Come with me to see how the moon phase affects human life.
Since the mythological period, human beings have worshipped the moon, and all civilizations have created their own moon gods and countless stories and legends. The moon's profit and loss can always cause people's hearts to fluctuate. Compared with China's lovesickness image, the moon in European civilization seems to be more "negative". One of the main arguments is that the change of the moon phase will cause people's behavior changes, induce negative factors in the human body, and then lead to madness or crime. Among them, the full moon night is particularly dangerous, which will lead to suicide, murder, dog bites, car accidents, sudden ringing of the phone, hockey fights and other strange events. Up to now, if something strange happens at night, many people will still say, "It must be a full moon outside." We can also see that in many film and television works, the full moon is when werewolves and vampires transform, and their energy suddenly increases or even goes out of control. This belief in the moon is called the "moon madness effect" or "Transylvania effect".
Single fiber drawing
1. Moon disease: Why does the English word Lunatic stand for "madness"
This belief lasted for a long time, and it also added rich connotations to related vocabulary. In English, the word "Lunatic" means "madness", and the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as: people affected by madness, and this madness will recur with the change of the moon. English words appeared in14th century, which was transformed from Latin "Lunaticus" and came from the name "lna" of the ancient Roman goddess of the moon. At first, it had the meaning of disease, and later it added the meaning of "madness", "stupidity", "idiot" and "madness", which was widely circulated in Elizabethan period and often appeared in Shakespeare's plays. Scholars have found that the change of the meaning of madness well records the history of the belief in the moon effect. In fact, before the 5th century AD, the Latin word "Lunaticus" (that is, the ancient Roman word) did not mean "crazy", which was mainly related to epilepsy.
But during this period, the word "crazy" related to the moon appeared in the Greek family, that is, μ α ν α, which later evolved into Latin "maniacs" and English "madness". The ancient Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79) and the astrologer Vitius Vallans (120-c. 175) did sum up the influence of the moon on mental illness: the brain is the wettest organ of the human body, and it is also the most sensitive, because the moon (especially the full moon) will affect the water in the human body. Ancient Greek doctor Oribasius (about 320- about 400 AD) held a similar opinion, thinking that the moon would lead to excess brain fluid, and the excess brain fluid could not be turned into mucus, but into black juice. In the ancient Greek epic Dionysus Card, Selene, the goddess of the moon, introduced herself: "I am the moon, not only because I control the changes of the moon in the sky, but also because I control fanaticism and inspire madness." She also has the ability to drive the enemy crazy.
Luna, goddess of the moon
In the second century, Christian priest holguin (C. 184-C.253) attributed madness and spiritual possession to the moon. Different from the previous naturalistic explanation, it claims that madness is influenced by the devil, who is an unclean deaf-mute soul who can observe the changes of the moon and move with it. Therefore, it is not the devil but the moon that is to blame. God created the moon, but he couldn't cure madness. This statement is widely accepted, whether in medical institutions or non-medical institutions.
Since then, many Greek works have been translated into Arabic and Latin, so astrology medicine has been widely spread. As a mysterious night object opposite to the sun, the moon is associated with the evil forces in the supernatural and demon worlds. Therefore, people with crazy symptoms are considered to be possessed by demons and gradually called "crazy". In the Renaissance, the Swiss alchemist and doctor Parra Celsus (1493- 154 1) used this word to refer to fools. He wrote, "Mania has the following characteristics: hectic behavior, irrational behavior, long-term irritability and playfulness. Some patients will get sick with the change of the moon phase. "
The collage created by the artist Matt Cunningham was inspired by arcade game's Moon Patrol in 1980s.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the word "lunatic" was widely spread in the English-speaking world. The view that the moon is the cause is widely recognized not only in the scientific community, but also in the literary world. In Shakespeare's works, Othello asserted, "It's all the fault of the moon. She is too close to the earth, which should not be, which makes people crazy. " (Shakespeare, 200 1, v.2.1/kloc-0–112) At Othello's suggestion, some people attributed the disturbing force leading to mental illness to the moon. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, the restless ability of the moon will affect three kinds of "fools": lunatics, lovers and poets. They are all products of imagination. In the eyes of a madman, the number of ghosts is even more than the huge hell can accommodate.
