6. 1 realistic limitations and constraints of the protection of ancient villages in Foshan
Judging from the 95 ancient villages in Foshan investigated in this book, there are two main problems, namely hollowing out and constructive destruction. This actually reflects that the original inhabitants of the ancient village abandoned the whole of the ancient village in form, or destroyed the ancient village in a fragmented way. In essence, they reflect the attitude of the original inhabitants of ancient villages towards ancient villages, which is still the mainstream at least at present, and reflect the residents' understanding of the resource value of ancient villages and their choice of future destiny. In view of this, it can be said objectively that the protection, inheritance, activation and upgrading of ancient villages still have the essential absence of subject. Behind this subject vacancy are many complicated practical limitations and constraints such as legal system, management, planning, capital, education and technology.
6. 1. 1 legal factors
(1) Rural land policy lags behind.
Foshan implements the national policy of "one household, one house" in rural areas, and lacks flexible adjustment mechanism according to local conditions. "The foundation of the old house is not demolished, but the foundation of the new house is not approved", which objectively contradicts the villagers' requirements for improving living conditions, resulting in the villagers in ancient villages having to demolish the old house to build a new house. Coupled with the lack of flexible adjustment mechanism according to local conditions, the lack of control over the height, shape, volume and color of new buildings, uncoordinated new buildings stand out in many traditional ancient villages, seriously destroying the traditional style and architectural culture and artistic atmosphere of ancient villages. The negative effect of "one household, one house" land policy on the protection of ancient villages in Foshan is universal, especially in villages (towns) and near villages (towns). For example, Wanhua Village in Shiwan Town, Chancheng District, Yizan Village in Xingtan Town, Shunde District, Yanqiao Village in Jiuqi Town, Nanhai District, Cixiang Village in Baini Town, Sanshui District, Piangang Village in Yanghe Town, Gaoming District, etc. Most of these villages are well preserved, but due to the contradiction between the current land policy and housing demand, the villagers have to demolish old houses and build modern new buildings, which has seriously damaged the traditional features of the villages.
(2) Imperfect laws and regulations
The ancient villages in Foshan have the characteristics, attributes and values of cultural relics, but they are often between "cultural relics" and "non-cultural relics". The National Cultural Relics Protection Law only protects the cultural relics protection units in the village, but does not include the whole village in the protection category. At present, there are no other laws to protect ancient villages, and Foshan City has not issued relevant local regulations for ancient villages. As a result, a large number of ancient villages that are not listed or should not be listed and cannot be included in the scope of cultural relics protection face the lack of laws and regulations, and it is difficult to effectively supervise and punish sabotage. This kind of situation can be seen everywhere in Foshan's ancient villages, such as the oyster shell residence at No.3 Lane 4, South Street, Wanhua Village, Shiwan Town, Chancheng District, and the Chinese-Western residence at No.3 Lane 5, Woxiufang, all of which have high historical value. However, because it is not a cultural relic, it has been abandoned or arbitrarily transformed, and the protection prospect is not optimistic.
6. 1.2 management factors
(1) Lack of coordination between management departments.
Due to the adjustment of administrative divisions and the cross-border landscape system, the environmental management authority around the village is complex, and there is no normal communication and cooperation mechanism between departments, so it is difficult to promote the protection work. For example, the environment and water quality control of rivers around the village, the excavation and construction of mountains around the village, etc. , often involving multiple administrative subjects and management departments. Various departments have different understandings of the value of these rivers and mountains in ancient villages and lack of coordination, which makes it difficult to effectively control and supervise the destruction. For example, in Li Bian Village, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, due to the lack of coordination among the cultural relics department, the planning department and the transportation department, the wind pool in front of the village was eroded by the expressway built, and the landscape environment and overall pattern of the village were greatly damaged.
(2) Managers lack professional knowledge.
Managers at the township level in Foshan are relatively lacking in knowledge about the value of historical and cultural heritage of ancient villages and the protection of heritage, which makes it impossible to carry out heritage protection more actively and effectively to some extent. The phenomenon of one-sided innovation in the village, the use of new materials and technologies inconsistent with historical features, caused protective damage and failed to intervene in time. For example, Yanqiao Village, Jiujiang Town, Nanhai District, Wangxi Village, Southwest Street, Sanshui District, Longyan Village, Liu Le Town, Shunde District, etc., local managers have no clear understanding of what should and should not be protected, and even have the mentality of "seeking novelty and seeking difference", which leads to protective damage to buildings.
