2. Champion: This title also appeared in the Tang Dynasty (see "Tang Yan" Volume III "Xie En"). A Qing and Qian Daxin wrote in Volume 10 "No.1 Scholar" of "Ten Lectures on Raising Children": "The No.1 Scholar is called the No.1 Scholar, which began in the Tang Dynasty and remains the same today." In the middle Tang Dynasty, I used to call myself the number one scholar, and later I called myself the number one scholar. In the Song Dynasty, the champion was called the champion at first, and later it was called the champion according to the custom of the Tang Dynasty. The second and third place were sometimes called the champion (Volume 10 of Ten New Records of Yang Zhai). It was not until the early years of the Ming Dynasty that the imperial court clearly stipulated that the "champion" was the proper name of the champion. "The History of the Ming Dynasty", Volume 70, Selected Two, said: "The Emperor personally remonstrated with the imperial court, which was called the imperial court trial, also known as palace examination. Divide it once, twice and three times. Only three people are stopped in one armor, saying that they are the first and the second, and the flowers are given to Jinshi and. ..... The names of the champion, the second place and the flower exploration are also determined by the system. "
3. List yuan: the top scholar in the Tang Dynasty, sometimes called list yuan. According to Fan Li's "Friends in Yunxi", in the second year of Tang Wenzong (837), Gao Kai, assistant minister of rites, returned to China to pay tribute, and the best poet in the province was Li Jun, the imperial clan. "It is a list based on meta-sum. "Notes of the Tang Dynasty Yuquanzi" also records: "Zhao Lu and Ding Leng were released from the list to pay tribute to the Prime Minister. When they are released from the list, they are easily influenced, so they should be carefully examined. "The admission list of Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty is written and posted in yellow paper, which is called" list post "and" yellow list "and" golden list ". The first name "Bangyuan" is synonymous with "champion".
4. Champion (prefix): This is the title of the first scholar in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, which is synonymous with Bangyuan. In the Song Dynasty, Jinshi was originally a provincial examination of the state government and the Ministry of Rites. The first place in the provincial examination is the "champion", also known as "Nangong Kui". In the sixth year of Emperor Taizu's reign (973), palace examination was added. Since then, the first place among the scholars has been collectively referred to as the number one scholar (see Bianjing Relics, Volume 12, Song General Catalogue). According to Meng Qian Bi Tan, Song Renzong Jiayou was six years old (106 1), palace examination and Wang Anshi were appointed as detailed officials, and none of them won the first place in the first and second examinations. Don't take one person as the "head" between the lines. Accordingly, the champion was mainly called the "champion" in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and the name "Xiangtou" was actually a synonym for "Xiangtou", but it was not commonly used.
5. Diankui (Tingkui, Dakui): posthumous title, who is common among top literati in Song Dynasty, is Diankui, Tingkui or Dakui. These three posthumous title are quite common in the notes of Song people. For example, it is called Dian Kui in Tieweishan Series, Notes on Changing Zhai, and Zhou Ping Ketan, and there are "three yuan" in Zhao Sheng's Wenwulei Volume II: "Two yuan for those who solve the exam and save it, and three yuan for those who are Dian Kui." In Yan Yi's notes such as The Record of Swallows, Notes on Zhongxing and Dong Qiye's Words, there is an entry of "Listening to Kui" in Volume 1 of Liang Manzhi, and in Volume 6 of Wu Junzhi of Fan Chengda, Wu Zhuangyuan is also called "Listening to Kui". According to the article "Three Kui in Wucheng" in Volume 1, someone showed Yu Jia Feng Shui and said, "This place should be Dakui." The land in front of my father's house is a country school. A few years later, Yu became Nangongkui (the provincial capital), and Mo Zhuo and Jia Anzhai successively proclaimed themselves emperor of the world. "Dakui" and "Kuitianxia" can also be simplified as "Kui". According to Volume II of Chun Zhu and Moon Hee, before singing for ten days, it was widely rumored that Wang Yang was the top scholar. "Paper into the imperial palace, foreign second, kui is huang zhong. A message was sent by an official, and the Holy One said: Ke Di originally put emphasis on the people who were waiting for cloth, that is, foreign countries.
