Summary of knowledge points of geography qualification examination for senior one 1
1. Mixed agriculture is an agricultural regional type that develops both planting and animal husbandry. For example, the Murray-Darling Basin in southeastern Australia is a mixed agricultural area dominated by wheat planting and sheep grazing. Main features:
① It can form a benign ecosystem by itself;
② High time utilization efficiency;
③ Strong adaptability to the market.
2. Monsoon paddy field agriculture is mainly distributed in the Asian monsoon region (East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia), mainly planting rice. Its basic features are as follows:
① Labor-intensive agriculture;
(2) Small-scale agriculture (taking the family as the production unit);
③ The output per unit area is high, but the commodity rate is relatively low;
④ The level of mechanization and science and technology is relatively low (except Japan);
⑤ Large amount of water conservancy projects (government investment is needed to control flood and drought disasters).
3. Commodity grain agriculture is mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia and Ukraine. (all of them are mainly family-run), and they are also distributed in the northeast and northwest (mainly state-owned). Commodity grain agriculture is a typical commodity agriculture with wheat and corn as the main crops. Main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture:
① Large production scale;
② The mechanization level is high,
③ The commodity rate is high.
Induction of knowledge points in geography qualification examination for senior one.
1 the root cause of population growth rate and the direct cause of productivity development level. Natural population growth rate = birth rate-death rate.
2 population growth model
(1) Before the industrial revolution, the original population growth model was characterized by high and low, while the traditional population growth model in primitive society, slave society, feudal society and capitalist society was characterized by high and low.
(2) The industrial revolution was characterized by high and low (18th century-19th century and the beginning of 20th century), and Europe (1950s) generally existed in most developing countries.
(3) the major developed countries in the world with the characteristics of "three lows" since modern times (reasons: the popularization of modern scientific knowledge and the progress of medical and health technology, and the changes in people's reproductive concepts and behaviors)
Countries with zero population growth: Italy, Hungary, Russia, Germany and other countries with negative population growth; Britain, Belgium, Finland, etc
There are three main factors leading to the rapid decline of birth rate in China:
1 socio-economic factors
2 institutional factors
3 family planning factor P8
Summary of knowledge points of geography qualification examination in senior three.
First, the basic forms of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation.
Around the sun-earth axis
The direction is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole)
Periodic sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 second)
The average angular velocity is 1o/ perihelion (65438+1early October), perihelion (early July) is equal everywhere, and the hourly rate is 15o (except for the poles).
The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. Equator 1670KM\ h, pole is 0.
The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;
(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Currently it is 23o26'
(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.
Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation
(1) diurnal variation (2) local time (3) objects move horizontally along the surface, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left.
Third, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.
(1) Variation of Day and Night Length and Noon Sun Height
① Changes in the length of day and night
Northern Hemisphere: In summer, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north.
The days in the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle are long, and the equator is open all year round.
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are. Divide the day and night equally, and divide the spring and autumn into days all over the world.
There is a phenomenon of extreme night in the northern Arctic Circle, which is divided equally between day and night.
Southern hemisphere: opposite to the northern hemisphere.
② The change of sun height at noon.
Vernal equinox: it decreases from the equator to the north and south, and decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south.
The summer solstice changes with latitude: it decreases from 23o26' N to the north and south.
Winter to Sunday: decreasing from 23 26 to north and south.
The height north of 23 26 ′ N is closer to the direct point when it reaches this value in summer solstice.
With the change of seasons, it reaches the maximum in the south of 23o26 from the winter solstice.
There are two direct meetings between the Tropic of Cancer and the South every year.
Fourth, the interpretation of light map
(1) judging the north and south poles is usually used in the top view. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation.
(2) Judging the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun, the circle passes through the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme solar phenomenon in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23 26' north latitude. If there is extreme night in the Arctic Circle, it is the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is at 23 26' south latitude.
(3) When determining the local time, in the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 12, the local time between the morning line and the equator is 6, and the meridian between the dark line and the equator is 18. According to every 15o, the time difference is 65438+.
(4) judging the length of day and night to find the length of day (night) in a place is to find the length of the sun (night) arc in the latitude circle, and it can also be calculated by the longitude of the sun (night) arc.
(5) To judge the height angle of the sun at noon, first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the sought area and the direct point of the sun are not in the same hemisphere, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places, and then use the latitude difference of 90o- to get the noon sun height of the sought area.
Five: termination line and latitude and longitude.
(1) Judge the problem according to the intersection of the termination line and latitude.
① The terminator line passes through the north and south poles, and it can be judged that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23.
② The end line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is daytime in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22, summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere.
(3) The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is night in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22, the northern hemisphere is winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer.
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