1. What are the genres of ancient classical Chinese?
The genres of classical Chinese include myths, fables, biographies, prefaces, essays, records, essays, essays, books, poems, stories, tables, and inscriptions. , prose, parallel prose, etc.
Ancient literary styles Inscriptions: In ancient times, the words engraved on utensils to warn oneself or describe merits are called "inscriptions". The inscription engraved on the monument and placed on the right side of the desk as a warning is called "motto".
Such as Liu Yuxi's "Inscription on a Humble Room". What is engraved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise it is called an "epitaph".
For example, Han Yu's "Epitaph of Liu Zihou". Travel Notes: Travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences.
Travel notes can be drawn from a wide range of materials. They can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the strange and prosperous local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and record major events in a country. and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The writing style is relaxed, the descriptions are vivid, and the descriptions are detailed, giving people rich social knowledge and a sense of beauty.
Some of the travel notes are argumentative, such as "Yueyang Tower" and "Travel to Baochan Mountain"; some are scientific, such as Li Daoyuan's "Three Gorges"; Some are lyrical, such as "The Story of Little Rock Pond" by Liu Zongyuan. Preface: literary name.
In ancient times, each farewell was preceded by a poem or prose, which is called a preface. For example, Han Yu's "Preface to the Scholars Who Sending Stone": "So people from the Eastern Capital... then named it Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems, and sent Yu to write a preface to it." The preface attached to the poem is also called a preface, and the content is mostly words of praise, praise or encouragement. We have studied the "Preface to the Sending of Ma Sheng in Dongyang" by Song Lian, a writer of the Ming Dynasty.
Shuo: A general term for a type of articles in ancient times. It is not much different from "theory", so it is later collectively referred to as argumentative essays.
"Preface to the Analysis of Articles": "The speaker, the interpreter, explains the meaning and explains it in his own way." The articles we have studied in this genre include: "Shi Shuo", "Ma "The Theory of Young China", "The Story of the Snake Catcher", "The Theory of Huang Sheng Borrowing Books".
Proverb inscriptions: In ancient times, articles engraved on utensils were used to warn oneself and others, or to describe merits and virtues to encourage oneself. Such articles are profound and vigilant, and often have the effect of enlightening and awakening people.
The language is refined and refined. For example, "Inscription on the Humble House", "Epitaph of Liu Zihou", etc.
Parallel prose: Also known as "four or six prose", it uses four characters and six sentences to determine sentences. It pays attention to gorgeous vocabulary, neat sentence structure, and harmonious phonology. However, the content is relatively empty and far away from social life, so its value is Not big anymore. Parallel prose originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and became popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous one is "Sishu with Zhu Yuan" written by Wu Jun.
Poetry: one of the earliest literary genres that appeared in my country, originated from the labor voice of primitive people. It is a kind of literature with rhymes and songs. Ancient poems mostly have four characters, such as the Book of Songs, and after the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, they have five or seven characters.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were ancient styles and modern styles, and there were new poems during the May Fourth Movement. In ancient my country, poems that were in harmony were called songs, and poems that were not in harmony were called poems.
Whether it is a piece of music or not, it has a strong musical beauty. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the era; it is divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry according to the expression method; it is divided into four categories according to the content: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, scientific poetry and poetry chanting objects.
1. Ancient style poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to poetry before the Tang Dynasty (mainly Han and Wei Dynasties) and works imitating poetry created before the Tang Dynasty. Developed from folk songs, it does not require confrontation or evenness, and uses rhyme freely.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen used the form of Yuefu to innovate their poems, which was called New Yuefu, which was still within the scope of ancient poetry. 2. Modern poetry, a poetry style opposite to ancient poetry, is also called "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry". There are strict regulations on the number of sentences, the number of words, the rhythm, and the use of rhyme.
It is divided into two categories: verse and quatrain. 3. Rhymed poetry, a form of modern poetry, is divided into five rhymes and seven rhymes.
It has certain specifications and requirements in terms of phonology, tone, sentence structure, and contrast.
The whole poem has eight lines, divided into first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet and last couplet.
4. Quatrain, a form of modern poetry, is divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains. It consists of four sentences and is generally considered to be the "half of a truncated poem". 5. Chu Ci, a style of poetry, got its name from the Chu region in the south during the Warring States Period. It is represented by Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", also known as "Sao style".