(3) insufficient protection funds
At present, the investment in the protection of ancient villages in Foshan mainly depends on national and local financial allocations, and the investment in social capital lacks guidance and policy incentives. The single source of protection funds leads to insufficient protection funds for ancient villages in many areas, and even becomes a financial burden for local governments. This is a thorny issue reflected by every village in this survey. For example, the traditional style and pattern of Li Bian Village in Shishan Town, Nanhai District are well preserved, and the location has the conditions for tourism development. However, due to the shortage of protection funds, imperfect infrastructure and serious hollowing out, only a few old people are left guarding the ancient village, and the village is dying and disappearing.
(4) Lack of protection and incentive mechanism
The incentive mechanism to improve people's enthusiasm for protection in Foshan is still generally insufficient. Most ancient villages did not establish the incentive mechanism for the renovation and activation of traditional houses, and failed to reward the reasonable protection and activation, which made the villagers lack enthusiasm for the protection and rational use of houses, and the phenomenon of vacant houses and unreasonable use was widespread. This situation is common in the protection of ancient villages in Foshan, even in Feng Jian Village of Xingtan Town in Shunde District and Bijiang Village of Beijiao Town, which are well protected and utilized. The main streets and lanes in the village and the surface buildings on both sides of the river have been well protected and utilized, but there are often a large number of reinforced concrete buildings in the streets and lanes. The main reason is the lack of more effective incentive mechanism for the protection and activation of traditional houses.
6. 1.3 planning factors
(1) Lack of protection and development planning
In this survey, less than 10% of the villages have made protection and development plans for traditional villages, and most of the ancient villages have not yet made protection plans, and the historical buildings of villages have not been recognized and registered, which makes the cultural heritage of important buildings in villages unable to be included in the scope of normative protection in time, and the village pattern and style are difficult to protect and control, resulting in damage caused by improper construction. In particular, the villages with high protection value, such as Kongjia Village in Luoge, nanzhuang town, Biyun Village in Xiqiao Town, Nanhai District, Yanqiao Village in Jiujiang Town, Nanhai District, Dushugang Village in leping town, Sanshui District, are difficult to carry out development, construction and supervision in an orderly and effective manner due to the lack of guidance and control of protection and development planning.
(2) Traditional architecture lacks guidelines for protection and utilization.
In the villages that have formulated the protection and development plans of traditional villages, most of the plans do not provide specific protection and utilization guidelines for the historical and traditional buildings of villages. Therefore, in the process of protection and implementation, because most ancient villages did not formulate the relevant regulations on the protection and utilization of traditional buildings in advance to guide and restrain them, people were very arbitrary in the reuse of traditional buildings, which led to the destruction of historical authenticity. For example, in some traditional houses along the river in Feng Jian Village, Xingtan Town, Shunde District, the original entrances and exits of buildings were gables perpendicular to the river or in the roadway on one side of the river. In order to do business, villagers opened a wide and large storefront on the wall of the river at will, which caused great interference and destruction to the original landscape environment along the river.
(3) "multi-head planning"
The historical and cultural protection and rural development of Foshan ancient villages involve many administrative departments. Departments often make corresponding special plans according to their own work needs, such as tourism planning, beautiful countryside planning, famous village construction planning, traditional village protection and development planning, etc. There is no overall arrangement, which leads to duplication and conflict in planning content and implementation, which wastes resources and causes irreparable damage and loss to ancient villages. For example, Feng Jian Village, Xingtan Town, Shunde District, and Bijiang Village, Beirong Town have all compiled tourism plans and traditional village protection and development plans. However, there are many repetitions and contradictions in the contents of the two plans, especially the differences in the evaluation and identification methods of the transformation and utilization of traditional buildings, which have caused certain difficulties for the planning and implementation of the management department.
