Due to the lack of relevant knowledge on the prevention of snake and insect bites, a large number of snake and insect bite patients appeared in Ningbo after the disaster. So how should we prevent it? How should we prevent and deal with venomous snakes, scorpions, centipedes, locusts and bee stings that are common in post-disaster life?
How to prevent snake bites
Prevention and treatment of venomous snake bites
There are 2,500 species of snakes in the world, of which about 650 are venomous. It is estimated that more than 300,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes every year, and the mortality rate is about 10. The Guangdong and Guangxi regions of my country are seriously infested by snakes, and the annual snakebite incidence rate is approximately 25 per 10,000. There are currently 165 known species of snakes in my country, including more than 50 species of venomous snakes, and 10 species that are highly venomous and harmful, such as krait, bungara, cobra, king cobra, five-step viper, and viper. The bites of snakes, snakeheads, bamboo-leaf greens, ironheads, sea snakes, etc. can cause death.
Prevention of venomous snake bites: Venomous snakes generally do not take the initiative to bite humans, but are often bitten by trampling or being touched. When operating in mountainous forests, grasslands and other places where snakes are often found, especially at night, personal protection must be taken.
1. Watch your steps. Snakes eat on average once a week. After eating and when shedding their skin, snakes move slowly and are easily stepped on.
2. Observe carefully before passing through shrubs and grass. Some snakes often live in trees.
3. Do not tease or mention snakes or force them into trouble. Some snakes become more aggressive when cornered or defending their nests, such as cobras and cobras.
4. When moving in places where poisonous snakes are infested, you should wear thick trousers, leather boots, and long socks. The trouser legs should be connected to the boots, a hat on your head, and a lighting device in your hand; do not go barefoot or just Wear slippers. If you see a poisonous snake, move away.
5. Do not reach into hollow logs or dense piles of weeds with bare hands or turn over stones without checking them in detail; when stepping over stones or wood, beware of another person. There may be venomous snakes living on the side.
6. When living outdoors after a disaster, carefully check bed sheets, clothes, and packages before using them. Snakes are likely to be hiding underneath.
7. According to modern research, venomous snakes are afraid to approach substances with pungent odors and toxic substances, such as realgar, sulfur, 666 powder, DDT, dichlorvos, lime powder, etc. Therefore, if you are camping in an area with many venomous snakes, you can sprinkle the above substances around your residence to prevent venomous snakes from invading. When entering mountainous areas, forests, wilderness, etc. where there are many snakes, bring some sulfur or realgar powder on your body or apply realgar powder on your hands and feet to prevent venomous snakes from biting you.
8. Try not to wade or swim in areas where venomous snakes often appear, because most venomous snakes are good swimmers and there may be venomous snakes lurking in the water
9. If you encounter a venomous snake unexpectedly When encountering one, keep calm and quiet, do not move suddenly, and do not attack it. In many cases, venomous snakes only think about how to escape. If you have to kill a poisonous snake, you can use a long wooden stick with good elasticity to hit the back of the snake quickly. It is best to hit it successfully, otherwise the injured snake will be more dangerous.
Treatment of venomous snake bites
In case of venomous snake bites, the most important thing is self-rescue or mutual rescue on the spot, the sooner the better. The principle is to quickly detoxify and prevent the absorption and spread of venom. The second step is to send the injured to a qualified medical institution as soon as possible and continue to take comprehensive measures, such as thorough debridement, oral and external application of effective snake tablets, application of antivenom and systemic supportive therapy.
1. Prevent venom absorption
After being bitten, snake venom quickly enters the body within 3 to 5 minutes. Effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to prevent venom absorption.
(1) Ligation: It is a simple and effective method, and it is also a method of self-rescue and mutual rescue that is easy to do on site. After being bitten by a venomous snake, immediately use a strip of cloth, handkerchief or bandage to ligate 5 to 10cm proximal to the injured limb or at the base of the injured finger (toe) to reduce the backflow of veins and lymph fluid and achieve temporary relief. To prevent the absorption of snake venom.
On the way to the hospital, you should relax every 15 to 20 minutes for 1 to 2 minutes each time to prevent blood stasis and tissue necrosis in the injured limb. The ligature can be removed only after the wound has been thoroughly debrided and 3 to 4 hours after taking snake tablets.
(2) Rinse: After ligation, quickly rinse the wound with clean water to clean the residual venom on the surface of the skin around the wound and prevent its continued absorption. If there is no clean water source on site, fresh urine or saliva can be used instead.
(3) Ice compress: When possible, apply ice cubes to the injured limb while bandaging to shrink blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and slow down the absorption of snake venom. You can also immerse the injured limb or finger in cold water, and then use an ice pack for 3 to 4 hours before applying cold compress for 24 to 36 hours. However, while cooling down locally, you should also pay attention to keeping the whole body warm.
