Brief introduction of Giovannioni

Source of this article: The original materials of the historical forum are quoted from the collation of King Alexander the Great, Cyrus II Cyrus II or cyrus the great, 590 BC/580-529 BC, also known as King Ju Lushi (or cyrus the great), founder and commander-in-chief of the Persian Empire. Born in Ahmenid. In 558 BC, he became the leader of Persian tribes in Anshan area. In order to establish world hegemony, we began to pursue the policy of conquering other countries. Its standing army reached 50 thousand, and local residents were recruited to supplement it during the large-scale campaign. This army consists of infantry, chariots and cavalry, of which cavalry is the main arm. Soldiers are equipped with bows and arrows, short spears and long swords, and are protected by rattan shields and scales. After Cyrus II established a powerful army, he led the Persian League 10 tribe to resist the rule of Medea in 553 BC, overthrew the king of Medea in 550 BC and established the Persian State. Because his family came from Ahmenid, one of the top ten tribes in Persia, the dynasty he established was also called Ahmenid dynasty. 546 years ago, Lydia, the powerful country of Asia Minor, was destroyed, and the Greek city-states on the west coast of Asia Minor were subjected to the policy of division, purchase and military conquest. In 545 BC, he led the troops eastward into Central Asia, occupied Sogdian, Bactria (summer) and other places, crossed Wuhu River (now Amu Darya River) until the medicine killed the water (now Syr Darya River). In 539 BC, he marched into the two river basins, occupied the city of Babylon without bloodshed and destroyed the new kingdom of Babylon. After he entered Babylon, he issued a notice for his daughter, which was called "Ju Lushi Document" in ancient history. At the beginning of the document, a series of titles are used: "I am Ju Lushi, king of the universe, great king, powerful king, king of Babylon ... king of the four corners of the world ...". Ju Lushi carried out a tolerant policy in Babylon, respected the religion and tradition of Babylon, released the Jews who had been exiled to Babylon before, made Phoenicia, Syria and Palestine who had surrendered to Babylon surrender to Persia, and established a powerful empire of medicine and water in the East and the West. In 529 BC, Ju Lushi died in a battle with the Masagatai, a savage tribe living near the Aral Sea in the northern Persian kingdom. Darius I of Darius I was the king of the ancient Persian Empire from 558 BC to 486 BC. Born in a branch of the Armand family. In 525 BC, he was the commander-in-chief of the "Wanxian Army" and went to Egypt with King Cambyses Ⅱ. A coup took place in China in 522 BC, and Cambyses died suddenly on his way home. Darius joined forces with some Persian dignitaries to kill the coup leader Gomata and use his ingenuity to become king. Then they suppressed the uprisings in Babylon, Elam and Medea. Darius went through 19 wars, and it took him more than a year to capture nine kings, and more than 65,438+10,000 people died on the battlefield. This quelled the great uprising that shocked the whole country and restored the order of the Persian Empire on the verge of collapse. At this time, not only the conquered areas became independent, but also the ambitious governor within the Persian Empire took the opportunity to make waves. Just as Darius concentrated on dealing with it, Babylon rebelled again. It took Darius more than a year to capture the city of Babylon before the empire settled down. In September 520 BC, on his way from Babylon to Hamadan, Darius carved a stone on the cliff beside the village of Bei Heaton, 32 kilometers east of Kermansha, leaving the famous inscription of Bei Heaton. The inscription was written in Persian, Elamite and Babylonian on the cliff at the height of105m on the beeston Mountain. Beston Mountain, with high mountains and steep slopes, is absolutely difficult to climb, and the inscription is not easy to be destroyed. Darius fell in love with this land of geomantic omen, hoping to make his name immortal. After pacifying the civil strife and consolidating his rule over the conquered areas, Darius actively expanded abroad. In 5 17 BC, he invaded the Indus Valley, conquered the northwest of India and established the 20th province of the Persian Empire. In 5 13 BC, he personally led his troops to the northern shore of the Black Sea, occupied Thrace, and then pointed his finger at the lower reaches of the Danube and sicilian on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Crossing the Danube River estuary to the north and entering the territory of West Xu