6. 1.4 technical factors
With the decrease of the number of new houses built by villagers with traditional technology and the aging of traditional craftsmen, traditional building technology
(1) The inheritance crisis of traditional building technology and craft is facing a serious inheritance crisis. Many villages in Foshan have been unable to find craftsmen who are familiar with the construction technology, material formula and technological process of traditional buildings, which has brought technical difficulties to the maintenance and repair of traditional buildings. For example, Feng Jian Village in Xingtan Town, Shunde District, and Bijiang Village in Beijiao Town all reflect that there are too few traditional craftsmen and traditional architectural skills are disappearing, which makes the repair cost of traditional buildings rise and further increases the pressure on local governments and residents to protect traditional houses.
(2) the way of protection and utilization is single
At present, the protection and utilization goals of many ancient villages in Foshan are unclear. No matter how inadequate the economy, transportation and surrounding resources are, they all copy the development models of other villages, relying on the establishment of museums and tourism development, and the business model fails to meet the historical and cultural values of the villages themselves. The convergence of patterns leads to the disappearance of characteristics, and even destroys the historical information of villages due to excessive commercialization, making sustainable protection and development unsustainable. For example, Daqitou Village in Sanshui mainly relies on museum protection, while Feng Jian Village in Xingtan Town mainly relies on river courses to develop cruise projects, and relies on cross-strait houses to independently operate souvenirs and snack bars. A diversified and integrated sustainable utilization system has not yet been formed, and the deep excavation and exploration of the protection and utilization of traditional buildings is slightly insufficient.
6.2 protection suggestions
6.2. 1 property right reform and improvement of laws and regulations
(1) actively explore the reform of traditional housing property rights system.
In view of the contradiction between the current rural land policy and ancient villages and their cultural protection, it is suggested that Foshan actively explore the land resource policy of ancient villages and the reform of traditional residential property rights system, and carry out the pilot reform of traditional residential property rights system. Encourage "people live in the village and protect the village with people", appropriately adjust the land policy of new houses in ancient villages, and fundamentally solve the contradiction between protected traditional buildings and farmers' demand for new houses. Then adjust and modify the parts of the current land laws and regulations that are not suitable for protecting ancient villages and their cultures.
(2) Introduce local laws or regulations on the protection of ancient villages.
In view of the fact that the current Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics can't fully cover and adapt to the protection of ancient villages, it is suggested that Foshan Municipal Government, with the participation of Foshan Housing and Construction Bureau, Urban and Rural Planning Bureau, Agriculture Bureau, Land and Resources Bureau, Culture Bureau, Tourism Bureau and other relevant departments, should study and formulate a special local regulation or the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient Villages in Foshan as soon as possible, so as to bring the protection of ancient villages in Foshan into a legal and standardized track.
6.22 Perfect system and intelligent management
(1) Strengthen the construction of organizational guarantee system.
It is suggested to set up a management committee for the protection of historic and cultural towns (villages), and on the basis of this committee, set up a joint working organization covering different levels and different objects, such as leading collective, functional departments, expert teams and operators, that is, the leading group or headquarters for the protection of ancient villages. At the same time, it is necessary to further emphasize the responsibilities of governments at all levels and departments of cultural protection, planning, housing construction, land and tourism in the protection and utilization of ancient villages, clarify the division of functions of various departments, cooperate with each other, integrate forces, comprehensively coordinate, study and solve major problems in the promotion, effectively strengthen the organization and implementation and daily supervision and guidance of the protection and utilization of ancient villages, and implement the protection and utilization of ancient villages.
(2) Strengthen the publicity and education on the protection of ancient villages.
Carry out publicity and education on ancient villages and their cultural protection, improve the quality of citizens and encourage citizens to participate in protection. Governments at all levels should educate and train relevant managers in regional culture and history, enhance their sense of responsibility, mission and management ability, and incorporate the sustainable development protection of ancient villages and their cultures into the overall planning of new rural construction, so as to make cultural heritage protection and new rural economic development interactive and win-win. For example, Bijiang Village, Beizhen Town, Shunde District, occasionally invites professionals from all walks of life such as universities, government departments and non-governmental organizations to hold Lingnan cultural theme salons in Bijiang Jinlou.
(3) Strengthen the hierarchical management of protection and utilization.