Similarly, Italian Renaissance literature also recorded this tradition. Ludovico ariosto (1474- 1533) wrote in Crazy Roland that when Roland knew that his lover Angelica was married, he went crazy and leveled Europe and Africa all the way, and everywhere he went was destruction. Astolfo, an English knight, flew to the moon, where he could regain all the senses he had lost on the earth. He also found Roland in a bottle, which brought him back to his senses.
A Journey to the Moon by French artist gustave dore based on Crazy Roland.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, "madman" began to be replaced by "moon truck". It shows the extensive correlation between the irrational, primitive and dark features of the moon and the brain. During this period, because Newton's gravity explained the tidal phenomenon and the role of the moon in it, the "moon hypothesis" appeared again in the discussion of the etiology of epilepsy. This hypothesis holds that the change of the moon will trigger the pathogenesis of sensitive people. This statement has been circulating in the medical community and the public for a long time. An article in The Lancet 1843 analyzes that "at the full moon, epilepsy will occur under the touch of evil spirits".
The Romantic Period, a member of Prussian science, Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach (1788–1869) associated sleepwalking with special months. He believes that this "lunar gravity" is a symbol of primitive natural forces, and he named this important law "lunar force". Today, in many languages in Germany and Eastern Europe, sleepwalkers are still called "crazy" or other words related to the moon.
American artist Beth Hockel's Camp (20 13) was inspired by The Temptation of the Moon.
However, in English, the word "madman" only refers to crazy people and does not mean epilepsy or sleepwalking. /kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, the word "madman" has been widely accepted in the social and medical fields. In North America, the word "madhouse" is widely used. After 1870' s, it was changed to another name (mental hospital, related to legislation). In English law, from 182 1 to 1922, "Lunacy" has been included in mental health-related laws. "Psychotherapy Law 1930" was changed to "mentally unsound people" and "Mental Health Law 1959" was changed to "mental illness". Since then, the word "moon" has become an incorrect expression, both politically and scientifically.
In fact, the change of political and legal language is later than science. In the second half of the19th century, many scientists and doctors have begun to challenge the traditional view of "linking madness and epilepsy with the moon". They use new scientific research methods and tools, such as epidemiological observation and data analysis, to study mental patients. The Italian criminologist Cesare Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) was the first scholar to emphasize the close relationship between crime and epilepsy. In 1867, he investigated the mental patients in a hospital in pavia. He studied the occurrence trend of epilepsy and madness in different stages of the moon, and concluded that although some cases often occur in the waning moon, madness and epilepsy are once again associated with natural phenomena, although this association is incorrect.
Long Branso and his research pictures.
So, how to treat this "madman theory" of contemporary medicine? Research shows that (IOSIF &; Ballon, 2005), although mental health practitioners insist that the full moon will change people's behavior, this view cannot be supported by scientific data. In fact, many views related to the moon have been repeatedly studied and tested, such as the number of psychiatric inpatients, the number of emergencies such as emergency calls and emergency alarms, community anxiety and depression counseling, or various types of obstacles, suicide and violence. All the research results are negative. In fact, the more interesting question may be, why do psychiatrists insist that the moon affects their patients? Nowadays, it is repeatedly claimed that a full moon night and insomnia will change the rhythm of mental secretion and may cause mental illness, although this statement is contrary to most research data. We can only say that psychiatric research still shows the influence of many ancient views and beliefs.
Second, the "moon effect": a medical legend eclipsed by modern science.
It can be seen that subverting the world's modern science and medicine has become the most important force to disintegrate the belief of the "moon effect". There are many explanations about the influence of the moon on human health and behavior since ancient times, and the most typical one is the moisture theory. Specifically, the moon affects the ebb and flow of tides, and it can also affect the water content of human body, because water is the most important part of human body, and the brain is the wettest organ of human body. The fluctuation of water has the most obvious influence on the brain, and the changes in the brain will also be manifested through behavioral changes. Generally speaking, this effect is negative.
