Red, white and blue boundary markers
There were originally three rows of wooden stakes around Zhaoling as protection signs. These stakes are divided into red, white and blue colors. Each pillar is 9 feet high and 6.7 inches in diameter. Among them, the red column is one mile away from the geomantic red wall, and there are 128 red columns around it. White piles are outside the red piles, ranging from ten feet to twenty feet, and there are ninety white piles. The green piles are about ten miles outside the white piles, and there are forty (that is, thirty) green piles. The range of green piles starts from Ertaizi in the east, Xiaohantun (also known as Xiaohantun) in the west, Taitai in the north and Baoan Temple in the south. Within this range, it belongs to Zhaoling legal reserve. There is a small sign hanging on the green pile, which reads: "The military and civilians are not allowed to borrow soil, take stones, cut down or pick, and offenders will be convicted; Lingqu is an important place, and feng shui is very important. It is forbidden to set up boundary markers such as "chopping wood and planting land". Now, with the demise of the Qing Dynasty, these boundary markers have long since disappeared.
Shenqiao
Zhaoling Shenqiao is a three-hole arched stone bridge. There are stone guardrails on both sides of the blue brick pavement (now changed to stone), and the railings are carved with flying Tianma and "eight treasures" such as weeds, seawater, river cliffs, flowers and rhinoceros horns. Above the guardrail are carved "Aquarius Cloud Arch" and "Leaning Lotus" watchtowers, and there are stone lions guarding the bridge at both ends. Under the bridge is the Jade Belt River. "Shenqiao" is a widely used architectural form in the tombs of the Qing emperors. It not only has the function of decorating tombs, but also has practical value. As far as Zhaoling is concerned, the terrain of the mausoleum is basically low in the front and high in the back. Every rainy season, there is bound to be a lot of rain leaking from the back to the front. The Yudai River in Shenqiao became a drainage channel and played a role in protecting the mausoleum. Although it is dry most of the time now, it will still rain in the rainy season. According to records, Zhaoling Shenqiao was seriously damaged during Jiaqing period. Until the fifteenth year of Daoguang, the damage of this bridge was more serious and needed to be repaired urgently. However, due to the emptiness of the national treasury, we can't get the money for maintenance, so we have to delay it again and again. Therefore, it is not an easy task for this bridge to remain today.
Poor well
The Dipin well is in the west of Shenqiao, and it has already disappeared. Polyester well is a special well used for sacrifice. There is a well pavilion on the well. The well pavilion is quadrangular with a square opening in the center, so that the light can directly shine on the bottom of the well and the water level in the well can be clearly seen. Probably during the period of the Republic of China, Zhaoling was destroyed after offering sacrifices to sweep the grave, and now there are no architectural traces.
Stone arch
The stone archway is in front of Zheng Hongmen. The memorial archway is a typical building in Ming and Qing tombs, and it is the starting point of memorial ceremonies. That is to say, when the tomb owner enters the memorial archway, he enters the state of offering sacrifices and sweeping. In addition, the archway also plays the role of decorating the mausoleum and increasing the momentum. This stone workshop is a wood-like sculpture, about 15 meters high and about 14 meters long. There are four pillars, three rooms and three floors, rest peak, big ridge, vertical ridge, big kiss, beast, hanging beast, horizontal rafter, kanban, hook tile, bucket arch, forehead Fang, beam, fence and animal head. Many vivid floral patterns are also carved on the main ridge and upper and lower sides of the square. The most striking thing is the five pairs of stone lions (of which the north and the south are lions and the east and the west are enemies). They crouched on Mount Sumeru with their heads held high and their mouths open, lifelike and daunting. The whole stone workshop is carved and chiseled, and various carving techniques such as flat carving, round carving, relief carving and through carving are integrated in one furnace. Brute, vigorous and delicate knife cutting can really be said to be a giant "miracle" of stone carving art, which is rare in Liaoshen area. The construction time of this workshop is divided into two periods: the workshop was built in Shunzhi or Kangxi years; At that time, there were only three pairs of stone beasts (two pairs of lions and one pair of horses) at both ends of the stone square, while the two pairs of stone beasts before and after the central column were built in Jiaqing six years. At present, some information about Zhaoling claims that this visit was built in Jiaqing six years ago, because the time of rebuilding it was mistaken for the beginning of rebuilding. It should be corrected.
