Weihe plain is also called Guanzhong plain. In the middle of Shaanxi Province. Baoji in the west, Tongguan in the east, Qinling in the south and northern Shaanxi Plateau in the north. It is 300 kilometers long from east to west, with an average elevation of about 500 meters. Narrow in the west and wide in the east, it is known as "Qinchuan in 800 Li". Weihe plain is a fault depression area, that is, graben, which was later alluvial by Weihe River and its tributaries Jinghe River and Luohe River. Irrigation has been developed since ancient times, and it is rich in wheat and cotton. It is an important commodity grain producing area in China. Geographical map of Weihe plain taken by satellite
Weihe plain or Weihe basin is a graben structural plain. Zhan Jie is located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, standing in the Qinling Mountains and overlooking the Weihe Plain.
It is located between Qinling Mountain and Weibei Mountain (Laolongshan, Guaishan, Wangyaoshan, Yaoshan, etc.). ). It starts from Baoji in the west and reaches Tongguan in the east, with an altitude of about 325-800 meters and a length of about 300 kilometers. The width varies from north to south, with the widest in the east reaching100km, about 75km near Xi 'an and only 20km around Meixian. It gradually shrinks into a canyon in Baoji, which looks like a "new moon". It covers an area of about 34,000 square kilometers. It was called "Guanzhong" in ancient times because it was between Hangu Pass and Big Three Pass (one said it was between Hangu Pass, Big Three Pass, Five Pass and Small Pass). During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the hometown of Qin State, known as "Qinchuan in 800 Li". Weihe River crosses Weihe Plain from west to east, and its main stream and tributaries, Jinghe River and Beiluo River, are beneficial to irrigation. The famous water conservancy projects in ancient China, such as Zheng Guoqu, Baiqu, Caoqu, Guo Cheng Canal and Longshou Canal, all originated from these rivers. Guanzhong Plain has superior natural and economic conditions and is one of the richest agricultural areas in the history of China. Because of the convenient transportation, there are mountains and water around. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties 10 all established their capitals in the center of Guanzhong Plain, which lasted for more than 1000 years. At present, Guanzhong Plain is one of the developed areas of industry, agriculture and culture in China, and it is also an important wheat and cotton producing area in China. Wheat accounts for about 50% of the cultivated land area, and cotton is mainly distributed in Jinghui Canal, Luohui Canal and Weihui Canal. In recent years, the cotton-producing area has shifted from west to east, and the Weihe River, a key cotton-producing area in Shaanxi Province, has jumped out of the mountains from the corner of two mountains and entered the Great Plain. To be fair, this plain is the product of rivers, but it has existed in Weihe Plain for hundreds of millions of years before entering the Yellow River.
Accumulated and formed. People call this plain alluvial plain. This plain is 800 miles long. The wide place is 300 Li wide, and the narrow place 100 Li wide. The mountain in the south is called Qinling Mountain, and the plateau in the north is called Shanbei Plateau, which clamps this plain. People named this plain after this river and called it Weihe Plain. In history, busybodies also called it Guanzhong Plain. Why is it called Guanzhong? It turned out that it was all around. The pass in the east is called Hanguguan, which is the pass where a man named Lao Zi writes the Tao Te Ching and rides a green cow. To the west are our great three levels. "Big Three Pass" is its name, and "Ma Tiejin Ge" is a grandiose word added by intellectuals to this meteorological pass over the years. Nanguan is called Wuguan and Beiguan is called Xiaoguan. Xiao Guan is in Pingliang. It is said that Xiongnu Khan went from Mao Dun to Xiaoguan, and his subordinates asked, "Where is the boundary of Xiongnu?" Mao Dun pointed his whip: "The place where Xiongnu cattle and sheep graze is the territory of Xiongnu! "If it is the Four Xiongguan Pass, the jujube-shaped plain will be surrounded, people from generation to generation will be surrounded on this plain, and the eternal imperial city will be surrounded on the plain. [ 1]
Edit the composition characteristics of this paragraph.
The Guanzhong basin, sandwiched between the northern Shaanxi Plateau and the Qinling Mountains, is a panoramic view of the huge Weihe Plain formed during the Himalayan movement.
