Knowledge point reproduction
The logical connection of knowledge points in this chapter:
3. 1 agricultural location selection
1, the concept of agriculture: [memory]
Humans use the natural productivity of the land to grow plants or raise animals to get the products they need.
2. The meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory]
(1) the position of agricultural production
(2) The relationship between agriculture and geographical environment.
3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]
Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source.
Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, science and technology.
The important factor that determines the type and scale of agricultural activities is the market factor.
4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory]
5. Judgment [understanding] of the dominant location factors of agricultural activities.
Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei" (climatic factors)
Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topographic factors)
Changes of Agricultural Landscape in Subtropical Coastal Areas of China since Reform and Opening-up (Market and Policy).
Tea Suitable for Acid Red Soil in South China (Soil Factors)
Dairy farming and gardening (traffic factors) along expressways in big cities.
6, the change of agricultural location factors [understanding memory]
Natural factors are relatively stable, and social and economic factors are developing rapidly.
Examples of scientific and technological transformation of natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping expands the planting scope of hybrid rice and rubber trees); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables)
The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and localized.
7. The meaning of agricultural area: [memory]
In a certain historical development stage, under the comprehensive action of social, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and natural conditions, agricultural production areas have been formed. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.
8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory]
(1) The geographical distribution of animals and plants is different; (2) Natural conditions; (3) Social and economic conditions.
9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory]
Natural location conditions: mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Adequate water resources
Socio-economic conditions: broad market (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world); Adequate labor force; Advanced production mode and technology
10, the main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia: [memory]
Production structure: mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry (wheat-shepherd)
Mode of operation: family farm.
Application of science and technology: rotational grazing, planting high-quality pasture and rotation system.
Agricultural specialization and regionalization are high.
Development measures: East-West Water Transfer Project
3.2 Planting-oriented agricultural regional types
1, agricultural distribution and crops in monsoon paddy fields [memory]
Distribution: Asian monsoon region (East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)
Crops: mainly rice (rice habit: temperature and humidity)
2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory]
(1) The climate is dominated by monsoon, and high temperature and rainy weather are suitable for rice growth.
(2) Flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management.
(3) dense population and abundant labor force
(4) The large population and living habits lead to a large demand for food.
(5) Rice production has a long history (7000 years).
3, the characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture [memory]
(1) Small-scale agriculture (small production scale)
(2) high yield and low commodity rate
(3) The level of mechanization and scientization is low.
(4) The amount of water conservancy projects is large
4. Agricultural distribution of commodity grain and crops [memory]
Distribution: USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and Ukraine.
Crops: wheat, corn
5, commodity grain agriculture location conditions [memory]
(1) Excellent natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain and fertile soil).
(2) Convenient transportation
(3) the market is broad
(4) The land is vast and the population is sparse
(5) High degree of mechanization
(6) Advanced agricultural science and technology
6, the main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture [memory]
Large-scale production, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and technology.
3.3 Agricultural regional types based on animal husbandry
1, Distribution and Production Object of Pasture Animal Husbandry [Memory]
Distribution: USA, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zone)
Production target: cattle and sheep
2. The location conditions of pasture grazing [memory]
(1) The climate is warm and lush.
(2) The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is high.
(3) Close to the harbor, with convenient transportation.
3, pasture animal husbandry characteristics [memory]
Large-scale production, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.
4, Argentina pasture animal husbandry development measures [memory]
(1) Fence grazing, rotational grazing, feed planting and water source development.
(2) Cultivate improved cattle and strengthen the research on cattle diseases.
5, the distribution of dairy industry and agricultural products [memory]
Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
Agricultural products: milk and dairy products
6, dairy industry location conditions [memory]
(1) The climate is cool and humid, which is suitable for the growth of succulents.
(2) With the high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits, there is a great demand for dairy products.
7, the main characteristics of dairy industry [memory]
High commodity rate; High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities.
Industrial Location Factors and Location Choice
I. Economic benefits
From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious geographical advantages to obtain the highest profits at the lowest production cost.
Type Name Typical Industrial Sector Advantage Development Zone
Sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry and other areas rich in industrial raw materials.
Market-oriented industrial bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry and printing industry are all close to the product consumption market.
Areas with sufficient energy supply in power-based industries, non-ferrous metal smelting industries and chemical industries.
Cheap labor refers to the fields where there are a lot of cheap labor in ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries.
Technology-oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments, higher education and technologically developed areas.
Second, social benefits.
The influence of national policy changes: from the great development of coastal industries in China in the 1980s to the great development of western China in the early 20th century.