Characteristics: It integrates a large number of mythological stories and is full of fantasy and romance; in addition to lyricism, it also uses the method of elaboration; the sentence structure is relatively prose style, and a large number of "xi" words are used. 6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced since China's "May 4th" movement.
In form, it breaks the restrictions of the rhythm of old-style poetry and adopts a freer form and a vernacular close to spoken language, which is convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. New poems are required to be concise, rhyme, and generally neat.
7. Songxing style, a style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is the general name. It is called "Yin", "Qu", "Yin", "Sigh", "Pian", "Diao", etc., which are called "Yuefu Ge Xing Style". There is no strict difference between them.
Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of the articles have no definite sentences or sentences, and they are mainly miscellaneous words. The language is mostly colloquial, popular and vivid; ② The rhyme is relatively free in terms of phonological rhythm and does not have definite characters. Talk about balance and contrast; ③Expression techniques: In addition to comparison, parallelism is often used, and the narrative is full of twists and turns. It is good at dialogue and detailed description to depict characters and create images. Ci: It is also called another style of poetry, with long and short sentences. Writing lyrics is also called Yisheng lyrics.
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and matured and flourished in the Song Dynasty. It is the evolution and development of poetry. Compared with poetry, lyrics are more focused on lyricism, with very little narrative content and little revelation of philosophy.
Its metrical restrictions are stricter than those of poetry. Poems have word cards, such as "Xijiang Moon", "Po Zhenzi", "Qinyuanchun", etc. The word cards are certain, and each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences, and a fixed rhyme scheme.
A kind of word card has a kind of "three fixes", which cannot be arbitrary at all. Each word has a tune name (qupai) that represents the music, which stipulates the music of the words that can be sung, and also specifies the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes, etc. of the "word" as lyrics.
Most of them are divided into pieces (sections), and "piece" is also called "pass" or "que", which means that the music has been sung once. Ci sums up the length of the musical tune, which is divided into small tune, middle tune and long tune (slow ci).
Within fifty-eight characters should be written in small sentences and should not be divided into paragraphs. Fifty-nine characters to ninety-nine characters are the middle tone, which can be divided into sections, called upper and lower Qian or upper and lower pieces.
More than ninety-one characters are long tunes, which can be divided into three or four stacks... In addition to the strict requirements on the form above, the content of each type of Ci is generally fixed, as well as the emotions to be expressed. Be particular about it. 2. How many types of ancient prose genres are there?
Ancient prose genres include commentaries, prefaces and postscripts, memorials, shuì, prefaces, edicts, biographies, tablets, miscellaneous notes, admonitions, There are thirteen categories: praise, poetry, and mourning.
1. Argumentative essays are argumentative essays, including philosophical essays, political essays, historical essays, literary essays, etc.
The books of pre-Qin scholars can generally be regarded as collections of essays (usually focusing on politics). The earliest single paper is Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin". Argument and debate is either about expressing one's own opinions and clarifying a truth (argument); or it is about distinguishing the right and wrong of things and refuting other people's opinions (bian).
For example, "Huainanzi" is a discussion, while "Lunheng" is a discussion; "Guo Qin Lun" is a discussion, while "Shen Mie Lun" is a discussion.
2. The preface and postscript are the preface or postscript of a book (or article).
The preface (narration) is a general preface, placed at the front of the book; the postscript is placed at the back of the book, that is, the preface. The preface to ancient times is placed at the back.
Some people think that "Zhuangzi·The World" is the preface to "Zhuangzi". As for the chapters of "Huainanzi: Synopsis", "Lunheng: Autobiography", "Historical Records: Taishi Gong's Preface", "Hanshu: Xu Zhuan", etc., it is even more obvious that they are all prefaces, and they are all at the back of the book. The narrative of "Shuowen Jiezi" is also at the back. Later, in books such as Xiao Tong's "Selected Works", the preface was moved to the front.
3. The memorial type is the letter written by the ministers to the emperor, including the three types of chapter list, memorial and discussion mentioned in "Wen Xin Diao Long".
In addition, there are also Shu, petition and seal. The original meaning of "shu" is "statement" (statement one by one), while "sealing" means to prevent leakage and is a secret memorial.
