The compass of China’s four great inventions--------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ The compass is one of the great inventions in Chinese history. First, it is also a major contribution of China to the development of world civilization. A compass is a pointing instrument made by using the north-south polarity of a magnet in the earth's magnetic field. The properties of magnets have long been used by ancient people to make guide tools. The earliest compass that appeared was called Sinan, which was widely used during the Warring States Period. It is made of natural magnets and looks like a spoon. The center of gravity is located in the middle of the bottom. The chassis is smooth and engraved with twenty-four directions. When using it, place the long spoon on the chassis and gently push it with your hands to make it rotate and stop. When lowered, the long handle points south. "Guiguzi·Mou Pian" talks about Zheng Guo going to a distant place to pick jade, so he took Sinan with him to avoid losing his way. In addition, the invention of the compass also brought this instrument to a higher level earlier. However, Sinan made of natural magnets is of inferior quality and has weak magnetism. In the Song Dynasty, people invented the artificial magnetization method and produced compasses and compasses. The compass was simpler and more practical. It is made of natural magnets rubbing steel needles. It maintains the compass function under the influence of geomagnetism. When it is installed on the azimuth plate, it is called a compass. This is a big leap in the history of compass development. Shen Kuo also conducted detailed research on compass placement methods, summarized four different methods, and compared them. 1: Water floatation method, float the compass on the water to indicate the direction. Simply thread rushes on a compass to levitate the needle. The disadvantage of the water float method is that the magnetic needle will sway with the water. 2: Nail twisting method. Place the magnetic needle on the nail. It can operate flexibly, but the disadvantage is that it easily slips off. Three: Bowl lip rotation method. Place the magnetic needle on the edge of the bowl. It can also rotate freely, but it is also easy to fall. Four: Suspended thread method, take a new cotton thread, stick it to the center of the magnetic needle with wax, hang it in a windless place, and the magnetic needle can indicate the direction. In comparison, Shen Kuo believed that this method was the most ideal. The compass was already a commonly used directional instrument in the 11th century AD. The greatest contribution of the compass is to promote the development of navigation. According to research, the compass began to be used for navigation at the end of the 11th century AD.
Around the end of the twelfth century to the beginning of the thirteenth century, the compass was introduced to Japan by sea, and then introduced to Europe from Japan. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Compass: According to legend, the compass was invented by Emperor Xuanyuan of China in 2700 BC. Huang Di used a compass to identify the direction in the fog and defeated Chi You. According to historical records, the Chinese have been using compasses as early as the Warring States Period. "Han Feizi" written in the 3rd century BC said that people used "Si Nan" (compass) during the Warring States Period. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" of the Song Dynasty records this in more detail. In 1090, Chinese and Japanese navigators began to install compasses on ships. as a navigation tool. In Europe, around the 11th century, compasses were made from magnetic needles floating on water. Around 1250, in the Mediterranean region, magnetic compasses were mounted on cards with degrees and were balanced on a central rotating axis. In the 16th century, the compass was mounted on a flat frame and played a role on the ship. In the 19th century, iron ship compasses were equipped with a piece of Flinderston iron to correct for errors caused by the ship's magnetism. Gyrocompasses were used on ships and aircraft made in the 20th century. According to the principle that the stable attitude of the rotation apex is related to the stars, the gyrocompass has two major advantages: it is not deflected due to proximity to metal, and it points to true north instead of magnetic north. In 1908, Germany made the world's first such practical instrument.
The best compass is made by the American Spory. It was successfully tested on the ship "Dravidian" in 1910 and was soon adopted by the U.S. Navy. In short, the compass is one of my country's four great inventions. It later spread throughout the world and made a great contribution to the development of the global navigation industry. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- A compass, also known as a compass needle, is a magnetic needle that can rotate freely. Due to the polarity of the magnet's fingers, the needle will automatically point north. Before the compass needle was finalized, it went through a long period of invention and improvement. As early as the end of the Warring States Period, the Chinese had discovered magnets and their ability to attract iron. It is recorded in "Guan Zi": "Those with Ci Stone on the top and copper and gold on the bottom." The so-called "Ci Stone" is a magnet. It can be seen that the existence of magnets was already known in Guan Zhong's period at least 2,600 years ago. In the West, it is said that Socrates discovered magnets, which was at least a hundred years later than in China. In
For example, Wang Chong's "Lun Heng" has a more obvious record: "When a ladle from the south is thrown to the ground, its poop points to the south."*
The compass, also known as the compass needle, is a magnetic needle. , can rotate freely. Due to the polarity of the magnet's fingers, the needle will automatically point north. Before the compass needle was finalized, it went through a long period of invention and improvement. As early as the end of the Warring States Period, the Chinese had discovered magnets and their ability to attract iron. It is recorded in "Guan Zi": "Those with Ci Stone on the top and copper and gold on the bottom." The so-called "Ci Stone" is a magnet. It can be seen that the existence of magnets was already known in Guan Zhong's period at least 2,600 years ago. In the West, it is said that Socrates discovered magnets, which was at least a hundred years later than in China. In
Reference: .geocities/chinesetech/main
A compass is a tool used to indicate direction. There are two types: one is a geomagnetic compass made according to the polarity of the earth's magnetic field, but the north-south direction indicated by this compass is different from the true north-south direction, and there is a magnetic declination; the other is an electronic compass, which uses magnetic field sensing The device's magnetoresistance (MR) technology can well correct the problem of magnetic declination and is now widely used in GPS positioning devices. The predecessor is Sinan, who is known in China as one of the "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China". Widely used in navigation, outdoor adventure and other fields. Table of Contents [Hide] 1 Related History 1.1 Sinan 1.2 Discovery of Magnetic Declination 1.3 Modern Compass 2 Reference 3 External Links[edit] Related History The compass was first used for surveying and navigation in the Chinese civilization circle. It is also generally believed in the West that it originated in China. Too many objections.