The ancient villages in Foshan should adhere to the organic combination of protection and development and utilization. On the basis of protection, cultural tourism projects and traditional industrial projects should be moderately developed by using their unique resources to form a virtuous circle of protection, renovation and development. It is suggested that the protection and utilization of ancient villages should be divided into four levels according to their development potential and protection value. First, the key protected ancient villages with great potential and value mainly refer to all the key protected villages of the provincial government, including the newly assessed ones. It is suggested that the main goal is to form provincial-level ancient villages and shape the brand of protection and utilization of regional ancient villages, which will be implemented by provinces and relevant cities (districts). Two, only need normal protection of ancient villages with general display potential and value, mainly refers to the ancient villages with certain historical and cultural values and characteristics. It is suggested that the formation of ancient villages with local characteristics should be the main goal, and the relevant municipal (district) and town governments should jointly implement protection and development. Third, low-potential and low-value villages need active protection, which mainly refers to those ancient villages that have little overall texture and architectural style, but still have rich historical connotation and local characteristics in immaterialization. Focus on the protection of intangible cultural heritage, pay attention to the inheritance of local traditional culture, traditional skills or folk customs and the continuation of the cultural memory of ancient villages, and stimulate the vitality of ancient villages. At the same time, strengthen tourism development management, establish a comprehensive evaluation management system for commercial tourism development projects in ancient villages, clarify the effective balance between protection and utilization, and gradually guide consumer tourism to develop in the direction of protective tourism.
(4) Explore multi-channel and multi-type financial support measures.
Actively explore and promote subsidies, interest-free loans, discount loans and other ways to fully support the protection of traditional houses and infrastructure construction. The people's governments of all districts in Foshan should integrate all kinds of agriculture-related funds into traditional villages in China, and encourage local rural sages and entrepreneurs to return home and relevant social forces to participate in the protection of traditional villages through various channels such as donation, investment and leasing.
(5) Improve the traditional building maintenance management system.
For the maintenance and protection of traditional buildings, it is necessary to make full use of the maintenance technology and technical force created by traditional folk buildings, formulate technical standards and maintenance quality control systems suitable for the maintenance of local ancient villages and buildings, and solve the problem that some protected ancient village buildings are "looking at rotten houses and are not qualified to repair, and are not qualified to repair". At the same time, establish an incentive mechanism for the renovation and activation of traditional houses, reward the reasonable protection and activation behavior, and stimulate the enthusiasm of villagers to participate in the protection and rational utilization of houses.
6.2.3 Plan ahead and strengthen the connection.
(1) master plan, strengthen contact.
On the basis of the existing traditional village protection and development plan, the municipal planning department will organize the preparation of the overall plan for the protection and development of traditional villages within the city, further clarify the principles, contents, requirements and overall framework of the protection of traditional villages in the city, and strengthen planning control. Construction Bureau, Wenguang New Bureau and other relevant departments carry out special research, formulate guidelines suitable for the protection and utilization of traditional villages and buildings in the region, speed up the training of professional maintenance teams, and realize the scientific, professional and characteristic protection of traditional villages and buildings. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the connection of various special plans, make overall arrangements for all kinds of capital investment, and avoid conflicts and waste of resources in the process of planning implementation.
(2) the implementation of protection and development planning.
Actively carry out the planning for the protection and development of traditional villages, and build a protection system for core protection areas, construction control areas and environmental coordination areas. Control the volume, height, color and form of new buildings, and the development and construction behavior must meet the requirements of protection and development planning. At the same time, we should explore a more suitable protection planning and utilization model for Foshan, grasp its individual characteristics and value connotation, highlight the regional cultural adaptability of planning, and realize the protection and development of "one village, one policy".
6.24 Systematic research and cultivation of craftsmen
(1) Carry out academic research
It is suggested to set up a considerable number of ancient village research projects, fully integrate and utilize the scientific research resources and strength of domestic related disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects, carry out multi-disciplinary, multi-faceted and multi-perspective research, explore new fields of cultural heritage research, sum up the experience of ancient village culture research and protection, and provide theoretical support for the effective protection and utilization of Foshan ancient villages.
(2) Explore the protection and utilization mode suitable for the local area.
Based on the ancient village of Foshan itself, combined with the cultural characteristics, natural environment, location, transportation and economic foundation of the village, we should choose reasonable ways of protection and utilization, such as villagers' participation, museum style and integration of surrounding resources.
(3) Training craftsmen