Zhenghongmen
Zhenghongmen is the main entrance to the mausoleum. Single eaves, backer style. The top is covered with yellow glazed tiles. Stone carvings, ice eaves and red walls, with three doors, are the only places where the Qing emperor resigned and entered the palace to pay homage to the monarch and his subjects. The surrounding walls are called red walls, also known as "red cities" or "feng shui walls", and the main buildings of the mausoleum surround its center. There are two doors on the east and west sides of the Feng Shui Wall, which are called Donghongmen and Xihongmen respectively. Both doors are arched portals, and the shape and practice of the doors are similar to that of Dahongmen, except that the knocker is hexagonal, and the lower part is equipped with sumeru pedestal and guardrail. The door is engraved with pine trees, clouds, sea water, rivers, Aquarius, lotus, lotus root and so on. Both Zheng Hongmen and Dongxihuongmen have their own strict usage rules: in the middle of Zheng Hongmen, there is a "sacred gate", which is the "sacred gate" of Emperor Taizong and Empress Xiao. This gate is closed on weekdays and only opened during big sacrifices, but only officers and men carrying sacrifices and sending prayer boards are allowed to enter the mausoleum through this gate, and no one else is allowed to pass through it, so people are very taboo about this gate. On the east side of Zhenghongmen, there is a door called Junmen, which is the door that the emperor walked when he came to pay homage to the mausoleum, and on the west side, there is a door called Chenmen, which is the door that the minister of the mausoleum went in and out. Donghongmen and Xihongmen are the gates used by Lingguan or Fufu. However, it does not fully meet this requirement in actual use. For example, the emperor did not go in and out from the monarch's door and the minister's door in front, but took the red door in the east and west. This may be due to the awe of ancestors. About 50 meters south of the deep bridge in front of Zheng Hong, there are dismounting signs on both sides, engraved with "officials are waiting to dismount here", which is a symbol of the noble status of the imperial mausoleum.
The road of the gods
To the north of Zhenghongmen, there are three straight stone slabs paved with stone slabs. The road connecting Shenmen in the middle is called Shen Dao, also called Shen Dao. Like Shenmen, it is the only way for the soul of the tomb owner to enter and leave the tomb. The so-called "Shinto" generally refers to the road opposite to the tomb in front of the tomb. Not only the imperial tomb is called Shinto, but also the Yong Dao built in front of the tomb is called Shinto. According to the Ming and Qing tombs system, Shinto has many restrictions. First of all, it is forbidden to directly see the Dragon Gate at the other end from this end of Shinto. In other words, there must be a building between Dahongmen and Longenmen, which means "Feng Shui" can be seen at a glance. This is because, in their view, the "Feng Shui" of Zuling directly affects the succession of the throne and the continuation of Long Mai, which is of great significance. Zhaoling Shinto is a pavilion built on Shinto, which plays the role of "feng shui" and can't be seen at a glance. Secondly, Shinto is as sacred as Shenmen. No one is allowed to walk around except the officers and men who bring sacrifices, wishes and silk during the big sacrifice.
