? "The fog is lost, the moon is lost, and Taoyuan is nowhere to be found." Once a person is frustrated and in a foreign land, the first thing he misses must be his hometown, because there is a warm home there. In the fourth year of Song Zhezong Shaosheng (1097), Qin Guan, one of the four bachelor's degrees in Sumen, was demoted and exiled to Chenzhou. When he wrote the word "sand walking" in the hotel, his heart must be full of deep homesickness and nostalgia for home. Home is the foundation of a person's life, the harbor of spiritual rest and the support of personal feelings. As the main material carrier of home, residence is the most important symbol of home.
Compared with the change of natural seasons and the alternation of cold and summer, people's adaptability can be ignored, so almost all people need to rely on their own homes to shelter from the wind and rain, to get rid of the summer heat and keep out the cold, so as to meet the needs of survival and life. From archaeological discoveries, we can get a glimpse of our ancestors' homes. Wujiang Meiyan Longnan Site is an early village of Liangzhu culture, with an estimated area of 2,000 square meters and ancient rivers and paths. There are 12 exposed house sites and 18 tombs. The river flows through the village from northeast to southwest, and the houses are scattered on both sides of the river, which is almost the same as the local village layout. There are rectangular and circular buildings on the plane. From the found components, we can know that the form of the building is the wooden structure dry column building which has been widely used in the local area, as well as the ground building.
? In the whole feudal society, in order to reflect the hierarchical status of all social strata, the scale, scale and even decoration and furnishings of residential buildings were also restricted. Therefore, before liberation, the vast majority of rural areas were tile houses or straw houses, and a few villages had one or two old-fashioned buildings with brick and wood structures. A typical bungalow consists of three main rooms and horizontal rooms. The room in the middle of the main room is called "wing room" (living room). The back half of the room is the bedroom, and the front half or horizontal room is the kitchen.
? For rural housing, Tongli Town Records records: "We lived in straw houses in the 1960s, tile houses in the 1970s, buildings in the 1980s and 1990s". Bawa, near Tongli, went through the same process. Before the 1960s, there were straw houses and tile houses. There was a field in front of the house and a vegetable garden next to it. The whole house was surrounded by green trees and was full of bungalows. In the 1980s, you can still see the remnants of adobe walls. At that time, there was a section behind my house, which should be the residue after the neighbor's previous straw house was demolished. There are scattered holes in the wall, which were made by a bee bigger than ordinary bees. Most of these bees act alone. Every evening when we come home from school, we twist a glass bottle in one hand, decorate it with rape blossoms and bean curd, and hold a twig in the other hand. When we dig it out of a small hole in the mud wall, it will hum out of the hole and aim at the bottle mouth, so it is easy to be caught. This kind of bee sounds like "black mite" in our dialect, but I don't know what the written expression is. Some say it's a mud bee, some say it's a bumblebee, but I know it through Baidu, but the description of the wall bee is close. It seems that if you want to find out, you have to consult the beekeeper. However, with the disappearance of the earth wall, this kind of bee can no longer be seen. I don't know where they all went.
? Batty's peasant houses mainly choose lots with convenient farming, abundant water resources, convenient transportation and high terrain, and build homesteads to form villages. After long-term practice, I have accumulated rich experience in rural housing construction and adopted a very practical site selection principle. Farmhouses in past dynasties were built along the river, and few houses were not built along the river. In addition, the house faces south, which is convenient for lighting and can avoid the cold wind. There are still taboos for ordinary people to choose homestead. Generally, estuaries, graves, bridgeheads, etc. will not be selected. If it is inevitable, they need to be transformed, such as the terrain around the house or illegal. Usually, things to alleviate the vibration of the town house are: a half-stone millstone, which is built on the wall next to the gate; Yellow tiger, with a clay tiger head on the left wall of the city gate; Demon-shining mirror, originally a round bronze mirror, was later changed to a glass mirror, which was embedded in the sill above the gate.
