Landscape topography refers to peaks, mountains, slopes, valleys, lakes, ponds, streams, waterfalls and other landscape topography within the scope of garden land. It is the skeleton of the garden and the foundation of the whole garden. According to the requirements of landscape design, comprehensively consider various factors related to landscaping, make full use of the original topography, make overall arrangements for scenic facilities, improve local topography, and make the elevation inside and outside the park have a reasonable relationship. This process is called landscape creation.
The principles of landscape creation can be summarized as follows:
1, according to local conditions. The treatment of landscape should follow the principle of adapting to local conditions, that is, the mountain is suitable and the water is suitable. Give priority to with the use of the original terrain, appropriate transformation. There are many classical gardens in China that are good examples of gardening according to local conditions. Wanshou Mountain (formerly known as Wengshan) in the Summer Palace in Beijing is the remnant vein of the Western Hills in Beijing. Before Qingyi Garden (the predecessor of the Summer Palace) was built, Shannan was low-lying, and nearby Yuquan and Longquan gathered to form Wengshan Park. When Qingyi Garden was built in the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), it was reconstructed in combination with water conservancy construction, and the east and west were deepened and widened. Except for the three islands and the east and west dikes on the lake, part of the excavated lake is at the foot of Wengdong Mountain. Another river was dug at the northern foot of Mount Weng (formerly known as Houxi River, that is, Future Lake), and a series of mounds were piled up along the wall of the North Garden. After these transformations, the original monotonous terrain suddenly changed, forming a trend of mountains surrounded by water.
2. Learn from nature. Garden landscape creation should draw lessons from nature and take rich and colorful natural landforms as the blueprint; In other words, to use the so-called "taking the truth as the false" to shape the landscape, we should inherit the traditional water control methods in China, and "confuse the false with the true" to make the landscape "made by people and more natural than nature".
This is logical. When arranging the landscape, we should comprehensively consider the position, orientation, shape, size and depth of the landscape, and the relationship between mountains, mountains and flat land, mountains and water. The landscape twists and turns of the whole park should conform to the laws of nature. Geomorphology creation should determine the slope of mountain or water bank according to the different properties of soil to make it stable and lasting.
4. Overall planning. The landscape should not only pay attention to its own shape, but also create suitable sites for buildings and other engineering facilities in the garden, and pay attention to retaining topsoil during construction to facilitate the growth of plants. In landscaping, the landform should be coordinated with other scenery, and the landscape should be decorated with buildings and plants; Buildings and other facilities in the park also need the contrast between mountains and rivers.
Second, Huayuan Road.
As the context of the garden, the garden road is the link between various scenic spots and plays a great role in the garden, mainly in two aspects: First, the garden road plays the role of a tour guide, which organizes the development of the garden landscape and the procedures for visitors to watch. Tourists walk along the direction of the garden road, so that the landscape sequence can be interpreted scene by scene. Visitors can enjoy the beauty of sight, hearing and smell by watching the scenery. Secondly, the garden road has the function of landscape construction, because it is also one of the gardening materials.
Third, rocks
In order to express nature, mountain building is one of the most important factors in gardening. In Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanglin Garden was excavated by Taiye Pool and piled into an island shape, symbolizing the sacred mountain in the East China Sea, creating a precedent for man-made mountains.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ji Liang imitated the Erruo Gorge and built mountains in the garden, which opened the yearning for the fairy world and turned to the imitation of natural landscapes, marking that the gardening art took real life as the starting point. Scholars in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties adopted the method of generalization and refinement, which greatly reduced the real scale of mountains and rivers and strived to embody the form and charm of natural mountains and rivers. This kind of freehand brushwork is a great progress than naturalistic imitation. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the development of landscape poetry and landscape painting, as well as the development of appreciation art, Dieshan art was paid more attention. The most typical example is Song Huizong, who is addicted to stones. The Liang Yue he built is the largest and most exquisite rockery in history, mainly made of stone. The art of mountain building in Ming Dynasty was more mature and popular. In the "One Mountain" chapter of Yuanye, Ji Cheng in Ming Dynasty listed 17 forms, such as Yuanshan, Tingshan, Loushan, Geshan, Shuxueshan, Chishan, Neishi Mountain, Cliff Mountain, Shichi, goldfish bowl, peak, mountain, rock, cave, stream, meandering water and waterfall. Mountain-building technology was more developed and popularized in Qing Dynasty. Gardeners in the Qing Dynasty created a method of overlapping arched caves and gullies. The arch was built with large and small stone hooks, and the top wall was full of air, which resembled natural gullies and gullies. Even the estimated stalactites in caves and overlapping mountains were much more reasonable and ingenious than the overlapping method of capping with one stone in the Ming Dynasty. The existing Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Yan Garden in Changshu and Yu Garden in Shanghai are all masterpieces of gardening and mountain building in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Fourth, garden water.
In order to express nature, waterscape is also one of the most important factors in gardening. No matter what kind of flower garden, water is the most vital factor, and you can't live without water. Natural gardens mainly show static water features, and win by showing the far-reaching realm of still water like a mirror or misty waves. People can watch the reflection of landscape scenery in the water, or watch fish swimming in the water, or watch lotus flowers in the water, or watch the bright moon in the water ... Natural gardens also show the dynamic beauty of water, but they are natural waterfalls, not fountains and regular stepped waterfalls. There are natural muscle heads and alum mouths in the pool to show the artificially beautified nature. Because of this, the garden must save water from the pool. There are generally three ways to control water in ancient gardens:
(1) cover up. With architecture and greening, the winding pool shore is hidden. Waterfront buildings, in addition to the platform in front of the main hall, in order to highlight the location of the building, no matter the pavilion, gallery, pavilion or pavilion, the front part is overhead to receive water, and the water seems to flow from below, so as to break the line of sight limit on the shore; Or the banks of reeds and miscellaneous trees near the water are blurred, resulting in endless visual impression of the pool water.
