction.
Since the late Tang Dynasty, China has entered a period of more than 300 years. During this period, China's society, society, economy and society suffered great damage, and the architecture also fell from the peak of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Due to the development of commerce and handicrafts, there have been many improvements and breakthroughs in urban layout, building technology and art, such as the city gradually evolved from the Li Fang system of the previous generation to the layout of opening shops along the street and forming streets by lines. In terms of architectural technology, the early Liao Dynasty inherited the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty, and the later Jin Dynasty inherited and developed the characteristics of the Liao and Song Dynasties in architecture. In terms of architectural art, since the Northern Song Dynasty, the magnificent momentum of the Tang Dynasty has been changed, and the architectural decoration has become more exquisite.
In the second year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty, the court promulgated and published "Building French Style". This is a standard book about architectural design and construction, and a perfect book about architectural technology. The purpose of the announcement is to strengthen the management of official buildings such as palaces, temples, yamen and mansions. The book summarizes the experience of architectural technology since ancient times and formulates a modular system of architecture with "materials as the ancestor". The working limit and material examples of buildings are strictly defined as the standards of budget and construction organization. The publication of this book reflects that the ancient architecture in China in Song Dynasty reached a new historical level in engineering technology and construction management.
The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties ruled China for more than 600 years. During this period, China was generally unified except for the short-term separatist regime, occupation and war at the end of Yuan and the beginning of Ming. Because the development of ancient China society has come to an end, and the social, social, economic and cultural development is slow, the architectural history can only be the last climax of development. Metropolis and palaces were built in the Yuan Dynasty, while Beijing and North and South palaces were built in the Ming Dynasty. In terms of architectural layout, it is more mature and reasonable than in the Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the construction of royal gardens and private gardens was a climax in the history of China. Well, the construction of teaching, architecture and buildings is entirely out of the political needs of the Qing court. Lamaism temples were once widely built in Mongolia, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai and other places, with eleven in Chengde alone. These temples are large in scale and exquisitely made, which is a deformity in the development history of ancient architecture in China. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many outstanding architectural works have been preserved to this day, such as palaces, temples, suburban gardens in Beijing, tombs of the two Dynasties, gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, Buddhism, religion, temples, towers, Taoism, palaces, temples, houses and city walls all over the country, which constitute a brilliant chapter in the history of ancient architecture in China.
The influence of Confucianism, family, thought and thinking on architecture can be roughly summarized into six aspects: First, Confucianism advocates the ritual system, which is the foundation of governing the country and the criterion of personal life, resulting in various types and shapes of buildings, such as temples, ancestral temples, altars, tombs and so on. Second, Confucianism advocates the supremacy of monarchical power, and the emperor is the Lord of all peoples who are ordered by heaven. Therefore, the capital palace centered on the palace was built to reflect the supremacy of monarchy. Third, Confucianism advocates respecting heaven and offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, which is a great sacrifice of all dynasties. So there are temples of heaven, earth, sun and moon, as well as shrines of country and agriculture. Fourth, Confucianism advocates filial piety to ancestors, so there are ancestral halls, mausoleums and tombs. Fifth, Confucianism advocates justice and order, so there is square symmetry in the plane layout of buildings, which makes the capital, Miyagi and building groups form a strict symmetrical layout of the central axis. Sixthly, Confucianism advocates the order of respect and inferiority, and there are differences between the upper and lower levels. It pays attention to the use of architecture to reflect the order of honor and inferiority. For example, there are strict regulations on the width, shape, color and roof decoration of buildings, and no violation is allowed.
The spiritual connotation of China's ancient architectural art has three characteristics. First, the unity of aesthetic value and political and ethical value. Buildings with high artistic value also play the role of maintaining, strengthening, strengthening, society, society, politics, governance, ethics, management, control, degree and ideology. Secondly, rooted in profound traditional culture, it shows distinct people, literature, things, righteousness, essence and spirit. Third, comprehensive integration. All the factors and techniques are often used to synthesize a whole image, from space combination to color decoration, which are all organic parts of the whole, and any one of them will produce a whole effect.