Great monument buildings and monuments of divine power and virtue
The Great Monument Building, also known as the Monument Pavilion, is in the form of nine ridges and double eaves, with yellow glazed tiles on the top, cornices and arches, and colored paintings on eaves, columns, purlins and rafters. There are red walls on all sides and an arched door on each side. The lower part of the pavilion is a square abutment with steps (steps) on all sides. In the center of the pavilion stands a Yong "Immortal Merit Monument of Zhaoling in Qing Dynasty". This monument is 6.67m high, 5.45m high, 0.76m wide and 0.7 1 m thick. The head of the monument is a "mosquito faucet", which consists of six hoses coiled together. In the center of the head of the monument is the "opening part", on which are engraved nine Chinese characters, namely Manchu and Chinese seal scripts. The pedestal is a dragon with a length of 4.67m, a height of L. 1 1m and a width of1.9 m. The shape of a dragon is a dragon head, four legs and a tail. It is said to be one of the nine sons of the dragon. It is extremely powerful and good at carrying loads, so it is chosen to carry a tablet computer. All the tombs of emperors and queens are borne by them. The part below the dragon nest is called "underground", which is actually the foundation base. Haihe Cliff (also called Shoushan Fuhai) is carved on the ground. Every corner of the ground is carved with four kinds of aquatic animals, namely fish, turtle, shrimp and crab. It is said that the reason why these aquatic animals are used to decorate the sacred monument of divine power is because the emperor is the so-called "real dragon emperor" and is the embodiment of the dragon, and the dragon is the master of the sea, and the shrimp soldiers and crabs will be the most loyal "bodyguards" of the dragon. Therefore, it is natural to rely on them to serve the emperor-the real dragon emperor. On the front of the monument (that is, "Beiyang"), the inscription is engraved in Manchu and Chinese, with Manchu on the right and Chinese on the left, with a total of 18 10 Chinese characters, which is a high generalization and praise of the martial arts of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty. According to textual research, the inscription on the tablet of Shengde in Zhaoling was drafted by a bachelor and written by Gu Zuo, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, who was a famous calligrapher at that time. Its stone tablet was collected from Shuntianfu, Hebei, thousands of miles away, and the stone tablet weighed100000 Jin. Xialong is also carved from a whole stone blank, weighing as much as a monument. Others, such as the stone blank of the monument, are also very heavy. It is said that it took ten years to transport these huge stone blanks to Shengjing. The great monument building is the most sacred place in the imperial tomb.
Long 'en Gate and Fangcheng
Longenmen is the main entrance of Fangcheng. It is a square table masonry structure with an arched doorway. There is a stone door on the top of the door, and the three Chinese characters "Long En Men" are engraved vertically on the door. The face of the ticket is stone carving with moire on it, and there are patterns such as pine and stone in the alkaline part. There are two wooden doors in the middle of the door, which are covered with iron sheets and locked with door bars. There is an original "Danhui" paved with blue bricks in front of the door, which is the place where officials pay homage. There is a gatehouse at the top of Long 'en Gate, commonly known as "Wufengbao", which is the tallest building in Zhaoling. This building has three floors and the roof is built on the hill. In the middle of the ridge, there is an original gourd baked with glass and reinforced with four gold bars. These gold chains (actually plated with copper and gold), commonly known as "Jiangshan Wandai", disappeared during the Republic of China. Fangcheng is 20 feet 3 feet 3 inches high and 79 feet in circumference. It is made of blue bricks, and there are cribs (hidden openings) and female walls on the east, west and south sides. A wall is built in the north, and there are "paths" on both sides of the door for going up and down. The road is 5.4 meters wide, paved with blue bricks, and the road surface inclines from outside to inside. There are turrets in the four corners of the city, with two floors, both of which are one room, with yellow glazed tile roof, treasure gourd in the middle of the big ridge, wind chimes hanging under the four arch corners, and colorful paintings decorated inside and outside. It is said that Fangcheng is the epitome of Shengjing. It is a typical feudal castle with tight doors and numerous streams.