(4) Immobilization of the injured limb: After injury, the patient should keep quiet, move slowly, and not run to reduce the absorption of toxins. It is best to temporarily immobilize the injured limb and then place it in a low position and send it to the hospital. Go to a medical facility.
2. Promote the discharge and destruction of snake venom
For snake venom remaining in the wound, measures should be taken to promote its discharge or destruction. The simplest method is to suck it with your mouth. Before sucking, put a layer of unbreakable plastic bag or fresh-keeping bag between the two layers to suck out the toxins. You can also use methods such as snake venom vacuum cleaners, breast pumping equipment, and cupping to suck out the snake venom from the wound, and the results are satisfactory.
While sucking out, it can also be supplemented by squeezing, that is, external pressure is used to promote the discharge of venom. Pay attention to the direction of squeezing. It should be squeezed from the proximal end to the distal end, that is, along the direction of the arterial blood, and cannot be squeezed in the opposite direction. If the wound is deep and contaminated, it should be thoroughly debrided. After the knife is disinfected (a sharp knife can be burned in the wild for disinfection), make a "+" or " "-shaped incision around the tooth mark, so that the remaining snake venom can easily flow out, but the incision should not be too deep to avoid injury. Blood vessel. When the bite site is on the hand or foot, you can also use a three-edged needle or the tip of a knife at the Baxie point or the Bafeng point to penetrate one centimeter into the proximal skin and then massage gently from near to far to accelerate the detoxification of the snake venom. discharge. After the wound expands, various drugs can be used as local wet compresses or rinses to destroy or neutralize the snake venom.
Commonly used external medicines include 30% saline or alum water. External medicines used for wound irrigation include 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution and 5-10% saline. Local injection of trypsin has a certain effect. It can decompose and destroy snake venom, thereby alleviating or inhibiting the patient's poisoning symptoms. The method is to dissolve trypsin with 2 to 4 ml of normal saline and inject it in and around the basal layer of the wound, 12 to 24 The injection can be repeated after an hour. Injection of furosemide, sodium diuretic acid or mannitol can accelerate the excretion of snake venom from the urine.
3. Inhibit the effect of snake venom
It is mainly effective Chinese herbal medicine and snake tablets taken internally and externally to achieve detoxification, anti-inflammation, hemostasis, cardiotonic and diuretic effects. Anti-venom has been widely used Clinically, it has a better effect on bites from venomous snakes of the same species.
(1) Various snake tablets: There are currently more than ten kinds of snake tablets used clinically. When using them, you must first find out which kind of venomous snake the tablets are effective for, and secondly, take the medicine early and at the right dose. It needs to be big and the course of treatment needs to be long. Finally, other auxiliary treatments of traditional Chinese and Western medicine must be used in a targeted manner. The most widely used clinically is Nantong Snake Tablets (also known as Ji Desheng Snake Tablets). 20 tablets should be taken immediately after injury, and 10 tablets should be taken every 6 hours thereafter until the symptoms of poisoning are significantly relieved. At the same time, add the tablets to warm boiled water to make a paste, and apply it around the wound and 3 to 4 cm above the swollen limb. Guangzhou Snake Tablets (He Xiaosheng Snake Tablets) are also more effective. Take 5 tablets immediately after the injury, and then every 3 Take 5 tablets every hour, double the dosage for severe cases. In addition, Shanghai Snake Tablets are mainly used to treat pit viper bites, and Shesanman Snake Tablets are mainly used to treat burnt snake and bungara snake bites.
(2) Traditional Chinese herbal medicine: 30 to 60 grams of fresh lobelia (whole plant) can be used. After mashing, take the juice orally, which has detoxification, diuretic and detoxification effects. You can also use 30 grams of fresh tallow shoots, mash them and take the juice for oral administration, and apply the residue externally to prevent snake venom from attacking the heart.
(3) Serum treatment: Anti-venom serum has a certain effect on venomous snake bites. The efficacy of monovalent serum can be as high as 90%, but the efficacy of multivalent serum is only 50%. The serums that have been successfully tried so far include anti-viper venom serum, anti-cobra venom serum, anti-pentapod venom serum and anti-bungarotoxin serum, etc. Some of them have been refined into powder for easy storage. Before using antivenom, a skin allergy test should be done. Only those with negative results can be injected.