6. bibcock: this is also another name for the champion in the song dynasty. Liu Yong wrote a lyric poem to complain because he was rejected in the examination, saying, "I accidentally lost the top spot in the gold medal list." According to Lu Shui Yan Tan Lu, Volume III, On Knowing People, Sun and his younger brother Sun won the top prize in succession only in the Northern Song Dynasty. Sun He was the number one scholar in the third year of Chunhua of Emperor Taizong (992), and Sun was the number one scholar in the first year of Xianping of Zhenzong (998). Although they were not in the same dynasty, they were separated by six years, but the imperial examination was suspended during the period, and the two brothers were in a joint high school. Wang Yucheng wrote a poem and gave it to Sun Heyue: "I only love your Dihua list, and I want to be the first in the exam." Volume II of Biography of Historical Records says: "The top scholars in this dynasty are Lu Wenmu (Meng Zhi), Li (Di), (Zeng) and Song (Yao). Therefore, the poet has a saying:' Forty-three dragons led the imperial dynasty, and four people stopped at Huang Fei.' In the early Qing Dynasty, the Chu people were awarded the second volume of Jian Xuan Bu Ji, quoting the words of a famous scholar (Wang) in The Old Scholar's Ci: "The palace flowers are the first among the 300 people, and they obliquely invade two hairs. Dan Yong wrote 3,000 words alone and was surprised to see the colorful clouds. The robe is full of brocade, inlaid with horizontal gold, and the leader is the immortal Xie. Not surprisingly, I was late for the exam. Since ancient times, leaders have become old. "
7. Shantou: According to Hong Hao's "Song Mo Story", in the autumn of Jin Dynasty, "gather all the roads to support people in Yan, and you will try your words. Every six people take one, and the first place is Shantou, also known as the champion. " (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, Grand View of Notebook Novels in Song and Yuan Dynasties, 200 1, page 2802) Liu Changshi's Lupu Notes in the Southern Song Dynasty, Volume 7, Leisure Supplement, said: "Celebrating marriage (1205) is shameful, stealing is too common, and it is the first time." Mao Zizhi, formerly known as Mao, claimed to be the number one scholar with his younger brother Mao in the first year, and fell to the top five three years later. According to Yitou, it was originally the title of the first place in the macro test in Tang Dynasty, and it was occasionally used by Song Jinshi to refer to the champion.
8. Dianyuan: palace examination is the best scholar, so it is called Dianyuan. This nickname appeared around the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Yang Weizhen, a poet at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, wrote in "Palace Poems": "The old lady Taiyuan is a woman, and she likes southerners to go to the temple privately" (Volume 4 of "Poems of Retrospectives"). Amin Wang Shizhen wrote in "The Great Event in Yanzhou", Volume III of "The Collection of Lushan Hall": "Shanggong thinks that ugly province and temple yuan."
9. Kui Yuan: This title can also be found in the Ming Dynasty. However, according to the article Kui Yuan in the Three Examinations in Bie Shan Tang Bie Ji, the top five people who have obtained the provincial examination and will take the examination, as well as the top three people in palace examination, can all be called Kui Yuan, not just another name for the top scholar.
10. Dingyuan: The top three in palace examination No.1 Grade A are the champion, champion and Tan Hua, which are collectively called "Three Dingjia". The top scholar ranks first in the Ding family, so it is called Dingyuan. This title appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. See Wang Shizhen's Book of Juyi, Volume 10. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Ni Wenzhen's "Playing Shu", Volume II, contained people who were hired by Ding Lai. In the seventy years of Chongzhen, Wang Laipin began to do martial arts in palace examination, which is the top martial arts in this sect.
1 1. Temple text: This is another name for the top scholar in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The champion of the Tang Dynasty was not particularly valued, and his ranking was no different from that of the general champion. The position of the top scholar in the Song Dynasty gradually improved, but most of the initial appointments were made by the Bapingzhou government to push officials, pass judgments or sign judgments. In the Yuan Dynasty, the top scholar began to award the editing position to the Central Officials' Jixian Academy or Hanlin Academy in Liu Pin. From the Ming Dynasty, it became a practice for the first official to compile for the Imperial Academy until the end of Qing Dynasty, and the compilation of the Imperial Academy was basically exclusive to the first scholar, so it was named as "Canon Biography". There is also the name of "Canon Biography" in the anthology and notes of Song people, but that is the abbreviation of Canon Biography and You Wendian Biography, and it is not an alias of the top scholar. Chen Qiyuan, a A Qing, wrote in Notes on Yongxianzhai: "The official systems in the past dynasties were different, but occasionally they were different. I was appointed to the Hanlin Academy to write books for all the summit participants, so I called it' Temple Pen'. "
12. Chunyuan: In the Ming Dynasty, the number one scholar was sometimes called "Chunyuan". In Meng Ruitang, Volume 9 of Huang Yu's Chronicle of Shuanghuai, Wang Hua, the top scholar (the father of Wang Yangming), welcomed the ox when he was young, and the local official passed it to the Wang family in a sedan chair. Yu Ning explained his dream and said: "The cow is a warrior; Spring is also the first test, and the husband is also called the Spring Garden. " However, according to the author's opinion, the "Spring Garden" in Ming Dynasty sometimes seems to refer to Gong Sheng or Juren, which needs further research.
13. First person harmony: this is the title of the top scholar in the Song Dynasty, which is often seen in the notes of Song people. Ouyang Xiu's Record of Returning to the Field said: "When Emperor Taizong was a scholar, he was given the first scholar." Ceng Gong's Longping Collection, Volume II: "In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Cai Qi was the first person in palace examination." Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan Volume 23: "Zhang is the first scholar and." "Biography of Tang Long in Ming Dynasty" records that his son, Tang Ruxuan, attached Yan Song, "won the first place."