Fault depression zone. There are high-angle normal faults on both sides of the basin. There are a series of springs and hot springs exposed along the fault line. The mountains on the north and south sides rise along the fault line, and the basin slowly descends, forming a graben-type structural plain. After the formation of Weihe Plain, not only loess accumulated in it, but more importantly, Weihe River and its tributaries on both sides carried a large amount of sediment to fill and deposit it, and it was loosely deposited in Quaternary, with a maximum thickness of more than 7000 meters. Due to intermittent crustal changes and river undercutting, terraces with different heights have been formed. The first and second terraces constitute the main body of Guanzhong Plain, which is called "Yuan" locally, with Toudaoyuan, Erdaoyuan and Sandaoyuan from top to bottom. Mishima was originally equivalent to the second terrace. The original surface was cut and broken by the north and south tributaries of Weihe River. [1][2][3] To the north of Weihe River, there are West Plain, Monk's Courtyard, Joo Won?, Timely Garden, Shi Shiyuan, Biyuan, Meiyuan and Xu Yuan from west to east; From west to east in the south of Weihe River are Wuzhangyuan, Xiliuyuan, Shenheyuan, Shaocemetery, Bailuyuan, Tongren Garden, Poplar Orchard and Dream Garden.
Edit the historical origin of this paragraph.
geographical position
Weihe Plain, located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, is the richest place in Shaanxi and a famous pass in ancient northwest China.
It was the first time that China was called "a golden city with thousands of miles, a land of abundance". "Huang Jincheng is thousands of miles away" means that the Weihe Plain is surrounded by mountains and waters, just like a huge natural castle. There are Qinling Mountains in the south-central, Longshan Mountain in the west, Loess Plateau in the north, and Yellow River natural moats in the north and northwest. There is a natural terrain barrier in the east, which is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Since the Warring States period, there has been a saying of "a country with four blockades". Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Sean used the advantage of "a golden city of thousands of miles" to persuade Liu Bang to make Guanzhong his capital. During the Warring States Period, Su Qin told Qin Chen about the plan of "Lian Heng", praising Guanzhong's "fertile land, rich people, numerous chariots, tackling all kinds of difficulties, fertile land and fertile land, accumulating wealth and accumulating little", and said that "this so-called fertile land is also the overlord country in the world", more than half a century earlier than Chengdu Plain was awarded the title of "Land of Abundance". This is because Guanzhong has become a treasure trove of geomantic omen and the capital of emperors since Zheng Guoqu was restored in the Warring States Period.
Historical related stories
It is said that in the first days, there was no plain here, there was no eternal imperial city here, and there were no people coming and going like lanterns in my family. At that time, the plain was a piece of Wang Yang, and Wang Yang was surrounded by swamps, towering old trees, and semi-crypt houses built on the hillside of Bailuyuan. An old man stood by the door in front of his house, and a dull elephant came out of the swamp and bushes. It was a man named Dayu who reached the end of the river. There, in that place called fenglingdu, he shouted: "The white dew is frost, and the so-called Iraqis are on the water side." Then he waved an old shovel and dug hard. There was a loud bang and the Weihe River overflowed. This passionate water flowed for thousands of miles and happily entered the Yellow River. The two rivers meet and the two arms are connected. They are like copulation, so every drop of water is twitching. In this way, the plain is exposed, and the black and oily soil is exposed. Rivers that contract into loose and roaring streams begin to flow on the relatively fixed riverbed in the middle of Weihe Plain. On both sides of the river, one village after another was built in the noise, and people came down from the mountainside one after another, rushing to live by the water. [ 1]
Edit this brief introduction of Guan Zhong.
The land in Guanzhong Plain is loose and fertile, and rivers such as Jinghe River and Weihe River carry Weihe Plain.