Ya. Under the guerrilla tactics of the Sikhs, Darius was at a loss and was forced to withdraw his troops in a panic. Darius pushed forward to Europe step by step, which eventually led to the Greek-Persian war that lasted for decades. In 492 BC, troops invaded Greece, but most of the Persian fleet was destroyed by a hurricane on the way, and the first invasion was forced to die. In 490 BC, the army was mobilized to attack Greece from the sea again, and successfully landed in the marathon, but the Persian army with powerful cavalry was defeated by the Athenian army composed entirely of infantry. Despite repeated setbacks, Darius never gave up the idea of conquering Greece and establishing a world empire, but time did not allow Darius to realize his wish. In 486 BC, just as he was about to send troops to Greece again, a large-scale uprising broke out in Egypt. Darius himself suppressed it and died before it was finished. Darius I's rule was the heyday of the Persian Empire under Armandes. In order to consolidate centralization, he carried out a series of political, economic and military reforms: setting up provinces and governors in conquered areas, implementing a new tax system, and unifying the currency and weights and measures system; Strengthen the national management system, implement the deed tax system, and pay all taxes to the court; Militarily, he served as the supreme commander of the army, and the military and political affairs of the provinces were separated. The whole country is divided into several military regions and several provinces are under the jurisdiction of the military regions. The garrison troops in each province are not controlled by the governor of the province, but are under the unified command of the military chief of the military region. The army will be organized into four levels: the immortal army of ten thousand people, the regiment of one thousand people, the regiment of one hundred people and the regiment of ten people. Infantry and cavalry will be formed with Persians as the core, and an elite guard will be formed in the capital. Persian nobles will serve as senior officers in the army. Establish a fleet of 600- 1000 warships with Phoenician sailors as the backbone; In order to facilitate the dispatch of troops and information transmission in various provinces, they spared no expense to build "Imperial Road", set up post stations and prepare post horses, forming a post road network all over Persia. The main one is from Susa, the capital, to Ephesus in the west of Asia Minor. In addition, people were sent to survey the route from the Indus River to Egypt, and a canal from the tributary of the Nile River to the Red Sea was dug. These measures laid the foundation for consolidating the rule of the Persian Empire. During the evolution from communication under primitive tool civilization to regional communication under slavery civilization, the large-scale expansion of Darius expanded the scope of regional communication among ancient civilizations, making the scope of human communication include Asia, Europe and Africa for the first time, which is of great significance. Darius was not only a great monarch of the Persian Empire, but also one of the famous politicians in world history. Xenophon was an ancient Greek historian and military writer from 430 BC to 355 BC. Athenian, a disciple of Socrates. In 40 1 BC, he went to Asia Minor to join the Greek mercenaries recruited by Prince Kurus of Persia. At that time, Kurus was competing for the throne with his brother King Artaxerxes II of Persia. Xenophon and the army set out from Sardis and arrived in the two river basins. Kurush was killed in the Battle of Kunasa near Babylon, and Xenophon was appointed as the leader. So he led more than 10,000 Greek mercenaries to go north along the Tigris River, pass through the Armenian Plateau, retreat to Trapet Zus on the south bank of the Black Sea, then go west along the Black Sea, and finally reach Kleboris on the east bank of the Bosphorus in 399 BC. This is the famous "Xenophon Long March" in the West. Xenophon always sympathized with and sponsored the oligarchy of Sparta in 394 BC, supported Sparta's war against Athens, and was sentenced to exile in the absence of his home country Athens. Spartans gave him real estate and concentrated on writing in his later years. In 369 BC, Athens reconciled with Sparta and was pardoned by the Athens authorities. It is said that he never returned to his motherland and died in Corinth. Author & gt<& lt Greek history >:> and so on. & lt& lt Long March & gt describes in detail the process of Greek mercenaries retreating to the Black Sea coast through Asia Minor and