The formation of Hakka is a historical process. It took more than 400 years from the Five Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties (907- 1368). According to the research of immigration historians and dialect experts, it is believed that the large-scale southward migration of Hakka ancestors should be the Anshi Rebellion in the middle of Tang Dynasty (AD 775), and many Hakka ancestors crossed the river to Ganzhou. The formation of the clan system is roughly the same as that of the nation, that is, there must be the same areas; Form * * the same language (dialect), * * the same culture (characterized by customs and habits) and the national consciousness of mutual recognition (that is, * * * the same psychological quality).
Ganjiang plain and river basin are important agricultural areas, which provided conditions for the survival and reproduction of Hakka ancestors. However, due to the Huang Chao Uprising in Jiangxi (AD 875), a large number of Hakka ancestors were forced to cross the pass between Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong and moved to western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong.
Soon, the Tang Dynasty perished (907) and the era entered the Five Dynasties. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, there was a political "vacuum" in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, especially in some areas of Tingjiang River Basin, Meijiang River Basin and Dongjiang River Basin. This gives a large number of Hakka ancestors the opportunity to stay, gather and recuperate in this area. It is very beneficial to the formation and reproduction of Hakkas in this area. This is also one of the important factors that led to the prosperity of Tingzhou and the establishment of Meizhou in Song Dynasty.
Gannan, southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong in history, the so-called three rivers of Jiangxi, Ting and Mei, can be said to be the key areas for the formation of Hakkas. Hakka ancestors accomplished three great things here: First, they merged the local ethnic minorities (descendants of Yao and Vietnam) with their advanced Chinese culture (natural assimilation) and completed the transformation to Hakka in the membership structure. The absorption and assimilation of ethnic minorities is mainly manifested in the ancestral names of Hakka genealogy. According to the genealogy statistics of 68 Hakka surnames in Meizhou compiled by Li Mo, the local records office of Meizhou City (the second series), there are 52 Hakka ancestors whose surnames are Lang or Fa.
On this issue, Mr. Luo Xianglin once said, "After receiving the gift from the guests, her valve was named Ji Lang Ji Lang according to the order of entry." I don't think so, because, first of all, as mentioned above, the surnames of Hakkas with Lang surname and French surname account for 76% of the total surnames; Second, the names of Lang and Fa have existed for three to five generations. If it is some kind of knighthood, it is impossible to give so many surnames and so many algebra people.
Lang's name and Fa's name are the customs of naming She and Yao, so Mr. Li Mo said: "The ancestors of Hakka people have close relations with She and Yao, which is self-evident, reflecting the cultural exchange or national integration between ethnic groups." Until the early Ming Dynasty, the political, economic and cultural strength of the Han nationality once again showed great advantages, so not only the Hakkas, but also the She nationality assimilated by them changed their names to Chinese and became Hakkas. As another branch of Hakka ancestors, these assimilated She people eventually became Hakkas. The second is the formation of Hakka dialect. After the Hakka ancestors moved south from the Central Plains, most of them concentrated in the vast mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. They live in secluded areas, have relatively little contact with the outside world for a long time, and are less influenced by other dialects, so they retain more features of ancient Chinese.
Hakka dialect is represented by Meixian dialect, so it can be located in Meijiang basin and the upper reaches of Hanjiang River in space. On the other hand, due to the communication with the descendants of She and Baiyue, some words are also influenced by Miao, Yao and Dong-tai words, that is, some loanwords are accepted. In this way, Hakkas have absorbed and changed their pronunciation, vocabulary and word order. And make it suitable for the grammatical structure handed down from ancient Chinese to form Hakka dialect, that is, Hakka dialect. The third is the formation of Hakka customs and ethnic self-awareness. After the Hakka ancestors settled in Sanjiang area, they not only retained the traditional Confucian culture, but also absorbed the customs and habits of other indigenous peoples in the south, forming their own unique folk culture.
Overview of Hakka
As for "Hakkas", historians generally believe that Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains. Due to the invasion of frontier tribes, Hakka ancestors moved from the Central Plains to the south. Later, they moved to the south and scattered all over the country, forming a situation in which Hakka people were scattered in many areas.
The first great population migration in the Central Plains was caused by the invasion of Wu Luanhua's separatist forces. In order to take refuge, from Yongjia in the Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains began to move south, which was called "exile" at that time. Three tributaries gradually formed, and finally reached south-central Jiangxi, Fujian and other places as far as possible, while the nearest tributaries still lingered in Shui Ying, Huaishui, Rushui and Hanshui.
The second southward migration was caused by the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. After more than ten years of turmoil, people all over China have separated. In this migration, a few people arrived in Hui, Jia, Shao and other places, while most people stayed in Minting House and eastern Ganzhou.
During the Song Dynasty, due to the invasion of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, some Hakkas migrated again. This time, because Wen Tianxiang and others organized troops in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi to resist foreign invasion, the junction of the three provinces became an important place for both sides to attack and defend. Therefore, the clans of the Central Plains who came to Fujian and Jiangxi first migrated to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. At the same time, the number of people flowing into Tingzhou increased by several days.
At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, on the one hand, the internal population of Hakkas kept expanding, on the other hand, Manchu tribes entered China. After resisting the inability of the Qing dynasty to settle in, the people migrated alone again and were forced to scatter around. A considerable number of people moved to Sichuan and other places destroyed by war and fire to reclaim land for farming. Yes, it is the fourth migration, "moving lakes and filling Sichuan".
The fifth migration was in the late Qing Dynasty. This can be said to be a worldwide migration. With the population growth and poor mountain conditions, there is not enough support for the population. As a result, Hakkas went south to Leizhou, Qinzhou, Guangzhou, Chaoshan and other places, and crossed the ocean to Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and America.
After many migrations, Hakkas began to settle in various places and multiply from generation to generation, eventually becoming an important and special ethnic group of the Chinese nation today.
Up to now, it is estimated that there are about10.2 billion Hakkas at home and abroad, among which one third of the Chinese in Hong Kong are Hakkas. One fifth to one quarter of the population in Taiwan Province Province are Hakkas. On the mainland, in addition to Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces, there are also a considerable number of Hakkas in Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan provinces. There are many Hakkas overseas, in Southeast Asian countries, Australia, the United States and Canada.
Tingjiang River is the largest river in western Fujian, and it is also the only river connecting Ninghua in western Fujian and Meizhou, Guangdong, two Hakka transit points for southward migration. After the Hakkas entered Fujian, they settled on both sides of Tingjiang River, and Tingjiang River Valley became the base camp of Hakkas. Tingjiang gave birth to Hakkas and gradually developed and expanded them. Tingjiang Valley has become the "Mecca Holy Land" in the hearts of Hakkas at home and abroad!
What is "Hakka" (I)
"Hakka" is the name of a branch of the Han nationality. This ethnic group, known as "Hakkas", is a Han ethnic group that moved southward to the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty and merged with the local She nationality and other aborigines. It has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other ethnic groups of Han nationality. It is dominated by the Han nationality, and at the same time includes the She nationality, Yao nationality and other "customized" ethnic minorities.
Hakka people are mainly Han people, and the main characteristics of their culture show that they have inherited the Han culture in the Central Plains, so they should definitely be a branch of Han people. But this clan is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and enjoy the same cultural characteristics. So "Hakka" is a title of Han nationality, but it is not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.