Long' en temple
Long 'en Temple, also known as "Enjoy the Temple", is a place where the tomb owners Taizong, Huang Taiji and Empress Xiaowen are sacrificed. Chongde was founded in August of the eighth year. In November of the seventh year of Shunzhi, it was named "Long 'en Hall" and a plaque was hung at the same time. After 30 years' reconstruction in Kangxi, this hall is now a one-story building with corridors and yellow glazed tile roofs. There is no ceiling in the hall, and the beam is exposed and painted on it. This practice is the architectural feature of the early Qing Dynasty. At the back of the temple, there is a big warm pavilion covered with yellow satin, which contains a sacred bed, curtains, Huang Yun satin pillows and bedding. In addition, there is a small NuanGe in NuanGe for the memorial tablets of Emperor Taizong and Empress Xiao. The Hall of Long En was built on a huge stone platform, six feet high and thirty-six feet four feet two inches in circumference. The abutment is sumitomo-style, with hooks around it. There are steps on the front, and a huge pen stone with a length of 5.5 meters and a width of nearly two meters is carved with the patterns of "Shoushan Fuhai" and "Dragon and Phoenix Albizia Albizia". Sumitomo's base design can be divided into six layers from top to bottom, and the order is Julian pattern, continuous rolling pattern, lotus petal upper owl, rolled leaf flower waist, lotus petal lower owl and lip floret lower owl. Fence, column, Aquarius cloud arch, stigma, drum stone and other parts are carefully carved, with creeping weed, rolled leaf flower, pomegranate flower and other patterns, which are smooth and free. It is another large-scale stone carving art treasure besides the stone archway in Zhaoling. Another unique feature of this abutment is that it is paved with many precious stones. It is rare and valuable to use "jade and stone worship" only when offering sacrifices. In the tombs of the Qing Dynasty, it is probably unique and second to none to build Zhaoling with these gems, which is a major feature of Zhaoling and also shows the infinite reverence of the heirs and rulers to the founding emperors Taizong and Huang Taiji.
Dongxi hall
The East Annex Hall is in the east wing of Long 'en Hall. The roof of the hall is leaning against the mountain, covered with yellow glazed tiles, surrounded by corridors, three rooms wide and two rooms deep, and there is a low stone base under it. Doors, windows and beams are decorated with cinnabar oil. The original small warm pavilion and throne in the temple are vital places in Zhaoling. Its main purposes are as follows: 1. To store the Fu-shaped board. Before the annual sacrifice ceremony, Shengjing Ritual Department will send bamboo boards and silks to Zhaoling and store them in the East Annex Hall the day before the big sacrifice ceremony. The second is to store shrines instead of Long 'en Temple. When the Long 'en Hall needs to be repaired and painted, the East Attached Hall will temporarily replace the Long 'en Hall to worship the "God Brand" of Emperor Taizong and Empress Xiao. The west wing is in the west wing of Long En Hall. The architectural form is exactly the same as that of the East Attached Pavilion. This place is where the lamas recite the scriptures at the ceremony of "No Day". At that time, Xipeidian was never used for other purposes except as a place for Buddhist sacrifices.
Burning pavilion
The silk burning pavilion, also known as "Liao furnace" or silk burning furnace, is located in the southwest of Long 'en Hall. This is a small pavilion-style building carved with white marble. It is about three meters high, square, and its side length is 1.5 meters. It has a roof built on the mountain, and there is a flame sphere in the middle of the big ridge. The lower part of the exhibition hall is Sumitomo, which is carved with various patterns. This pavilion is a place where boards, silk, colored paper, gold foil, silver foil and other sacrifices are burned during the big sacrifice.
Double-column door and stone altar
The two-pillar gate is behind Long 'en Temple, also known as "Tian Chong Arch" and "Phototypesetting". At the door is a room with a glazed tile roof and a square stone pillar on each side. There are drum-hugging stones before and after the stone pillars. There is a wooden door between the two stone pillars, which is closed all the year round. Behind the pilaster gate, the stone altar is 10 feet, 8 feet, 6 inches long, 5 feet wide and 4 feet high. It is carved out of white marble, engraved with Sumitomo shapes and various patterns. There are five stone carvings on the altar: a censer in the middle, a pair of perfume bottles and a pair of candlesticks on both sides. This altar is a place where emperors or princes who sacrificed in the Gong Dynasty mourned and offered drinks.
