Genghis Khan (1162-1227) was an outstanding military strategist of the Mongolian ethnic group in my country, the founding monarch of Mongolia, and a famous military commander. His first name was Temujin, his surname was Bo'er Zhijin, he was from the Qiyan clan, and he was a Mongolian. The Yuan Dynasty caught up with the temple name Taizu.
Genghis Khan was born into a Mongolian noble family. Around 1170, his father Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars. Yesugei's widow Yuelun led Temujin and his younger brothers through several years of difficult life. The difficult and dangerous experiences in his youth cultivated Temujin's perseverance and bravery. After the death of the Mongolian leader Kudura Khan, most of the Mongolian tribes were under the control of Jamukha. Temujin took refuge with Jamukha and followed him as a nomad. Temujin won over people's hearts and attracted people, and finally broke away from Jamuka and established his own Orudo. Around the 1280s, Temujin proclaimed himself Khan. Jamuka led 13 tribes including Zadalan and Taichiwu to attack. Temujin divided his troops into 13 wings to fight. However, they were defeated due to lack of strength. This is known as the Battle of Thirteen Wings in history. In 1196, Temujin and Klebtuli Khan sent troops and funds to defeat the Tatars at the Orizha River (now the Ulji River in Eastern Province, Mongolia). Jin awarded Temujin the official position of Chawuhulu (minister), and made Tuoli Khan the king (Tuoli was called King Khan from then on, and was mistakenly called Wang Han). Temujin and Wang Khan joined forces to attack the ancient Naiman tribe. On the way back, they met the Naiman headquarters again. Seeing that the enemy was strong, Wang Khan retreated without warning, leaving Temujin under the front of the Naiman army. After Temujin found out, he quickly withdrew his troops and returned to his pastureland, Salichuan (to the west of the upper reaches of the Kherulun River in present-day Mongolia). Instead, Wang Khan was exposed to the enemy. King Khan was defeated. Because there were many Mongolian tribesmen at Wang Khan's place, Temujin was afraid that they would be annexed by the Naiman and would be detrimental to him, so he sent the four heroes Borshu, Muhuali, Borhu, and Chilaowen to lead troops to rescue them. King Khan drove back the barbarians. Temujin was good at taking advantage of conflicts in tribal wars, manipulating both sides and sides, and gradually got rid of his subordinate status to Wang Khan. From 1201 to 1202, Temujin and Wang Khan joined forces and won the battle with the Jamuka Alliance (the Tatar, Naiman and other tribal alliances), and Jamuka surrendered to Wang Khan. In 1202, Temujin destroyed four Tatar tribes, occupied the Hulunbuir Plateau, and his strength increased sharply. In 1203, Wang Khan launched a surprise attack on Temujin, and Temujin was defeated and retreated to the north of the Halekha River. Soon, Temujin took advantage of King Khan's unpreparedness and made a surprise attack on King Khan's tent, killing the Klei tribe. In the same year, Wang Gu's tribe also surrendered to Temujin. In 1204, Temujin destroyed Oruduo of the Naiman Sun Khan and became the largest ruler on the Mongolian Plateau.
In 1206, Temujin held the Khuritai Conference at the source of the Onan River (now the Enen River in Mongolia), which was the Great Khan of Mongolia, named Genghis Khan. In the early days of Mongolia, Genghis Khan divided and fixed Mongolian herdsmen into 95 thousand households. Thousand households are divided into hundreds and ten households. The Qianhu Nayans were all vassals of Genghis Khan. The herdsmen within each Qianhu group could not leave the Qianhu organization at will and had a personal affiliation with the Nayans. Genghis Khan distributed some of the thousands of households as subjects to his brothers and disciples, forming kings on his left and right hands. Muhuali and Borshu were also appointed as the two largest military commanders of Wanhu Nayan. Expand the Qixue (imperial guard) to 10,000 people, and recruit the children of Nayan from thousands of households, the heads of hundreds of households, and the heads of ten households to serve as Qixue, so as to control the whole country. Zhaluhuchi was appointed to be in charge of administrative and judicial affairs such as household registration, litigation and so on. The Khanate of Genghis Khan was a nomadic military feudal state machine developed by Orudo, a traditional steppe noble. After the establishment of Mongolia, a large number of the original tribal population were divided into different households. The boundaries of many tribes were thus eliminated, and a unified Mongolian nation began to form. Genghis Khan played a positive historical role in this. The neighboring Gilijisi, Uighur, and Haralu tribes surrendered to Genghis Khan in 1207, 1209, and 1211 respectively.