Water supply source, very suitable for breeding. The yellow soil of "Gong Yu" is rated as the best, which is the most suitable land for planting agricultural products. After the development of Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties, the government of Qin and Han dynasties vigorously built water conservancy in Guanzhong, and the Guanzhong plain was fertile, which supported the economy of Guanzhong capital. During the Western Han Dynasty, Guanzhong was already the richest area in China, and the millet reserves and the number of livestock reached an unprecedented level. Sima Qian said in Historical Records: Guanzhong occupies one-third of the country's area, only three-tenths of the country's population, but it has six-tenths of the country's wealth, which fully shows the economic status of Guanzhong in ancient China. Central Plain of Shaanxi Province, China. Also known as Guanzhong Plain. Baoji in the west, Tongguan in the east, Qinling in the south and Beishan in the Weihe River in the north. It is narrow in the west and wide in the east, about 300 kilometers long from east to west and about 400 meters above sea level. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, with a drop of 340 meters at the riverbed of the Yellow River. It is formed by fault depression, commonly known as Weihe Graben, and alluvial into plain through Weihe River, Jinghe River and Luohe River. Flat terrain, fertile soil and warm climate. Irrigation agriculture has been famous since ancient times, and it is known as "800 Li Qinchuan". Rich in wheat and cotton. There are large and medium-sized cities such as Xi, Xianyang and Baoji. There are frequent earthquakes in Guanzhong in history, and the earthquake in Huaxian County reached 8 on the Richter scale in 1556. It is a graben structural plain. Located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, between Qinling and Weibei. It starts from Baoji in the west and ends in Tongguan in the east, with a total length of 300 kilometers. The width varies from north to south, with the widest in the east reaching100km, about 75km near Xi 'an and only 20km around Meixian. It gradually shrinks into a canyon in Baoji, which looks like a "new moon". It covers an area of about 34,000 square kilometers. Because it is between the Hangu Pass and the Big Three Pass, it was called "Guanzhong" in ancient times.
Edit the geography and landforms of this part.
Guanzhong basin, sandwiched between the northern Shaanxi Plateau and the Qinling Mountains, is a Weihe plain rich in Himalayan movement.
During this period, a huge fault depression zone was formed. There are high-angle normal faults on both sides of the basin. There are a series of springs and hot springs exposed along the fault line. The mountains on the north and south sides rise along the fault line, and the basin slowly descends, forming a graben-type structural plain. After the formation of Weihe Plain, not only loess accumulated in it, but more importantly, Weihe River and its tributaries on both sides carried a large amount of sediment to fill and deposit it, and it was loosely deposited in Quaternary, with a maximum thickness of more than 7000 meters. Due to intermittent crustal changes and river undercutting, terraces with different heights have been formed. The first and second terraces constitute the main body of Guanzhong Plain, which is called "Yuan" locally, with Toudaoyuan, Erdaoyuan and Sandaoyuan from top to bottom. Mishima was originally equivalent to the second terrace. The original surface was cut and broken by the north and south tributaries of Weihe River.
Edit the tourism record scenery of Weihe Plain here.
Weihe River crosses Guanzhong Plain from west to east, and its main stream and tributaries, Jinghe River and Beiluo River, are beneficial to irrigation. The famous water conservancy projects in ancient China, such as Zheng Guoqu, Baiqu, Caoqu, Guo Cheng Canal and Longshou Canal, all originated from these rivers. Guanzhong Plain has superior natural and economic conditions and is one of the richest agricultural areas in the history of China. Because of the convenient transportation, there are mountains and water around. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties 10 all established their capitals in the center of Guanzhong Plain, which lasted for more than 1000 years. At present, Guanzhong Plain is one of the developed areas of industry, agriculture and culture in China, and it is also an important wheat and cotton producing area in China. Wheat accounts for about 50% of the cultivated land area, and cotton is mainly distributed in Jinghui Canal, Luohui Canal and Weihui Canal. In recent years, the cotton planting area has shifted from west to east, becoming a key cotton-producing area in Shaanxi Province.
Edit the climate characteristics of this part.
Weihe Plain has a continental climate, with an average annual temperature of 6 ~ 13℃ and an annual precipitation of 500 ~ 800 mm, of which 60% is from June to September, with short-term rainstorm, little precipitation in winter and spring, and frequent droughts in spring and summer.
Edit this dangerous terrain
Surrounded by mountains in Guanzhong, the military defense value is high.
Guanzhong barrier
There is a continuous Qinling Mountains in the south of Guanzhong, which is isolated from the north and south. There is Beishan Mountain in the north, which blocks the traffic between Xi 'an and the north. In the east, there is a vertical column of Lushan Mountain as a barrier for Xi 'an. Weishan and Longshan are connected in the west, which has resisted the invasion of western ethnic minorities.