National defense needs: In the 1950s and 1970s, China established some large industrial bases in the Mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry.
The influence of personal preference: A large number of overseas Chinese have invested and set up factories in their hometown.
The influence of industrial inertia: it may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, the influence of the government, the consideration of local economy and so on. It is often seen that a factory is located in an unreasonable position, but it still stays there. This is called industrial inertia.
Three. environmental benefit
Read the textbook P6 1 Location Selection Map of Heavy Pollution Industries, and analyze how to choose the location of heavy pollution industries.
Analysis process: factory-pollution type-how to control it
4. Overall analysis of factory location:
1, economic benefits
2. Social welfare
3. Environmental benefits
3.2 the formation of industrial regions
I. Industrial Association-Industrial Agglomeration-Industrial Region
1. Industrial linkages
(1) Input-output relationship
The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B, such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing, and clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as production line.
(2) unproductive spatial connection
Some factories are not related to each other in the production process, but are related to each other in geographical space. Some factories are connected to each other for the use of infrastructure, and some factories are connected for cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones.
2. Industrial accumulation
In industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial ties.
The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen mutual information exchange and technical cooperation, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, and finally reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.
3. Industrial Zone
(1) The concept of industrial area
The area formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial zone.
(2) the formation of industrial areas
According to different formation processes, industrial areas can be divided into two categories:
(1) Spontaneous industrial zone.
It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output relationship in production;
(2) Planning and construction of industrial zone.
There are the same types as the former, and there are also different industries gathered under the same infrastructure conditions.
(3) the nature of industrial regions
Industrial zones are divided into two categories according to the degree of development:
(1) Underdeveloped industrial areas.
(such as food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industry, with simple industrial links, small scale and few factories.
(2) Industrial zones with high development level.
(such as iron and steel industrial zone), with complex industrial links, large area, many cooperative enterprises and large production scale, highly specialized industrial cities can often be formed. Many famous "steel city", "oil city" and "automobile city" in China and even in the world.
Second, the geographical relationship between industrial dispersion and industry
In recent years, some industries with high technology content and complex technology (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industry) have begun to show a trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises look for the best location conditions around the world, reduce costs, and finally get the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.
Compulsory 2 3.3 Traffic Layout and Its Influence
I. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:
Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode
Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.
Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.
Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.
Air transportation is the fastest modern mode of transportation because of its high speed and high efficiency.
Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.
A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.
Second, the formation and development trend of traffic network:
Development trend of transportation: transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (the world's two major Eurasian continental bridges and four major routes), but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized (container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ensures the safety of cargo transportation).
Iii. 1 Influence of traffic on urban form
The original city extends along the river; After the emergence of highways and railways, cities extend along traffic trunk lines; During the underdeveloped period, the city was massive, and after the developed traffic, the city was radial.
2. The mode of transportation and the formation of commercial outlets
In the era of navigation and carriage transportation, cities (commercial centers) were mainly built at the intersection of rivers and avenues.
In the era of road and railway transportation, cities (commercial centers) are mainly built along roads and railways.
Road traffic capacity has been enhanced, and commercial outlets have developed to the periphery of the city.
Chapter IV Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment
Historical review of the relationship between man and land;
During this period, human beings thought about the relationship between man and land.
Basic Coordination of Hunting Civilization Worship Natural People
The use of nature in agricultural society is more antagonistic and the environment is destroyed.
The industrial revolution conquered nature, and the relationship between man and land was completely uncoordinated.
With the new technological revolution, human beings seek coordinated development and take the road of sustainable development.
Second, face up to environmental problems.
1, environmental problems
The environment has a certain ability to contain and remove human production and living excreta (environmental self-purification ability). When the speed at which human beings ask for resources from the environment exceeds the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, environmental problems will occur.
2, the performance of environmental problems:
Environmental problems in today's world are mainly manifested in two categories: environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, marine pollution and radioactive pollution) and ecological damage (including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increased carbon dioxide content and ozone destruction, resource depletion and decreased biological species). city
3, the distribution of environmental problems:
Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; Backward economic and technical level; Industrial transfer with serious pollution in developed countries).
Third, sustainable development.
1, prevention and control of environmental problems:
The main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, unreasonable utilization of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth); Generally speaking, the essence of environmental problems is development, which is produced in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development.
★2. Sustainable development
(1) The concept of sustainable development:
Sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Its connotation is summarized as: ecological sustainable development (foundation), economic sustainable development (condition) and social sustainable development (purpose), which are interrelated and mutually restricted to form a system together. (Textbook P96)
(2) Principles: fairness, continuity and * * * same sex.