The prosperous Mongolian nobles are eager to possess large amounts of wealth. Genghis Khan invaded Xixia three times in 1205, 1207 and 1209. Xixia had no choice but to accept her daughter and ask for peace. In 1211, he led an army south to attack Jin Dynasty. In 1215, the Mongolian army occupied Zhongdu, eliminated the Jin garrison in western Liaoning, and captured Beijing (in the west of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia today). In 1218, Xiliao was destroyed. In 1219, Genghis Khan led an army of 200,000 to the west and launched a war of aggression against Khwarezm. He advanced troops in several directions, divided and surrounded various strategic towns, and defeated them one by one. He used cruel methods such as large-scale massacres, razing cities, and issuing prisoners to lead the charge to frighten the enemy and relieve his own worries. The initiative on the battlefield lies entirely with Mongolia. In 1219, the Mongolian army besieged the city of Nandala and captured it the following year.
In 1220, Genghis Khan captured Bukhwara, Khwarazm's new capital Samalgan (today's Samarkand, Uzbekistan) and other cities. Jochi, Ogedai, and Chagatai led their troops to capture Khwarazm's capital Yulong. Jiechi (now Urgench, Turkmenistan), dragged an army into the Khorasan area. Zhebie and Subotai, on the orders of Genghis Khan, pursued the ruler of Khwarezm, Maha Moshuatuan, who fled to an isolated island in the Caspian Sea and died of illness. Jebie and Subutai led their troops to continue their westward invasion, reaching as far as the Crimean Peninsula. In 1221, Tolei occupied the entire territory of Khorasan. Genghis Khan pursued Xinsuanzhalanding to the Indus River, but returned without capture. In 1222, Daruhuachi was placed in charge of the occupied areas. In 1223, he also spread sesame seeds and stayed in the winter, and set off to return to the country the next year. Genghis Khan's western expedition carried out massacres and destruction rare in history, which brought great disaster to all ethnic groups in Central Asia. In 1226, Genghis Khan went to Xixia. Xixia died the next year. On the twelfth day of the seventh lunar month in 1227, Genghis Khan died of illness. Before his death, he proposed the strategy of uniting with the Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Dynasty. Queen Bortai gave birth to four sons: the eldest son Shuchi, the ancestor of the Khans of the Kipchak Khanate; the second son Chagatai, the ancestor of the Khans of the Chagatai Khanate; the third son Ogedai, the second in Mongolia The Great Khan (Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty); the fourth son Tuo Lei, his descendants are the royal family of the Yuan Dynasty and the Il Khanate. Queen Hulan gave birth to a son, Kuo Liejian, whose descendants entered the Yuan Dynasty and were granted the title of King of Hejian.
Genghis Khan unified all Mongolian tribes and played a progressive role in history. Conquering the Jin Dynasty and destroying the Xia Dynasty laid the foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. He has excellent military ability. Strategically, he attaches great importance to uniting the distant and attacking the near, and strives to avoid making too many enemies. The use of troops pays attention to tactics such as detailed exploration of the enemy's situation, division and encirclement, long-range surprise attacks, feigning retreat to lure the enemy, and annihilating the enemy on the move. It is known in history as "profound and broad, and the use of troops is like a god." On the other hand, the battle was characterized by barbarism and cruelty, with large-scale massacres of residents and destruction of towns and fields, which were very destructive. In the 13th century, the major feudal countries experienced serious social crises, which provided favorable conditions for Genghis Khan to carry out large-scale military expansion.
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