Defensive advantage
Guanzhong terrain is dangerous. In the case of backward transportation and weapons in ancient times, as long as the defenders stick to the pass on the Simian Mountain, it is difficult for the enemy to capture Xi 'an. Therefore, the ancients said that Guanzhong was "surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the blockade on all sides was impregnable." For the safety of the capital, many monarchs choose to build their capital in Xi 'an, a famous city in Guanzhong. Guanzhong Pass: The Weihe Plain where Chang 'an is located is called Guanzhong because there are Tongguan in the east, Big Three Pass in the west, Wuguan in the south and Xiaoguan in the north, all within the four passes, so it is called Guanzhong.
Tongguan 1
The Weihe River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River, crosses the Weihe Plain, and Tongguan is the first of the four passes, which was built by Qin people during the Warring States Period. It faces the Yellow River in the north, just near the mountains, hundreds of miles from east to west. It opens in the cracks of broken mountains and rocks. "Cars are not allowed to follow, and horses are not allowed to ride together." There is a danger, a person guarding it, Wan Fu can't cross. Its real name is Hanguguan, and it was renamed Tongguan after the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, the six countries joined forces to explore the Qin state in the west many times, but it only ended in a tragic end of repeated defeats at Hangu Pass. Next to the towering river, Shuangfeng has been a battlefield since ancient times. It is this precipitous battleground that makes Chang 'an as stable as Mount Tai and avoids the war outside the customs.
2. Big three levels
The Great Three Pass, also known as Three Pass, is the pass of the Zhou Dynasty, hence its name. The mountains here are steep and mountainous. Because of its north-south traffic throat, it has been the "throat of Sichuan and Shaanxi" since ancient times, and it is a battleground for military strategists. According to historical records, there have been more than 70 battles in the Big Three Pass. When Chu and Han contended, Han Xin "built a plank road in the Ming Dynasty, and secretly crossed Chen Cang" passed through here; During the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao made a Western Expedition, and Zhang Lu also passed through here. According to Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms", "In the spring of Jianxing six years, Liang returned to the customs and surrounded Chen Cang, but Cao Zhen refused." 1 13 1 May, 4 years of Jian Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty and 8 years of Jin Tianhui (1 130). After the defeat of the Battle of Fuping in the Song Dynasty, General Wu of the Song Dynasty immediately packed up the beaten army and moved to the original residence of the monk, and just set up a stockade, Song Jinbing. Tongguan is the first of the four customs. It was suggested that Wu move to Hanzhong to keep the entrance of Shu. Wu said, "If I dare to guarantee this, the enemy will not dare to overtake me! When the city wall is strong, he is afraid that I will creep behind, so he should protect Shu. " Indeed as expected defeated nomads from attack. In May of the following year, Jin refused to convert to Ulu without Lifu, so the soldiers invaded in two ways. Fengxiang was not set up, and it changed from order, success and Fengzhou to Qing Dynasty. At that time, Wu was short of food and the soldiers had no fighting spirit. Wu and his brother, Wu Lin, gathered the generals, encouraged them with loyalty and sworn in blood, which made the soldiers excited. The Ulu troops arrived first, and in the north of the monk's original array, Song Jun repeatedly fought and lost. At this time, before attacking the Arrow Pass, Wu heavily attacked, so that the soldiers and soldiers could not meet, and they were defeated. In October, Zong Bi (Jin Wushu) dispatched troops from Xihe to spy on Shu, led hundreds of thousands of troops, and crossed Weihe River from Baoji to attack. Wu Lin and Lei Zhong from Wu Pai. Use their "stationed arrows" to meet the enemy. And cavalry cut off its route for providing foodstuff, * * * fought more than 30 times, and Hong Yan was defeated by Zong Bi's arrow. Song Jun won the battle. In order to remember this battle, Lu Fangweng wrote a poem saying: Young people don't know what is difficult, and the Central Plains looks to the North Yue. It snowed all night in the building, and the autumn wind dispersed in the iron horse. Stuck on the Great Wall and make an empty promise, the sideburns in the mirror have long faded. When you debut, you can say your real name, but you can't fight for a thousand years.