4. Systemic supportive therapy
The condition becomes more serious within a few days after being bitten by a venomous snake, and the symptoms of poisoning are obvious, often accompanied by varying degrees of water and electrolyte disorders and shock. In severe cases, Respiratory failure, heart failure, acute renal failure, and hemolytic anemia occur. Therefore, active systemic treatment and correction of the functions of major organs are important. When blood pressure is low, timely blood transfusion, fluid rehydration, and anti-shock treatment are provided; when breathing is weak, respiratory stimulants and oxygen inhalation are given, and assisted breathing is performed when necessary. The application of adrenocortical hormones and antihistamine drugs has a certain effect on neutralizing toxins and alleviating toxic symptoms. Systemic anti-infective drugs help prevent and treat local tissue necrosis. Routine vaccination to prevent the occurrence of tetanus
Prevention and treatment of scorpion stings
Scorpions are an order in the phylum Arthropoda and the class Arachnida, with many species , the most common scorpion in my country is the pincer scorpion, also known as the whole scorpion, which is mainly produced in Shandong and Henan provinces, but also in Anhui, Jiangsu, Hebei, Liaoning and other places.
Scorpion venom is similar to snake venom. It is mainly a neurotoxin. For humans, it mainly affects the central nervous system (especially the respiratory center) and cardiovascular system. Except for the venomous scorpions in Northeast China, which are equivalent to cobra venom, the scorpions in my country are generally less toxic.
Points to prevent scorpion stings
Scorpions are nocturnal animals, and their avoidance of light is to avoid strong light and avoid strong light. Scorpions usually lurk under a shallow layer of gravel or sand during the day. At night or when it rains, they like to enter houses and take shelter in boots, clothes, or in cracks in walls. Scorpions are more aggressive towards people before and after Grain Rain in spring or in hot and windy weather. According to the above-mentioned living habits, attention should be paid to preventing scorpion stings:
1. When traveling outdoors after a disaster, you should wear long clothes and long trousers, a hat and shoes and socks, avoid exposing your limbs, and avoid going barefoot on the ground. During outdoor operations (such as transportation) When handling stones, sand, branches, etc.), you should wear protective equipment such as gloves and high overshoes.
2. When walking at night, use a flashlight to illuminate the road surface, which can cause scorpions and other pests that avoid strong light to escape.
3. Do not place clothes, shoes, hats and food on the ground. Shake or turn clothes, shoes and hats before wearing them to prevent scorpions from hiding in them.
4. When outdoors, you should pay attention to wrapping the clothes you take off and the food you carry with you tightly with plastic sheets.
5. Improve environmental sanitation and reduce the habitation of mosquitoes, flies, spiders and other insects.
Prevention and treatment of scorpion sting bites
Rinse the wound
Immediately after the injury, pull out the stinger, apply cold compress to the local area, and use cold boiled water and soapy water. If possible, the wound can be washed repeatedly with normal saline, hydrogen peroxide or 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution to reduce toxin absorption. At the same time, snake tablets can be taken orally immediately.
Tie the injured limb
Tie the injured limb 5 to 10cm proximal to the heart with a tourniquet or handkerchief. It should not be too tight. Loosen the tie after the first aid treatment is completed.
Extended wound detoxification
Use 0.25% procaine solution as a circular sealing injection around the wound to control the spread of toxins. Then make a " " or " "-shaped incision with the wound as the center, about 1 to 2 cm long, not too deep, just incise the skin and the superficial layer of the skin. After incision, place the injured limb in a low position and reduce the activity of the injured limb to facilitate detoxification and reduce toxin absorption. Squeeze from around the wound to the wound with your hands to expel the venom, or use a cupping method to attract and detoxify the wound. If conditions are unavailable in the wild, you can suck it with your mouth, spit it out while sucking, and rinse your mouth with water (for those with damaged oral mucosa or dental caries) Not suitable for sucking). After the venom is roughly drained, the wound can be rinsed with hydrogen peroxide or 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution.
Topical application
You can mix snake tablets and water and apply it around the wound. You can also use Chinese herbal medicine Daqingye, mint leaves, fresh purslane, lobelia, purple groundflower, etc. to pound Apply externally to the wound, and disinfect the wound appropriately and change the dressing. After the above first aid treatment, the injured limb can be untied and treated according to the severity of the injury. Generally, the injured take snake flower tablets orally, such as Ji Desheng Snake Tablets, 10 to 20 tablets each time, once every 6 to 8 hours, until the systemic and local symptoms completely disappear. Patients with severe symptoms should be immediately evacuated to the hospital for further treatment.
How to prevent and treat centipede bites?
Centipedes, also known as Tianlong and Baijiao, are multipod arthropods that are found in all parts of my country, especially in Hubei, Zhejiang, and Henan. , Anhui, Jiangsu and other places. Centipedes mostly live under crevices between rotten wood and rocks or in damp places; they overwinter in the soil in winter and come out in the evenings when the weather is hot and humid, especially during summer thunderstorms. The centipede has a pair of hollow "claws" (gills and feet) on its head, which open its venom glands and penetrate into the human body to release venom, causing local and systemic symptoms. The larger the centipede, the more toxic it is and the more severe the symptoms will be after the bite.