Daming building
Daming Building, also known as "Ming Building", is located at the north gate of Fangcheng. The building is a nine-ridge, hill-leaning roof with seven steps on the upper eaves and five steps on the lower eaves, all of which are painted with a cross-shaped dome. There are semi-circular arches on all sides, and the lower part is a square abutment, and the abutment is stepped (stepped) on all sides. There is a plaque on the front eaves, and the word "Zhaoling" is written in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese. There is a white marble monument in the Ming building, which is about six meters high. The head of the monument is a dragon head, and the word "Zhaoling" is engraved in the middle of the opening. The inscription "Emperor Taizong's Mausoleum" is also a Manchu-Mongolian-Chinese three-body. Daming Pagoda, the tallest building in Zhaoling, has been hit by thunder and fire several times in history. The most serious one was May 29th, the fourth year of the Puppet Manchukuo (1936), when the whole Ming building was almost destroyed by thunder and fire. The sacred stone tablet was also damaged by thunder and fire, with incomplete ornamentation and cracks in its body, so it had to be reinforced with two iron hoops. The current Daming Building was rebuilt by 1939.
Yueyacheng
Crescent City is behind Daming Building, and it is named "Crescent City" because it looks like a crescent. The city is two feet seven inches high (slightly lower than Fangcheng) and has a circumference of twenty-seven feet seven feet. Colored glass is embedded in the north wall of the entrance of the Ming-style building arch. Crescent City is a special space between Fangcheng and Baocheng in the layout of the mausoleum building. The trails here are used to go up and down Fangcheng and Baocheng.
Baocheng, Baoding and Underground Palace
Baocheng is semicircular, with a height of 20 feet, 3 feet and 8 inches and a circumference of 6 1 foot, also known as "luoquan Wall". It is made of blue bricks with a symbolic crib and a female wall. There are also facilities such as "Lotus Leaf Bottle" to remove stagnant water. The mound in the middle of Baocheng is called Baoding, also called "Dulong House". It is twenty feet high and thirty-three feet in circumference. It is compacted with concrete (lime, sand and loess). The underground palace is the "heart" part of the mausoleum, under the top of the treasure. History has proved that the bodies of Huang Taiji and Xiao Duanwen were cremated, and only the urn was buried in the underground palace. An elm tree named "Shenyu" was planted on the top of Baoding Mountain, which was a move of Yongling.
Longyeshan
Long Ye Mountain is behind Baocheng. This mountain is an artificially accumulate earth mountain. It is 115 feet long and 6 feet high. Drive due south and due north. This mountain was piled up in the eighth year of Shunzhi. In the same year, it was named Long Ye Mountain. Long Ye was built for the need of geomantic omen. According to the ancient Kanyu thought, a good land of geomantic omen should at least have the conditions of "swamp in front and shelter behind". After nearly 300 years of wind and rain erosion, Long Ye Mountain has been much lower, but it still has its own characteristics on the overall layout of Zhaoling.
Shi xiangsheng
The stone statues of Zhaoling were born in the seventh year of Shunzhi and placed on both sides of Shinto. They are stone lion, stone lion, stone unicorn, stone horse, stone camel and stone elephant, collectively referred to as "stone elephant" or "stone group". Under the stone beast, there is Sumi, which is 1 m high, 2.7 m long and 1.5 m wide. The base is carved with brocade patterns, and an ancient coin is stuck on each corner. Shi Xiangsheng's function is to decorate the mausoleum, and it is also a symbol of etiquette. Shi Xiangsheng's usage system was strictly regulated in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was a symbol of feudal hierarchy.
Decorative pillars erected in front of palaces, tombs, etc.
Huabiao has other names, such as "Optimus Prime" and "Wan Yunzhu". The watchtower of Zhaolinghua is about eight meters high and more than one and a half meters in circumference. Its structure consists of base, column, cloud plate, ceiling, column top, guardrail and other parts. Its main purpose is to decorate and enrich the contents of the mausoleum building, making it more verve and luxurious. There are three China watches in Zhaoling, one outside Zhenghongmen, not far from Ma Xia Monument, one in front of Shi Xiangsheng and one in front of Shengde Monument Pavilion. Huabiao has a long history and is said to have evolved from ancient "slandering wood".