According to a survey from 65438 to 0985 in the United States, 50% of college students think that people will behave strangely during the full moon. 1995 a social survey in southern Kentucky showed that among the 325 people surveyed, 43% thought that the moon would affect people's behavior. Among them, social workers, clinical psychologists and nurses have a high proportion of mental health practitioners, and 8 1% of mental health experts believe that the full moon will change personal behavior.
Nasa photo: the earth rises (taken on the moon)
Folk customs are rich. In the popular concept, the influence of the moon on the human brain is mostly caused by its gravity. In fact, the moon can move the ocean (tide) because it exerts gravity at a distance of 128000 km. This gravity has no effect on a small area of water, and its effect on human body is probably smaller than the weight difference caused by a mosquito landing on the shoulder. It is also very important that this gravity depends on the straight line arrangement of the sun, the earth and the moon, not just the profit and loss of the moon. Another way of saying this is that before the invention of gas lamps, outdoor activities of human beings at night depended on moonlight. In a clear sky, the brightness of the full moon is equivalent to 12 times that of the full moon, so people often sleep late or less. Although a few cases of insomnia may lead to mania, a more credible explanation may be that for people with manic tendencies, sleep disorders during the full moon can easily be regarded as relevant signals. Maybe that's why the full moon and madness were first linked.
This picture comes from the paper "A Structured Review of the Relationship between the Full Moon and Different Aspects of Human Health", which is about the relationship between sleep and the phases of the moon.
Historically, william blake Si Tong (1723- 1780) in Britain was the first jurist to define "madness caused by the moon phase". He believes that "to be exact, a madman or a person who doesn't like thinking is sometimes awake and sometimes rational, and his condition often changes with the moon." German psychologist ewald hering (1834- 19 18) said in his psychiatric class that "mania increases during the full moon".
To some extent, the main arguments about the "moon effect" in the past two thousand years have not changed much. Pliny Sr.' s view that there will be thick dew on a full moon night, which will lead to abnormal water in the brain and lead to madness or epilepsy is echoed by Arnold Lieber, an American psychiatrist. In his book The Moon Effect: Biological Tide and Human Emotion, he said: There are about 80% liquids in human body, and the moon's gravity can also act on the liquids in human body like ocean tides, which is called biological tide. Human cells will be affected by the magnetic field, and the lunar magnetic field will also have an impact on the human body. This book was published in 1970, and it quickly became a best seller and was reprinted many times. In the previous fifteen years, he has been working to collect data on the impact of the moon cycle on suicide. He believes that the suicide rate is the highest at the full moon and the new moon, and the result of aggression is similar. In addition, the severity is directly proportional to the occurrence of violence. The stronger the gravity, the higher the crime rate of moral corruption. However, his experimental results have not been copied, so it is naturally difficult to have a wide impact.
Chicago street art, many moons, is a collage of old magazines and photos.
The persistent enthusiasm for this field has prompted scientists to try new explanations. In the era of electric light, the influence of moonlight on human life has been greatly reduced, and other correlations have been gradually verified, such as ozone layer, geomagnetism, electromagnetism, climate, ions and ultra-slow waves. From11960 s to11990 s, a large number of research results related to "the influence of the moon" emerged, mainly in the fields of psychology and criminology, and their main task was to falsify the "Transylvanian effect".
First, 1978, Campbell and Bates studied 16 patients with mental disorders caused by the moon and found that the full moon had nothing to do with human behavior. Then, in 1985, two other psychologists (Rotton and Kelly) made a quantitative analysis of 37 patients, and found that the influence of the moon phase change on behavioral abnormalities was less than 1%, and the relevant evidence was unrepeatable, and the statistical significance test failed and unpredictable. Therefore, they designed a scale to evaluate the influence of the moon, and found that the belief in other abnormal phenomena was negatively related to people's logical ability, and had nothing to do with personality (such as social expectations, psychological control and authoritarianism).