Points to prevent centipede bites
1. Centipedes often appear in humid places, so you should pay attention to room hygiene and keep the room dry. Mops, rags, etc. should be placed in the air. 2. After the disaster, rotten wood, rocks and other debris around the house should be removed, low-lying areas should be filled in, and centipede habitats should be eradicated. ?
Centipede bite treatment
1. Centipede venom is acidic and can be neutralized with alkaline solutions. Wounds can be cleaned with weak alkaline solutions, such as 3 ammonia and 5 sodium bicarbonate solutions. .
2. Grind equal amounts of realgar and alum into powder, mix well with strong tea or shochu, and apply to the wound, or mash fresh mulberry leaves, fresh dandelions or Houttuynia cordata for external application.
3. Take snake medicine orally or externally.
4. If the bite is serious, you can take heat-clearing and detoxifying drugs orally, or dissolve Ji Desheng snake tablets in cold boiled water and apply them externally.
5. People with tissue infection and necrosis should use antibiotics to control the infection. Patients in coma and shock should be immediately transferred to the nearest hospital for rescue
Prevention and treatment of locust bites
Leech, also known as leech, is a common annelid that lives in fresh water in paddy fields, ditches, and lakes. Its body is long and narrow, with a slightly wider rear end. It is composed of many body segments and is 3 cm long. There is a suction cup on the left and right sides, the front end and the back end of the body, which are the organs used by the locust to absorb other objects.
Characteristics of locust bites: This disease is an allergic or poisoning reaction caused by the toxins of poisonous insects entering the human body through bites or sucking human blood. Symptoms include: a history of being bitten by a locust; local bite marks with blood stains; mild cases of local itching or burning pain, and severe cases of systemic poisoning symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, palpitations, etc.
Key points to prevent leech bites
1. During disaster relief in the wild, do not walk barefoot and wear shoes as much as possible.
3. Try not to expose your limbs. You can first apply cooling oil, wind oil essence and other medicines on the exposed limbs. ?
Leech bite treatment
Once bitten by a locust, the leech adsorbed on the leg can be gently patted around the bite area, or treated with vinegar, wine, salt water, or cigarettes. Apply oil to the leech and its surrounding skin, and the leech will fall off. Never pull out the locust forcefully, because the more you pull the locust, the tighter the suction cup will be. Once the locust is pulled off, its suction cup will remain in the wound, which can easily cause infection and ulceration. After the locust falls, if the wound does not stop bleeding, you can press it with clean gauze for 1 to 2 minutes. After the bleeding stops, wash the wound with 5 sodium bicarbonate solution, apply iodine tincture or gentian violet solution, and disinfect with Gauze bandage. If bleeding occurs again, sprinkle some Yunnan Baiyao or styptic powder on the wound; if the wound does not bleed, squeeze out the dirty blood from the wound, rinse it with baking soda or water, and then apply iodine tincture or alcohol or mercurochrome. Carry out disinfection.
Prevention and treatment of bee stings
Bee stings belong to the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Hymenoptera, including wasps, bees, bumblebees and bumble bees.
The tail of the female wasp has venom glands and a stinger. The stinger is a deformation of the ovipositor, which can inject venom into the human body. The stinger of a female bee has a reverse hook, and part of it remains in the wound after it pierces the human body; the sting of a wasp does not remain in the wound, but the sting of a wasp is more serious than that of a bee. Drone venom glands and stings do not hurt humans. ?
The components of bee venom are very complex. Due to different types of bees, the components of the venom they secrete are also different. The toxins mainly include histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, phospholipase A, tissue peptides, etc., toxins It causes hemolysis and bleeding. In addition, it has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system and causes toxic liver disease. Severe hemolysis can cause acute renal failure.
Points to prevent bee stings
1. Wasps and wasps are very vindictive. Officers and soldiers should be educated not to sting the honeycomb randomly to avoid provoking swarms of bees to attack.
2. When training and marching, try to avoid contact with bees. When encountering a swarm of bees, do not run. You should lie down on the spot and crawl away slowly. Bees are very sensitive to changes in wind direction and have the tendency to "chasing" bees. "Wind".
3. If a few bees are found in the camping tent or camp, do not panic. You can directly spray pesticides or burn them with torches, or use fly swatters to kill the bees after they land.
Treatment of bee stings
After bee stings, remove the stinger as much as possible, wash the local area with weak alkaline solution, apply Nantong snake medicine paste to the wound, and take the snake orally. pill. The wasp sting area should be washed with weak acid or applied with vinegar gauze. Dissolve 1ml of 3 emetine in 5ml of water for injection and then inject into the injured area. For those who have severe systemic symptoms after bee stings, corresponding first aid measures should be taken. If allergic, give 0.1 epinephrine 0.5ml subcutaneous injection or chlorpheniramine 10ml intramuscular injection; if there is difficulty breathing, the respiratory tract should be maintained unobstructed and oxygen should be given; if shock occurs , active anti-shock treatment should be given.