the two river basins, which also reveals the weakness of the Persian Empire, the decay of the ruling class and the centrifugal separation of the general public from Germany. Recognized as valuable military works in ancient Greece, it played a great role in encouraging Macedonia and Greeks to invade the East in the future. Before the Isus meeting with Darius Iii, when Alexander mobilized his men, he talked about the expedition of Xenophon and ten thousand mercenaries. Epaminondas Epaminondas, translated from 418 BC to 362 BC, was the commander-in-chief and politician of the ancient Greek city-state Thebes. He studied under Rasis, a Pythagorean philosopher who was good at distinguishing between hero and heroine. In 379 BC, Epaminondas participated in the struggle to overthrow the oligarchy supported by Sparta and rebuild democracy. Best friend of Democratic camp leader Pelopidas. The two men were in power together, which made Thebes once dominate Greece. In 37 1 BC, he represented Thebes in the Pan-Greek Peace Conference. At the meeting, Sparta, by virtue of its powerful force, demanded Thebes to give up the leadership of the Pio League. Rejected by epaminondas. In the same year, he fought with Spartan king Cleon Brott in the southwest of Thebes. He deeply studied the Spartans' formation in the battle and created a set of new and bold military tactics, which could not only resist the attack of the Spartans in Weizhen, but also give a heavy blow. Epaminondas's new tactics adopt oblique formation, or wedge formation, and abandon the original battle formation in which the heavily armored infantry are arranged in a vertical eight-man formation (cavalry and skirmishers are arranged on the flank), and increase the vertical number of the opposing flank to 15. Epaminondas defeated the Spartans with his own strengthened phalanx. At the beginning of the battle, Thebes' reinforced wing, that is, the left wing, attacked first, stormed the right wing of the Spartan army, and beat the Spartans to flight. Sparta's strongest right wing was defeated, and the rest of the troops fled under the attack of Thebes' center-right army. The battle was over, and the king of Sparta and half his soldiers were dead. The invincible Spartan army was defeated, and Sparta's excellent reputation plummeted. Subsequently, in 370 BC, 369 BC and 367 BC, Epaminondas led troops south three times, went deep into the Peloponnesian Peninsula, hit Sparta hard, and captured Acadia, Minesia and other places, which led to the collapse of the Peloponnesian Alliance with Sparta as its ally. At this point, the hegemony of Sparta, which lasted for more than 30 years, completely collapsed. At the same time, Epaminondas established a navy to compete with Athens at sea and gained an advantage. The Thebes navy he formed captured the island of Teos, Rhode Island and Byzantine city, and once gained the status of Thebes as a powerful country in the Greek city-state. In 362 BC, he led the army to the Peloponnesus for the fourth time and fought Spartans in Mandinia. When victory was in sight, he was shot dead by the enemy. Epaminondas was one of the greatest military commanders in ancient Greece. He built up a powerful military force on his own, broke through the crowds and became a dazzling meteor in the late Greek city-state. Thebes is different from Athens, Sparta and other Greek city-states. Its rise is not based on its own political and economic strength, but entirely on Epaminondas's personal talent. With the accidental death of Epaminondas, Thebes' hegemony disappeared like a flash in the pan. The decline of ancient Greek city-states also created good external conditions for Macedonia's future rise. Epaminondas's oblique battle formation-oblique wedge formation adopted in Liukla and its subsequent battles is a major innovation and development of phalanx tactics in ancient Greek history and military art, and its tactics of concentrating superior forces on one wing are imitated by later strategists. In the article Infantry, Engels wrote: "Epaminondas was the first to establish a great tactical principle that still solves almost all decisive battles: don't distribute troops evenly along the front, but concentrate troops on decisive areas for main attack" (Complete Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 14). Philip II of Macedonia, the founder of the future Alexander Empire, was taught by him when he was young. On the basis of his Thebes phalanx, Philip II doubled the spears used by heavy infantry in the phalanx and strengthened the role of cavalry, creating a formidable Macedonian phalanx, which laid a solid foundation for Alexander's conquest in the future.