Next, two psychologists (Byrnes and Kelly) studied the emergency call for help and the changes of the phases in the past 20 years, and found that the frequency of calling for help for behavioral disorders caused by specific phases was higher. Similarly, some studies have proved that there is no connection between suicidal behavior and moon phase changes, and even if some definite results are obtained occasionally, they cannot be reproduced. Another study (Gorvin and Roberts) aimed at 65,438+000 cases of mental development disorder in four years, which proved that only 0.007% of them were caused by the change of the moon phase. From 65438 to 0997, Amadeo studied the incidence of all mental diseases in Verona province of Italy in ten years, and found that it had nothing to do with the moon cycle. Another study in Sydney, Australia also proved that the full moon has nothing to do with aggression and violence. In fact, this is not simply a superstitious question. Britain has made reference to relevant research to adjust the distribution of police force.
Under the continuous strong siege in modern times, the living space of the "moon effect" is not big. Some people who believe this statement will be considered as lacking physical knowledge, or having psychological tendencies (such as selective memory and selective acceptance), grandstanding or simply for entertainment. Philosopher and poet George Santayana said, "People become superstitious not because they have too much imagination, but because they don't realize that they have so much imagination".
Third, humanistic observation after science.
Now less and less people mention the "moon effect". Mainly because it is classified as pseudoscience, there are astrology, aliens, phrenology, feng shui and so on. This made it quickly lose the public's attention, and occasionally appeared in film and television works or works of art, such as The Vampire Diaries, a hot TV series, where werewolves and vampires constantly changed on a full moon night. In the 1960s, when the tide of verifying the "Moon Effect" was in full swing, the famous Creedence Clearwater Revival released a song "The Bad Moon Rises", which quickly reached the second place on the bulletin board and the first place in Britain. "I saw the ominous sign that the moon climbed into the sky, and I found that there was trouble all the way. I saw the earth shaking and Lei Yun all over the sky. Today is definitely an ominous day. "
However, historians have gradually become interested in related topics, especially scholars in the history of science and medical history. Their focus is not on whether the theory itself is scientific and whether the moon can be crazy, but on the cultural and social narrative in the process of theory dissemination. True and false can never really meet human needs, even if there is no legend, there needs to be a story.
Surrealist Works by Young Artist Justin Peters
One of them is atmospheric tides. This subject appeared from 1700 and developed rapidly to 1840. The basic assumption is that the influence of the sun and the moon on the earth is not only reflected in the ocean (causing significant tidal effect), but also reflected in the atmosphere (atmospheric tides). Atmospheric tides has an important influence on climate change and human health, such as mental disorders, epilepsy and infectious diseases. Based on this causal effect, scholars believe that people can predict and control the above diseases through atmospheric tides research. Interestingly, both practitioners, advocates and opponents of atmospheric tides believe that this new science has many similarities with the previous pseudoscience-astrology, no matter in concept, methodology or social culture. Atmospheric tides science is a pan-European cultural phenomenon, which exists in Britain, France and Italy, and is an important aspect of contemporary science. At present, only Britain has conducted relevant research. Historians believe that relevant historical research can observe how official science misappropriated and transformed "pseudoscience" from a new perspective, thus serving the Renaissance.
refer to
Campbell design engineering company. Beets, J. L. insanity and the moon Psychological bulletin, (1978). 85(5), 1 123- 1 129.
Lawton J, Kelly I. W, The Disturbance of the Full Moon: A Meta-analysis of Lunar Psychiatry Research. Psychological bulletin, 1985, 97, 286–306.
Vance, David E., Belief in the Influence of the Moon on Human Behavior, Psychological Report, 1995, Vol. 76,No. 1, pp. 32-34.
Riva, Tremollizo, Spicci, Ferraris, De Vito, Cesana & Ampv.A. Sironi (2011) Diseases of the Moon: Linguistic and Pathological Evolution of the English Term "Lunatic", Journal of the History of Neuroscience, 20: 1,
Read how the moon phase affects human life;
How does the moon affect our lives?
The ancients often said: I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away. In ancient China, the moon was always a symbol of beauty and reunion. People are used to pinning their feelings on the moon. But under the current epidemic situation, how will the moon affect our behavior and life?