[edit] The earliest form of the Sinan compass was called Sinan. The principle of "Sinan's ladle, thrown to the ground, is the guide" in Volume 17 of "Lunheng" written by Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 27 ~ about 97). It can be said that "it is also nature". Although this record is not the earliest, it is the first to express it clearly. There should be no objection to the use of Sinan as a pointing device, but the specific shape is controversial. Early researchers determined that the natural magnet was a spoon matching site. Although there are unearthed Han sites and stone carvings of Sinan spoons unearthed from the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Nanyang, Henan, there is no complete matching structure unearthed. Recently, some people have studied that the word "Si Nan Zhi Lao" actually means "Zuo", so it seems that the word "Qi Jie Guide" does not refer to the handle of the spoon. The meaning of "Zuo" is: Original meaning: to pour wine and drink it
There is also a wine shop. - "Shuowen" Zhi Sheng
Sit down and drink wine. ―"Etiquette: Yousi Che". Wine is called clear drink. ——"Book of Rites·Quli" Consideration
Choose the good and do it "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Biography" Duke Xi (first year ~ thirty-three years) "Where is the person who begs for alliance? Wherever you are, ask for it. Ye. If you are in the right place, what can you do? ―"Zhiping Chapter" by Hong Liangji of the Qing Dynasty The meaning of "梢" is: root, root 梢
The root. - "Erya·Interpretation" The reason why Jiansheng is born is because of it.
―"Han Feizi·Jie Lao" The root of the flatwood. - "Book of Han·Zou Yang Biography" Although it cannot be denied that before Wang Chong, there was Sinan who "used magnets as spoons to match the territory", but what Wang Chong knew about Sinan was probably already a kind of water-floating Sinan. It is precisely because China is the place where Sinan was originally invented that Sinan was There are many improved forms, such as edge support, silk suspension, water float, spire, etc. The earliest recorded use of navigation is in "Pingzhou Ketan" "The boat master knows the geography, observes the stars at night, observes the sun during the day, and observes the darkness." compass". "Pingzhou Ke Tan" was written between 1111 and 1119, but it describes events in 1086 [1]. This is more than a century earlier than the British A. Neckam's "On Instruments" in 1207: When sailing, "when clouds cover the sun during the day, or when it is dark at night and the direction is unclear, a magnet is used to rub an iron needle, and when the needle stops, it will guide the north." Almost at the same time as Britain, France and a little later Italy also had the first records of the compass. In addition, water floats can also be used in navigation, because their small size is not as easy to spill as some people think. Recently, Ming Dynasty porcelain water floats have been found in Qingdao and Hainan, with sizes as large as: the maximum outer diameter is 9.5 cm; There are concentric holes for holding water on it, with a diameter of 4.4 cm and a depth of 2.3 cm. There are blue and white glaze-painted scales on the outside. The base and four walls are thick and solid. It is estimated that the water is removed and stored, and water is added when used. The basic principle of modern liquid compasses is similar, but the improvement uses sealing technology. [edit] The discovery of magnetic declination. In the first year of Qingli in the Northern Song Dynasty (1041), astronomer Yang Weide of Si Tianjian wrote in "Yingyuan General Records" that "if the guest takes it, it should be straight and straight, and there should be no difference, and Bingren needle should be taken." Putting it in the middle is the right direction. Gaiyang is born from Zi, and it is smooth from Zi to Bing; Yin is born from Wu, and it is reversed from Wu to Ren. Therefore, between the princes of Bingwu and Wu is heaven and earth. In 1088, Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" said: "The Fang family can use magnets to sharpen the needle, and it can guide the needle. However, it is often to the east and not completely south." In 1115, Kou Zongxi's "Compendium of Materia Medica" "With the needle Crossing the center of the lamp, floating on the water, it is also a guide, but it is often in the C position. "[edit] Modern compass picture reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/3/3d/Ming-marine-pass/180px-Ming-. marine-pass picture reference: zh. *** /skins-1.5/mon/images/magnify-clip The Ming Dynasty compass twenty-four square dot pattern The dry compass is the basic form of the modern compass. It is said that it was invented by Italians, but it is difficult to Reliable information was found, and the Japanese historical records believe that the compass was invented by the Chinese, and was introduced to Europe after effective improvements by the Japanese.
There is currently no clear record of a dry compass in China that is earlier than the West. However, a figurine (labeled "Zhang Xianren") was recently discovered in a Song tomb buried in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in 1198 AD. He was holding a "Feng Shui compass" that clearly resembled a Feng Shui compass. It is also a dry compass. The author believes that the dry compass may have been used in China earlier than the West, but it may have been invented and used in the coastal areas south of the Yangtze River (such as Quan and Guang). Therefore, the erudite Shen Kuo has not seen it, and archaeological cultural relics work is needed in the future. Those who work hard. Later inland dry compasses were mostly used for Feng Shui compasses and time compasses. For example, in 174/1189 Zeng Sanyi's "Tong Hua Lu" "The earth snail may have a Ziwu Zheng needle, or a Ziwu Bingren needle. The north and south of the sky and the earth are in the right direction. , when used for noon. ""Ground Snail" may be a kind of time compass, whose main purpose is to set time. [edit] Reference Compass Cart Seaway Acupuncture ^ "History of Chinese Scientific Civilization" Volume 3, original work by Joseph Needham, adapted by Colin and Ronan, translated by the Department of History of Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University ISBN 7208039666