She is Zhuang Fei of the Yongfu Palace of Huang Taiji, the biological mother of young the emperor shunzhi Fu Lin, Michelle Ye's grandmother and Emperor Kangxi. She was closely related to san huang in the early Qing Dynasty. Her legendary life of ups and downs, her feud with Regent Dourgen, all became one of the important topics in the study of Qing history in later generations.
Today, starting with the analysis of sourdrang queen's portrait, we will discuss the mystery of "sourdrang queen getting married".
Portrait of Xiaozhuang Wen's Queen in Casual Clothes
Empress Xiaozhuangwen, whose real name is Bumubutai, was born in the prominent Borzigit family in Mongolia. She advocates simplicity and naturalness all her life. In the Portrait of Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, which is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, we can see that the people in the painting are full of happiness, wearing simple robes, holding beads, wearing no jewelry, and sitting firmly in the dragon chair.
However, in sharp contrast to her simple and low-key attitude towards life, it is her wonderful and gorgeous life.
Sourdrang queen is resourceful, courageous and resourceful. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, she married into the royal family of the late Jin Dynasty and was named Zhuang Fei of Huang Taiji. She assisted Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi all her life, but she refused to listen to politics twice, and she was not greedy for power. When Kangxi ascended the throne, he was named "Empress Dowager Tai" and enjoyed the highest honor of obedience from the ruling and opposition parties.
Xiao Zhuang is the only empress dowager in history of qing dynasty who was personally sealed by the emperor.
The sudden death of Huang Taiji pushed Xiaozhuang onto the historical stage. On September 2, AD 16431643, Huang Taiji, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, died suddenly at the age of 52, which was an early death. Because he didn't appoint an heir to the throne before his death, there was an undercurrent in the court that the king coveted the throne, and soon a confrontation between the two factions, led by the younger brother of Huang Taiji and the eldest son of Huang Taiji, Hogg, was formed.
Dourgen and Haug were both heavily armed and evenly matched, and the Qing court was facing the crisis of internal division. In order to avoid killing each other and hurting the national luck, after some weighing, the powerful group finally decided that Fu Lin, the youngest son of Huang Taiji, would inherit the unification.
Dourgen took Fu Lin as the throne and became the Regent.
Fu Lin, who was under six years old, acceded to the throne and changed his name to Shunzhi. Dourgen and Jill Harlan were crowned regents, and * * * assisted the young master. A few months later, Dourgen led the army into the customs and occupied Shuntianfu, the capital of Daming, becoming one of the most decisive key figures in the history of the founding of the Qing Dynasty.
Dourgen led Manchu into the Central Plains, and monopolized power because of his meritorious service. With the continuous growth of power, imperial power gradually surpassed imperial power. As the birth mother of Shunzhi, Borzijit Bumubutai had to participate in the mediation and power struggle of the imperial court as the Queen Mother of Xiao Zhuang in order to ensure the smooth growth of her son. Because of this, the rumor that "sourdrang queen is going to marry Regent Dourgen" has become the biggest scandal in the world and spread quickly among the people.
"The Queen Mother Married" has become the theme of many film and television works.
Is "The Queen Mother Marries" Fiction or Fact?
"The Queen Mother Marries" agrees; About Guan Chun's wedding in Xinyi yesterday.
-From Zhang Huangyan, a legacy of the Ming Dynasty.
Those who agree with the view that "the empress dowager marries" think that the above poem is the most direct evidence, which describes the fact that "when Princess Dourgen died of illness, a grand wedding ceremony was held for Empress Xiao Zhuang".
First of all, from the political situation analysis.
When Huang Taiji died, the little emperor Shunzhi was only 6 years old, while Xiao Zhuang, who became the queen mother, was only 3 1 year old. Orphans and widows can hardly support themselves in the face of Manchu. To solve the dilemma, the most convenient and effective way is to commit yourself to my brother-in-law, the actual master of military and political power, and Prince Reddourgen.
Qing shizu Shunzhi, Aisingiorro Fu Lin
Secondly, from the Manchu marriage customs to analyze.
"Inheriting marriage", that is, the elder brother receives the sister-in-law, the elder brother marries the elder brother and sister-in-law, and the son concubines with the stepfather, is a traditional marriage custom in Mongolia. Xiaozhuang was only 3 1 year old when he was widowed, and he was in his prime. It is also reasonable to marry Dourgen, who is 1 year older than himself, that is, 32 years old.
Third, analyze from authoritative files.
In the archives of the Qing Dynasty preserved in the First Historical Archives of China, the title of "Regent, Emperor's Father" appeared directly many times when Dourgen was recorded. It is inferred that only when sourdrang queen married Dourgen can Dourgen be called "Emperor's Father" of Shunzhi.
Funeral ceremony and imperial edict of Dourgen's father Regent.
Finally, it analyzes the cruel liquidation of Dourgen by Shunzhi.
Dourgen was brutally liquidated less than two months after his sudden death at the age of 39. The emperor shunzhi, who just took office, announced the Fourteenth Crime of Dourgen, deprived him of all titles, and even dug a grave and beheaded him.
How can Shunzhi hate his uncle so much? It is generally believed that one of the most important reasons is that Shunzhi took some crazy revenge on Dourgen in order to force sourdrang queen to death.
Statue of the emperor shunzhi, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty.
