Mausoleum architecture, which integrates funeral and sacrifice, is an important part of ancient Chinese architecture, and thick burial prevailed in ancient society. Therefore, no matter what class, they pay more attention to the mausoleum building and spend a lot of money and manpower to build it carefully. In the long historical process, great progress has been made in mausoleum architecture-rare and huge ancient tombs have been produced, such as the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Shaanxi and the Ming Tombs in Beijing. Mausoleum architecture is not a single building. In the process of historical evolution, it gradually merged with various artistic schools such as painting, calligraphy and sculpture, and became a comprehensive body reflecting various artistic achievements of ancient ancestors. Ancient religions include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Manichaeism, among which Buddhism is the most prosperous, followed by Taoism and Islam. The existing religious buildings, whether in quantity, technology or artistic quality, occupy an important position in the history of architectural development, which fully embodies the great achievements in all aspects of architectural art. Under the gestation of China ancient culture and Confucianism, Taoism and philosophy, garden art takes learning from nature as the guiding principle, takes the expression of natural interest as the goal, and takes landscape as the backbone, forming a unique oriental architectural art system which is fundamentally different from European garden customs. According to the concept of the ancients, the topography, orientation and safety of the location of the Yin House will affect the fate of future generations for a long time. This consideration is called "Feng Shui" in China. Geomantic omen theory originated very early. From Wei and Jin Dynasties to Tang Dynasty and beyond, Feng Shui paid more and more attention to the choice of burial places. Feng Shui works were named after burial classics, and paid attention to the investigation of the situation of mountains and rivers and the arrangement of orientation, back and position. Feng shui is not only used in tombs, but also plays a great role in all kinds of buildings in real life, but relatively speaking, it plays a greater role in tombs. Although there are some unscientific and even anti-scientific factors in Feng Shui, its emphasis on the situation and location principle is often in line with the laws of science and art. It is not difficult to see its positive role from a large number of tombs built according to the principles of Feng Shui.
In the ancient hierarchical society, of course, the specific scale of the tomb was divided into grades, which was insurmountable. "Book of Rites" said: Respect the etiquette and laws, and observe the rules of quantity in all aspects, such as the size and quantity of palaces, houses or utensils, the thickness of coffins, the size of graves, etc. These should be clearly graded, and the nobler the talents, the more. In the mausoleum, the size of the mound is the best embodiment of the grade. Volume has always been a crucial factor in architectural art, and an important difference between architectural art and other arts in the means of infection is that architecture has an unparalleled huge volume. The ancients realized the sublimity of superman from the mountains and rivers, towering trees and boulders in nature, and felt the fear contained in superman's power from lightning and wild waves. When these experiences are transplanted into architecture, huge volume is transformed into dignity and importance. Therefore, the tomb is particularly tall, especially called "Mausoleum" or "Mausoleum". The original meaning of the word "Ling" is a tall mountain. Others have smaller graves, which are called "mound tombs", "graves" or "burial tombs". The original meaning of mound, grave and mound is mound or mound. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were huge mounds at the top of the imperial tombs.
In the Tang Dynasty, great achievements were made in the combination with the natural environment, and the weather was broad and memorable. Another feature of the Tang Mausoleum is that it imitates the capital with the whole mausoleum area. Like the capital, cemetery planning is permeated with strict etiquette logic to show the dignity of imperial power. Ming and Qing dynasties paid more attention to the application of geomantic omen and made greater achievements, and its shape was different from that since Han, Tang and Song dynasties. Ming Tombs, Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling are all famous examples. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, is the largest mausoleum in Qin and Han Dynasties. The paddock is square, with each side about 350 meters long. Like the Egyptian pyramids, it is in the form of a three-story square pyramid platform. It's all artificially built. The existing residual height is still 43 meters, and the top is open and flat. It has been found that there are building components, on which a hall may have been built. There are two mausoleum walls around the enclosure, both of which are open in four directions, with the north gate as the main entrance. Mount Li is located in the south of Lingnan, and the Weihe River is in the north. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north. Taking the north gate as the main entrance, it is a good plan to make Mount Li the natural background of Lingnan, combined with the terrain. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses were found outside the east wall of the cemetery, including thousands of terracotta warriors and horses with a height of 1.8 meters, and many horses were 2 meters long. They are the underground guards of the magnificent cemetery, showing the high level of plastic arts and the great martial arts of the Qin Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is the second climax of China mausoleum construction after Qin and Han Dynasties.
