1. Europe first established the bourgeois representative system with a relatively broad political system.
2. Europe took the lead in the industrial revolution, which was driven by productive forces.
3. European governments promote scientific development.
4. Advocating scientific social atmosphere.
5. The efforts of European scientists.
Extended data:
As early as13rd century, roger bacon advocated scientific experiments, but due to the limitations of the times, it did not have much impact. In the struggle with church philosophy and scholasticism, Leonardo advocated consulting nature and advocating experimental methods. He believes that science is useless and full of absurdity if it does not come from experiments and ends with definite experiments, because only experiments are the mother of certainty.
Leonardo da Vinci is called the pioneer of modern experimental science. Galileo, the founder and main representative of modern experimental science, was born in Pisa, Italy. His father was a poor aristocrat and loved music and teaching. Father's hobbies and personality reappear in his son. Galileo began to study medicine, but because he loved mathematics, he turned to study mathematics and physics.
Through the independent study of physical phenomena, he found many serious mistakes of Aristotle, who was regarded as an authority. Although criticized for this, he believes that as long as his views conform to experience and truth, they are correct, and he doesn't care whether they are consistent with others' views. In his life, he not only publicized Copernicus' astronomical theory, but also developed Heliocentrism. He made an astronomical telescope with synthetic lenses and refuted the dogma of scholasticism by observing new facts.
Scholasticism holds that spherical celestial bodies are absolutely complete, the sun is flawless, and there can only be one center around the universe. Galileo declared through observation that the sun has sunspots, the moon has valleys, and Jupiter has four satellites, just like a small solar system. Galileo was regarded as a heretic by the church because he supported Copernicus' theory with new discoveries, and was attacked by scholasticism, saying that he violated Aristotle's authority.
16 15, the Roman church summoned Galileo, and Pope Paul V warned him not to "hold, teach or defend" Copernicus. But Galileo didn't give up his view. 1632 published the book Dialogue between Two World Systems (Ptolemy and Copernicus), which caused a sensation in the whole academic circle.
This book is called one of the three masterpieces of modern astronomy (the other two are Copernicus's theory of celestial movement and Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy). 1633, Galileo was summoned by the Roman church again for publishing a dialogue and was tortured to extract a confession. Galileo was forced to give up his faith, but he was still sentenced to imprisonment.
Even so, his passion for science remains. In the case of imprisonment and semi-imprisonment, in the last nine years of his life, he has been carrying out arduous scientific research and completed the book Dialogue and Mathematical Proof on Two New Sciences (the Position of Mechanics and Motion). This book was secretly smuggled to the Netherlands and published in 1638.
Galileo's contribution to astronomy is very important, but as far as the development of science is concerned, his contribution to mechanics is even more important. Thanks to Galileo's work, dynamics, that is, the science of moving objects, was established. Aristotle believed that the speed at which an object falls is directly proportional to its weight, so heavy objects fall faster than light objects.
1586, Stevin made an experiment, dropping two balls with different weights at the same time from a height of 30 feet, and found that they fell on the board almost at the same time, and the heavy objects did not fall faster than the light ones.