(2) separation. Or build a dike across the water, or cross a waterproof corridor, or build a zigzag stone slab bridge, or step on stones at wading points, as Ji Cheng said in "Yuan Ye", "If it is inexhaustible, build a bridge at the broken bridge", which can increase the depth of field and spatial level, and give the water a deep feeling.
(3) broken. When the water surface is very small, such as winding streams and clear spring pools, rock banks can be used, criss-crossing and uneven, and there are fine bamboo vines and crested ibis. Although it is a pool, it seems to have a profound aesthetic feeling caused by the wind in Shan Ye.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) plant
Plants are indispensable factors in building mountains and managing ponds. Flowers and trees are like the hair of a mountain, and there is no beauty in a waterscape without flowers and trees. Natural gardens deliberately express natural beauty, and the selection criteria of flowers and trees, such as graceful posture, crown shape, dense and straight branches, bark texture and leaf shape, all pursue natural beauty; Second, talk about color beauty. Leaves, stems and flowers require various natural colors, such as red maple leaves, green bamboo leaves, white pine bark, variegated elm, magnolia, crape myrtle and so on. Three stresses are delicious, requiring natural elegance and tranquility. It is best to have green in four seasons and flowers in every month, especially wintersweet is the most elegant and orchids are the most quiet. Flowers and trees play a role in setting off the landscape of the garden stone, which is often related to the spiritual realm pursued by the garden owner. For example, bamboo symbolizes purity and noble integrity of character, pine and cypress symbolizes strength and longevity, lotus symbolizes purity, orchid symbolizes seclusion, magnolia, peony and osmanthus symbolizes prosperity, pomegranate symbolizes many children and grandchildren, and Ziwei symbolizes high officials and rich people.
Ancient and famous trees are very important for creating a garden atmosphere. Ancient trees are full of flowers, which can form a simple and profound artistic conception. Therefore, if there is a conflict between buildings and ancient and famous trees, it is better to move the buildings and keep the big trees. Ji Cheng said in "Gardening and Metallurgy": "For many years, trees have blocked the eaves of arrows, making one step take root, and the number of research may be capped." Building a house is easy, but it takes a hundred years to build a tree. In addition to flowers and trees, turf is also very important. Flat or undulating or tortuous turf also makes people intoxicated in the yearning nature.
Intransitive verb system structure
Classical gardens all adopt classical architecture. In classical architecture, the shuttle column of the bucket arch has the characteristics of solemnity, grandeur and generosity. It is not only appreciated by tourists for its formal beauty, but also cooperates with mountains and rivers to form a classical garden style.
Garden buildings are often regarded as scenic spots, which are both landscape and ornamental. Therefore, in addition to using functions, there are aesthetic requirements. The pavilion on the balcony and the pavilion on the porch are ingeniously conceived by the architect, and the function, structure and art are unified into one by using design techniques and technical treatment, which become simple and elegant architectural works of art, and their charm comes from factors such as volume, appearance, color and texture. In addition, antique indoor layout and harmonious external environment strengthen the artistic effect of architectural beauty. Beautiful buildings, beautiful furnishings and beautiful environment are interdependent and form a beautiful landscape. As Amin scholar Wen Zhenheng said: "You must have elegant and clean doors, beautiful rooms, pavilions with a sense of scholar, pavilions with a sense of seclusion, and beautiful wooden baskets and books like those in Chen Jinshi. People living in them will forget their old age, people living in them will forget their return, and swimmers will forget their fatigue."
Garden buildings are not as solemn as palaces and temples, but use small bodies to disperse the scenery. In particular, the buildings in private gardens are lively in form, strong in decoration, different in location and composed of scenery. In the overall layout, in order to reflect the majesty of feudal emperors and the artistic effect of aesthetic symmetry and balance, the royal gardens all adopt the central axis layout, with clear priorities, scattered heights and elegance. Private gardens often break through the strict central axis pattern and become more flexible. Through a series of artistic techniques such as opposition, echo, foil and reality, a garden space full of rhythm and rhythm can be created, which can be watched from the center and put into painting. Of course, the so-called free layout is not without discipline, but relative to the strict central axis pattern. The main hall is often the place where park owners entertain guests, the activity center of the whole park and the main building of the whole park. It is built in a key place with a prominent position and beautiful scenery, which can affect the whole park. A pool is dug in front of the hall, and the mountain opposite the pool is the way to view the scenery. The left and right curved corridors and large and small courtyards form a complete artistic space. The central garden of Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden is such a pattern, with the "Yuanxiangtang" as the main building, and a beautiful and elegant scenery of Jiangnan water town is arranged.
Classical gardens are usually a main building with one or several sub-buildings, which are connected by corridors in the middle to form an architectural combination. This technique can highlight the main building, strengthen the artistic appeal of the main building, and also help to create a landscape, which has both its use function and appreciation value.
Common buildings include halls, pavilions, buildings, halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and halls, all of which can be arranged as main buildings. The palace was built in the royal garden for the use of the royal garden. It is resplendent and magnificent, and it is the most representative of classical architecture. In order to adapt to the elegant atmosphere of the garden, the architectural structure of the garden is simpler than that of the palace and the plane layout is more flexible. However, it still retains the luxury momentum.
Tired ... the landlord will change himself!