When the epidemic was at home, it was as simple as staring at the clear and pollution-free sky. On weekdays, this seems to be something we have forgotten. In fact, paying attention to the phase of the moon may bring unexpected benefits to all of us.
What is the phase of the moon? As the moon revolves around the earth, the earth revolves around the sun. With the revolution of the moon, the shape of the moon that people see is constantly changing, which is the phase change of the moon, also called the moon phase. The position of the moon appearance relative to the sun determines its phase. Since the moon can't shine by itself, we can only see it when the sun shines. Simply put, the shape of the moon we see is the moon phase.
Do you feel that everything is going well one day? Or one day you feel exhausted, but can't find the reason? This may simply be due to the period of the moon.
Usually we just let nature take its course and think that what should happen will happen. However, when we begin to observe the cycle of the moon, we will check and urge ourselves more. If we can adapt to the natural rhythm and flow of the moon, life will become easier and easier.
The following tips will teach you how to use the moon cycle to make yourself more efficient!
Take time to reflect.
Last Wednesday (April 8) was a full moon, so now the shape of the moon begins to weaken, and there are not many moons in the sky every night. This indicates that it is time for us to reflect.
Stay away from others, let yourself be quiet for a while, and then review the last lunar cycle that began on March 24.
Consider what happened in the past few weeks and the insights gained. Ask yourself how you will face different situations. Write down your thoughts. What is the most important thing in your life now? Is there anything standing in your way?
Learn to let go.
Half a month is called the weakened third quarter. This is a key part of the moon cycle, because if we don't solve the problems that hinder our progress, we will keep repeating the same mistakes.
Think about the things that have held you back in the past few weeks. Do you lack confidence in yourself, or should you spend more time taking care of others than yourself?
Think of some positive aspects to help you move forward, such as "I totally believe in myself" or "I am everything I need to achieve my dream goal".
This is also the best time to "break away". You may have to control your connection with someone or something to get the best condition, or let go completely.
Give yourself a rest.
The last stage of the moon cycle is an almost invisible dark moon. This is the lowest energy point of the cycle. We are emotionally involved in ourselves and deeply feel everything. Although this is usually a difficult point in the cycle, it can guide us to make some changes. Maybe we are beginning to realize that we don't like part of the work we are doing now, or hate what our partners and friends like. Write these down and consider how to improve them. But be nice to yourself and take some time off.
Goal setting
As a small new moon began to appear in the sky, a new moon cycle began. It's time to make a clear plan for next month. Choose key areas of interest to you, such as your health, work, hobbies or relationships.
Write down your plan for this month. Maybe it's spending more time doing something you like, or even just raising a green plant and other simple things. You may also want to set a bigger goal, such as completing a new skill, which takes multiple lunar cycles to complete.
Seize the opportunity
Now, half a moon appears in the sky. At this stage, we usually feel that the energy of the universe is around us. You will think of someone, call him. Or if you need to find some information, you can find it easily. It's time to say yes to everything
But please note that this is also the time when we are most likely to relax and doubt ourselves, and when we feel that we are not enough to achieve the goals set in the new month. In the meantime, pay attention to any moments of self-doubt so that you can deal with and cope with these feelings in the next cycle.
Release your energy.
When the moon approaches the full moon, it is called a waxlike moon. At this time of your menstrual period, you may not get enough sleep. This is because your energy is beginning to peak. The moon seems to say to us, "You set your intention at the beginning of the month, and you must make every effort to finish it, so you really don't have extra time to sleep."
Use this time to redouble your efforts to realize this plan. Before the full moon comes, it is a good choice to spend some energy to achieve your goal.
Celebrate your achievements.
When the full moon appears, it is usually when we are in high spirits. We reviewed the past month and thought about our achievements and goals. However, the moonlight will also highlight our current position and unfulfilled goals.
Take some time to think about what you have done well so far this month and summarize and reflect on what you have not done.
Finally, don't be afraid to celebrate your achievements and start planning for next month!
Write it at the end
In fact, the periodic change of the moon is the best moment for us to constantly improve ourselves and reflect on ourselves. We have emotional ups and downs about the moon. Seize this time and make your life full and interesting!
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