3. Wuguan
Property management has a long history and was established as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. It was named "Shaoxiguan" and changed to "Wuguan" during the Warring States Period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin built this pass, Han and Tang Dynasties, which was the Xiongguan fortress in the south of Chang 'an, Kyoto. Guancheng is built on the high ground between narrow valleys, with Shaoxi Mountain in the north and Wuguan River in the south, which is magnificent and dangerous. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi rode a green ox and passed through Wuguan, where he left a moral classic of 5,000 words, which was passed down through the ages. The Complete Tang Poetry contains several poems about Wuguan written by Li She, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, a poem about staying in Wuguan again and a poem about history, all of which are quatrains in seven words. The full text of Stay in Wuguan is as follows: Farewell to Wan Li and Qin Cheng, and enter Shangzhou through the chaotic mountains. When the door is closed, the cold current is not locked, and the guest delivers it overnight. Du Mu also wrote "Wuguan Topic": "Bixi left me for Kanto, and I was poor with a smile. Zheng Xiu's favour was charming and charming, and Qu Yuan's exile was chaotic. The gables are still there, and it is empty to spit and swallow. Now the holy family is everywhere, and the flag is long at sunset.
4. Xiaoguan
Xiaoguan is a famous pass in ancient northwest China. The emperors of Qin and Han dynasties went on patrol, and the literati of Han and Tang dynasties went out to the fortress, all of which were predestined friends with Xiao Guan. The location of Xiaoguan is controversial, but it is not controversial in the southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia. Xiao Guan is not an independent pass, it is closely related to Qin Changcheng's strategic position. Villages and towns built along the Great Wall in Qin Changcheng and Huan County form a complete defense system. In addition, the three towers of Guo 'er Mountain, Huangyushan Mountain and Chengdong Plateau around the county, as well as the city defense barriers of Chengzigang, Shenjiatai and Chengdong Goukou, surround the county and form a solid artificial barrier. Built on the commanding heights of Xiaoguan, the three pagodas can not only echo each other from a distance, but also overlook all areas where the three rivers meet, such as Huanjiang, Chengxichuan and Chengdong Valley. 5 square kilometers of valleys, mountains, rivers, roads and cottages inside and outside the pass have a panoramic view, forming a three-dimensional defense system. Its elaborate design and ingenious layout amazed the world. Xiaoguan is a famous pass in ancient northwest China. Xiaoguan in Qin and Han Dynasties should refer to the dangerous zone from Sanjiangkou to Wating Gorge. Although it is not a cliff, it is steep and majestic. Wating Pavilion, located in this defensive zone and at the edge of the eastern foot of Liupanshan Mountain, is essentially an important barrier for Xiao Guan. There are not only male peaks and arches, deep valleys and obstacles, but also unique geographical advantages. Moreover, there are three passes from the south to attack Zhengxia, which is a natural defense system formed by Xiao Guan from south to north. The Tang Dynasty followed Xiao Guan in Qin and Han Dynasties, aiming at reviving the glory of Xiao Guan in Qin and Han Dynasties. Its general orientation should be in Shixiakou, Haiyuan County, Ningxia. The Song Dynasty and the Xiaoguan site have roughly the same trend. One said that in today's Gaoya area in the northeast of Haiyuan County, Ningxia; One said that in Nanhong Ancient City, Tongmin County. In fact, the ancient ruins of Shixiakou Pass and Honggu Town are both military facilities in the defense system of Xiaoguan in Song Dynasty, which should include Honggu Town and Shixiakou Pass, and are the ruins of Xiaoguan in Song Dynasty. The Xiaoguan Ancient Road is also a part of the Silk Road, which has played an extremely important role for the people of Longyou to live and work in peace and contentment, develop economy, exchange culture, prosper trade and facilitate transportation. If the Great Wall is an extremely important cultural belt in the cultural history of China, then Xiaoguan is also a brilliant link in this cultural belt. Wang Wei once wrote "March on the Fortress": Bikes should ask about the border, which is a country that has lived for a long time. Sweat on the bill, and the goose will return to Hu Tian. The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen. Xiao Guan rides it every time, and it is protected in Yanran.