Including Wu Zetian, there were * * * 2/kloc-0 emperors in the Tang Dynasty, except Wu Shi and Gaozong, the last two emperors were buried in Yulu, and the rest were all on the north bank of Weishan, Shaanxi Province, known as the "Eighteen Mausoleums of Guanzhong" in history. Most tombs in the Tang Dynasty were built on mountains, that is, using natural isolated mountains to build graves is more magnificent than artificial soil sealing. For example, the Ganling, where Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian were buried together, takes the main peak of Liangshan as the mausoleum, which is about 70 meters higher than the Shinto in front of the mausoleum, and is much more majestic than the square only about 20 or 30 meters higher than that in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The tombs are set in the hilly Beishan Mountains, with the vast Guanzhong Plain in the south, facing the mountains and Taibai in the south. The Weihe River is far ahead, where water mirrors haunt. Near it, there are shallow and deep. Looking around, the plain is separated by millet and seedlings, and the vast plain is silent, which highlights the peak of Lingshan.
The Tang Mausoleum inherited and further developed the tradition of the Han Mausoleum, and formed a grand composition representing the residence of emperors: a square wall was built around the Mausoleum, called the inner city, with doors in the middle of all sides and gatehouses and watchtowers at the four corners; There is a sacrificial hall in Zhuquemen, the south gate, where a big sacrificial ceremony is held. Outside the Suzaku Gate, there is a Shinto that is three or four kilometers long. At the southernmost tip, it starts with a pair of earthen caves, followed by a gate. From there, the second pair of soil que and the second door are about a few hundred meters to one kilometer north of Suzaku Gate, and then it leads to the third pair of soil que in front of Suzaku Gate. First, there are many tombs in the vast area between the two gates, among which the number of tombs in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong is the largest, reaching 167. The whole mausoleum is very large in area. Zhaoling and Xuanzong Mausoleums cover 60 kilometers a week, surpassing Guo Cheng in Chang 'an. Ganling is next, 40 kilometers per week, equivalent to Chang 'an. The following tombs range from 10 km to more than 30 km, of which Ganling is the best preserved. The stone carvings in the Tang tombs are also wonderful: the stone carvings are arranged on both sides of Shinto. Take Ganling as an example. From the second gate to the north, from south to north, a pair of Chinese watches, a pair of winged horses, a pair of embossed ostriches, five pairs of horses and ten pairs of stone men are arranged. In addition, there is a tablet without words and a tablet with imperial edict between Ganling Stone Man and Sanque, and there are 61 stone statues of Wang Bin between Sanque and the Shishi in front of Quebei Suzaku. Just like the south gate, there are a pair of stone lions and a pair of earth que outside the inner gate. Tuck in the north gate has three pairs of horses, the number of which is six dragons, indicating that it is the inner stable of the emperor's palace. Pine, cypress, Sophora japonica and poplar are widely planted in the mausoleum area to set off stone carvings. These stone carvings undoubtedly enriched the content of the mausoleum, expanded the control space of the mausoleum, and compared the height of the mausoleum, which played a great role in rendering the majestic and lofty atmosphere. The mausoleum of Emperor China is an important type of ancient architecture in China. In modern times, the graves of revolutionary leaders are also called mausoleums, such as Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Burial was used in ancient China. After the ancient people in China died, they still lived a life similar to that of the dead in the underworld, so treat the dead as if they were dead. Therefore, the above-ground and underground buildings of the mausoleum and the daily necessities buried with it should be modeled after the world.