On the other hand, those who disagree with the negative theory of "the empress dowager marries" think that Zhang Huangyan's poems are literary works and have exaggerated imagination, which is not sufficient; At the same time, the archival records of the title of "Father of the Emperor, Regent" also put forward strong arguments.
According to research, in ancient times, a son called a person his father, but his mother didn't marry him. For example, in Jiang Ziya in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Lu's name was Shang. Because of his great contribution to the construction of the Zhou Dynasty, he was named "Fu Shang" by Zhou Wuwang to show his high respect.
From this to that, Shunzhi called Doreen "the Emperor's Father", which is an example of Zhou Wuwang's respect for Jiang Ziya and Qi Huangong's respect for Guan Zhong. It is only the monarch's respect for etiquette, not the proof of "the queen mother getting married".
Peking University's discrimination against the Queen Mother of Qing Dynasty marrying the Regent.
The mystery of Zhao Qianling's tomb site is derived from the fact that the Empress Dowager got married, and the ancient people in China paid attention to the joint burial of husband and wife. According to the funeral system in Qing Dynasty, emperors and empresses had to share a cave with the mausoleum. However, Zhao Qianling of Xiaozhuang Wen Empress is thousands of miles away from Zhao Mausoleum of Huang Taiji, which was built outside the tomb of Qing Dynasty. Xiao Zhuang really condescended to marry Regent Dourgen. Did the Qing royal family let her guard the mausoleum gate for future generations as a punishment?
According to the "Will of Empress Dowager Tai", Xiao Zhuang left a last wish for his grandson Kangxi before his death, which means: On the one hand, the tomb of Emperor Taizong (that is, Huang Taiji), who was buried with Empress Xiao, has been in peace for a long time, and he is humble; On the other hand, Xiaozhuang himself was so reluctant to give up Shunzhi and Kangxi's father and son, so he told Kangxi that there was no need to go to war with Zhaoling, a mausoleum was built for the emperor's grandmother around Xiaoling, Shunzhi.
Zhao Ling, the tomb of Huang Taiji in Shenyang.
Xiaozhuang's last words made Emperor Kangxi, as a grandson, very embarrassed: if you act according to the last words of Empress Dowager Tai, it will violate the ancestral system; If we act according to the ancestral system, it will violate the queen mother's last words. Kangxi finally had no choice but to postpone the burial of Empress Xiaozhuangwen. It was not until 35 years later that Kangxi died and Yongzheng succeeded to the throne that the tomb problem of Empress Xiaozhuangwen was completely solved.
The name and location of the mausoleum reflect the respect for Xiaozhuang by later generations. In the second year of Yongzheng, the Qing court agreed that the "temporary security palace" parked in Zigong, sourdrang queen had existed for more than 30 years. Emperor Kangning, the sage Zuren Fushou, was born in the four seas with folk music, which is a rare auspicious sign and must be the mausoleum. "So after 37 years of temporary residence, that is, at the end of the third year of Yongzheng, Empress Xiaozhuang was able to" Yong 'an "next to the Qing Dongling in Zunhua, Hebei Province, and was called" Zhao Qianling ".
The tomb of Empress Wen in Xiaozhuang, Zunhua, Hebei Province.
Why don't the names of Xiaoling Mausoleum in Shunzhi and Jingling Mausoleum in Kangxi use places, while the tomb of Xiaozhuang Wen's empress should be called "Zhao Qianling"?
According to the mausoleum system of Qing dynasty, the queen's mausoleum needs to be named after her husband's mausoleum. The first word of the tomb name is the first word of its husband's tomb name, and the second word depends on the relative position of the queen's tomb in the husband's tomb. In the Qing Dynasty, the Zun Mausoleum faced south, so the Empress Mausoleum could only be built in the east or west of the Imperial Mausoleum.
Zhaoling is the tomb of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, located in Shengjing (now Shenyang). Relatively speaking, the tomb of Empress Wen of Xiaozhuang is located in the west of Zhaoling, so it is called "Zhaoxiling". Thus, the descendants of the Qing royal family made it clear that Xiao Zhuang and Zhaoling were a system, and Xiao Zhuang was subordinate to Emperor Taizong.
The tomb of Zhao Qianling has been seriously damaged by human and natural factors.
Why should Zhao Qianling be built in the south of Dongling in Qing Dynasty, and "shelved" on the left side of Dahongmen outside the Feng Shui wall?
Because the tombs in the eastern part of the Qing Dynasty are mainly the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Fu Lin, the emperor shunzhi, it has been in a supreme position in the tombs. If Zhao Qianling is built in the Feng Shui wall of the Qing Dongling, no matter where it is built, it is not as good as its son, which is obviously against etiquette.
At the same time, according to the sacrificial rites of the Qing Dynasty, ancestor worship in the mausoleum must start from the mausoleum with the highest seniority. Empress Xiaozhuang's seniority is higher than that of all emperors in the Qing Dongling, while Zhao Qianling was built on the left side of Dahongmen in the Qing Dongling, making it possible for the younger generation to start from Zhao Qianling when buried.
Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, in the special historical period of imperial power vacuum, is only a woman in the harem, but she can turn the tide with the courage of a politician who transcends gender. She assisted two generations of emperors, but she was indifferent to fame and fortune, extravagant and frugal, and was one of the most outstanding women in China history.