? In addition, there are rarely one or four houses in rural areas, which is probably the law of good and bad luck determined by Lu Ban Jing in Ming Dynasty: "One fierce and two free from three evils, four evils, five evils, six evils, seven evils and eight evils." Influence, right?
? When I was a child, I often heard adults say that building a house was five roads and seven roads. I didn't know what this meant at the time. Later, when I came into contact with high-rise buildings with reinforced concrete structures, I couldn't hear this statement. However, there is such a reference in Records of taoyuan town and Records of Tanqiu Town, but the language is not clear. I read the 1993 edition of Shanghai County Records, which is interpreted as: "Five columns, seven columns and nine columns are deep, which means five heads, seven heads and nine heads". It seems that the so-called several heads refer to the number of beams on the roof of the house, that is, the number of longitudinal beams, and several longitudinal beams are called several heads. A house with five longitudinal beams is called a five-way house.
In the past, villagers used to build houses by five or seven roads, and occasionally nine roads. In the folk, building a house is an extremely important thing, and we can't be hasty. Huangdi Neijing said: "People are the foundation of people who live there. People take the house as their home and feel at ease, that is, they are always happy. If they are uneasy, it is a family decline. " Therefore, the villagers attach great importance to the building ceremony. For example, before breaking ground, Mr. Feng Shui is usually asked to specify the orientation of the foundation of the house and choose the commencement date; Others asked the teacher's mother to ask the master to choose a date. Before construction, bury a "front stone" in the corner of the homestead. It is said that if there is an accident, pry open the "front stone" to resolve it. In addition, dining tables and incense sticks should be prepared to sacrifice the "land" on the homestead to ensure peace. After breaking the law, dig ditches to drain gallstones. When laying the foundation, the master (bricklayer's foreman) will command, four people will lift the rammer, four people will pull the cable, and Qi Xin will play. The actions must be coordinated to make it easy and labor-saving, improve work efficiency and avoid accidents. One person leads the song "Ram Tone", and the others are in harmony. Its intonation is cadence, solid and powerful, especially pleasant to listen to, belonging to the category of labor songs. On tamping day, the owner must hold a reception for the workers.
? Upright column and upper beam are the key stages of the building. On the day of Liang Shangzhu, relatives and friends should bring hooves and steamed cakes to congratulate them, commonly known as "building a house". The parents-in-law of the host's family should bear the "Pan Liang" and send gifts such as fish, cakes, steamed stuffed buns, zongzi, firecrackers, sugar cane and fruit. Pay great attention to the beam. The main girder is wrapped in a piece of red cloth, hung with a bunch of evergreen and embedded with a copper coin. When it was time to beam, the craftsman leader climbed onto the beam, read auspicious words, erected the beam amid firecrackers and scattered sweets and cakes down. People at the scene rushed to pick it up, commonly known as "throwing beams" and "grabbing steamed buns". After Liang ended, the host gave the craftsmen red envelopes and prepared "Liang wine" to entertain the craftsmen and handyman.
The completion of the roof represents the completion of the new house, the owner wants to do "finished wine", and the guest house has people who contribute to building houses. Since 1980s, "building throwing" has appeared in building construction, which is similar to beam throwing and is also a continuation of the custom.
? In the 1980s, our neighbors in Northeast China were Lao Zhang and his wife in northern Jiangsu. The house they live in is a seven-way bungalow with three bays. For some reason, swallows especially like to nest under their own eaves, and there are more than one or two. Yan's whispering voice and dancing figure added a lot of excitement to the two old people. Later, with the death of the owner, Yan's room was empty. Later, the bungalows in the village were gradually replaced by buildings, and the scene of swallows gathering under a certain roof to nest never appeared again. Perhaps swallows also like traditional folk houses, "pervading villages and folk houses, full of bookish culture of farming and reading, simple character of villagers, and affinity for nature cultivated by green mountains and green waters for many years"?
? (To be continued)
Anyone who knows the story of Bawa is welcome to provide writing materials. )
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