Countermeasures (referred to as strategies) are a subcategory of memorials. This is a question set by the emperor during the examination and written on the slips, which is called a policy question; the candidates state their opinions according to the questions, which is called a countermeasure. Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty were both famous for their countermeasures.
4. The category of books and narratives includes books and narratives.
Shu refers to ordinary letters, which are mostly written by travelers talking about the words of people from other countries.
5. The gift preface is a special style of writing.
The ancients had a so-called "gift". It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that gift words became a literary style, called "preface". Han Yu wrote the most prefaces and is considered the best.
6. Edicts are letters written by the emperor to his ministers.
Edicts and memorials were originally letters, but because the supreme ruler in the feudal era was considered different from ordinary people, letters from ministers to the emperor were called memorials, and letters from the emperor to his ministers were called edicts. The documents issued by the emperor also included "Zhi" and "Edict".
Xi (xí) is an appendage of the imperial edict. It is used to teach or denounce evil. A complaint is not necessarily issued by the emperor; sometimes, it may also be a complaint between enemy countries, or the so-called "challenging of thieves". Since there were few just wars in feudal society, those who attacked each other were often of the same kind, and the so-called accusations were often based on strong arguments or fabricated facts.
7. Biographies are articles that describe personal life events, usually those of the deceased.
Chuan refers to biography, and zhuang refers to career. The biography comes from "Historical Records" and "Hanshu". Taking "Historical Records" as an example, "The Chronicles of Xiang Yu", "The Family of Confucius", "The Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin", "The Biography of the Marquis of Wei Qiwu'an", etc. should all be classified as biographies.
Legendary novels, such as "The Biography of Huo Xiaoyu", "The Biography of Li Wa", "The Biography of Yingying", etc., can be classified into the category of biographies.
8. The monument category includes inscriptions and epitaphs.
The scope of inscriptions is quite wide. There are engraved inscriptions on Zen and meritorious service, such as Qin Shihuang's "Taishan Inscription", Ban Gu's "Feng Yanran Mountain Inscription", Han Yu's "Ping Huaixi Stele", etc.
There are inscriptions on temples, bridges and other buildings, such as Wang Jianqi's "Toutuo Temple Inscription", Han Yu's "Nanhai Temple Inscription", etc.
There are also tombstones, which record the deeds of the deceased, and there is an inscription (rhyme) at the end of the article. In the feudal era, the tombstones of high-ranking officials were erected on the road (Shinto) in front of their tombs, so they were called Shinto tombstones. For those with lower rankings, tombstones were erected. In addition, there is a tomb table that can be established regardless of whether the deceased was an official or not. The tomb table is also erected on the Shinto table, so it is also called the Shinto table. There is generally no inscription (rhyme) on the tomb table.
Epitaphs (epitaphs) also record the deeds of the deceased during his lifetime. There are ambitions in the past and inscriptions in the back. It is usually made of two square stones, one bottom and one cover. The bottom is engraved with an inscription, and the top is engraved with a title (an epitaph of a certain official of a certain dynasty). It is buried in the tomb during burial. It is said to be a precaution against changes in the mausoleum valley so that future generations can identify it. , so it was later called Mi Ming, Kuoming, Kuan Zhi, etc.
9. Miscellaneous notes include all narratives except biographies and inscriptions. There are those who carve stones; there are those who don’t.
Those that are engraved in stone are like Liu Zongyuan's "Yongzhou Wei Shijun Xintang Ji"; those that are not engraved in stone are like Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes. The characteristic of miscellaneous essays is narrative, but the miscellaneous notes written by ancient writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties are often narratives with arguments; Su Che's "Kuaizai Pavilion" and Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" are more discussions than notes.
10. Proverbs are articles used for disciplines, mostly used to encourage oneself. Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription" belongs to this category.
11. Praise is an article used for praise, usually to praise and praise others. Han Yu's "Ode to a Prosperity that Will Not Destroy the Rural School" belongs to this category.
12. Ci and Fu are similar to long poems, which can express emotions and chant objects. There will be a special article discussion in the twelfth unit of this book.
13. The mourning category includes laments and memorial texts. Both are articles mourning the deceased, but the sacrificial text was read out during the ceremony.