Mojin Xiaowei
Chemism Mojin Xiaowei
Pronunciation mō jīn xiào wèi
Explanation Xiaowei: an ancient military officer title , was first set up by Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms. In layman's terms, it is the director of the National Tomb Robbery Office. Specialized in excavating tombs and stealing property to pay for the army. Later, it mostly refers to tomb robbers.
Source from Han Dynasty Chen Lin's "Appeal to Yuzhou for Yuan Shao": "Cao Cao also specially appointed a general named Faqiu Zhonglang and a gold-coloured captain. Everywhere he passed through the Tutu Mountains, no bones were exposed."
The example is no different~, He Shufa Qiu Zhonglang. Extensive collection of calligraphy and calligraphy from previous dynasties, and exhaustive search of Yi seals from past dynasties. (Eighth Chapter of "Drunken Awakening Stone" by Donglu Gu Kuangsheng of the Ming Dynasty)
When the captains of Mojin were working, whenever they dug a large tomb, they would light a candle in the underground palace of the tomb and place it. At the southeast corner. Then the coffin is opened to touch for gold. The most valuable things of the deceased are often carried on the body. Some of the tomb owners of princes and above have beads in their mouths, their bodies are covered with gold and jade, they have heart-protecting jade on their chests, and they hold Ruyi jade in their hands. Even the anus is stuffed with gems. At this time, do not damage the remains of the deceased. Touch gently from the top of the head to the soles of the feet. In the end, you will leave one or two treasures for the deceased. In the meantime, if the candle in the southeast corner is extinguished, you must take away the property you got. Put it back as it is, kowtow three times respectfully, and go back the way you came. Because it is said that there are ghosts in some tombs. As for why these ghosts do not enter reincarnation and have stayed in the tombs for thousands of years, it is hard to say. It is probably because they are reluctant to part with the glory and wealth during their lifetime, and they still stare at them every day after their death. If you encounter a master who is willing to sacrifice your life rather than his wealth, don't take your own treasure by force.
Fa Qiu seal, touch the golden talisman, protect yourself from ghosts and blow the lamp;
Coffin, bronze coffin, do not approach if the eight characters are not hard;
Vertical Burial pits, box graves, moving mountains and unloading ridges to walk around;
Red clothes are fierce, corpses with smiling faces, it is better to listen to ghosts cry than to laugh.
"Faqiu Zhonglangjiang" and "Mojin Xiaowei"
Lu Xun once said, "Cao Cao set up staff like 'Mojin Xiaowei' to rob tombs." . This is based on the statement issued by Yuan Shao when he attacked Cao Cao: "We specially appointed the generals of Zhonglang of Faqiu and the captain of Mojin, and no corpses were exposed in the battles." The statement also specifically pointed out that Cao Cao had personally organized and commanded The tomb of King Xiao of Liang was stolen: "(Cao) Cao Cao, the general and the officials, came to excavate the coffin and uncovered the body." This text became a famous ancient propaganda article. The drafter was Chen, one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", a famous scholar. Lin. After Yuan Shao's defeat, Chen Lin joined Cao Cao's group. Cao Cao once expressed dissatisfaction with Chen Lin's exposure of his ancestor's behavior in this article, but he seemed to take a tacit attitude towards criticism of the tomb robbery. The so-called establishment of "Faqiu Zhonglangjiang" and "Mojin Xiaowei" may indeed be true.
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Tomb Robbery
In modern China, there have been less than one hundred organized and targeted “archaeological excavations” initiated by the state. Years ago, I remember reading several excavation reports from decades ago more than ten years ago. They were not so much "excavations"... but more like "records of tomb robberies." Because its methods, means, etc... are completely the same as those of tomb robbers, and there is nothing "own" about them. Up to now, some methods may be advanced... some high-tech components have been added, such as ground-penetrating radar, metal detectors, gas analyzers, etc., but the principle is still the same.
A real private tomb robber is subject to various restrictions. It is impossible for him to bring a radar to rob a tomb. Even a Luoyang shovel has to find a way to take it apart and "hide it"... so he has his own unique trick. . If he wants to complete the seemingly "impossible task" within a unit of time, he has to think of various ways, some of which are very subtle.
The Origin of the Luoyang Shovel
In Mapo Village, Mangshan Mountain, Luoyang, there was a man named Li who made a living by robbing tombs since he was a child. In the twelfth year of the Republic of China, one day, he arrived in the tenth year of the Republic of China. I went to a market in a county a few miles away, and there was an acquaintance from Magou Village in Yanshi County who was building a shed to accumulate funds and sell fried buns. The two parties met and said hello. He saw that the man used a tile-shaped shovel with a short handle to dig a small vertical pit in the ground to put in the shed pillars. The man used the shovel to move down. When the load was brought up, many soldiers were brought out, which immediately triggered his inspiration. This guy was less troublesome than a shovel, especially since he could bring the original soil with him. He had to judge the conditions of different underground strata, so he found a piece of paper and drew it against the shovel. I took a large original picture and found someone to make it according to the picture after I got home. After a try, it turned out to be very easy and the effect was good, so it was promoted.
Methods and techniques of tomb robbing and treasure hunting
my country has a long history of robbing ancient tombs. The earliest recorded tomb stolen in history was that of Shang Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty. , 3,600 years ago. The first incident of excavation occurred in the late Western Zhou Dynasty more than 2,770 years ago. Someone got a jade seal from an excavated ancient tomb with a cross on it, but no one could recognize it.
The rules and techniques of tomb robbers
Those who rob tombs can be divided into two types. One is official robbers, such as Dong Zhuo and Sun Dianying in the Republic of China. They are all very military. , they used a large number of soldiers, armed with open fires and sticks, and there were also civilian thieves distributed in various places, with a large number of people. Concentrated in Henan, Shaanxi, and the area around Changsha, Hunan.
Professional thieves usually work as a partnership between two people. Groups of multiple people are rare, and even fewer work alone because one person cannot take care of it. One person is required to dig, another to clear the air and clear the soil, then one to enter the tomb, and the other to pick up the items. The cooperation between the two can be friends or relatives, but cooperation between father and son is rare. When looking for a partner, you need to be very careful to prevent someone from taking advantage of the money.
These people have been tomb robbing as a profession for a long time. They have a lot of experience, are good at disguise, and are very good at anti-theft agencies. After they determine the target, if the tomb is small, it will not take much effort, and it will take a few nights. Dig it up, take out the items and leave. If it is a large or medium-sized tomb, corn, sorghum and other materials will be planted around it in the name of farming, and a green gauze tent will be used to cover up the excavation activities for one or two months. The second is to build a house next to the tomb to hide from others, and then dig a tunnel from the house to the tomb. Nothing can be seen from the outside. The third is to secretly dig a tunnel when building a fake tomb next to the ancient tomb. Entering the tomb and stealing property.
The four-character formula for tomb robbing in Changsha
In the south, there is a lot of water, and Luoyang shovel is not easy to use. The ancients summarized the accumulated experience of many parties and summarized the four-character formula for tomb robbing: observation, hearing, asking, and cutting. .
The first is to look at Feng Shui, that is, tomb robbers often know the art of Feng Shui, and use Feng Shui to judge the size of the cemetery
The second is to smell the smell, and play with the nose. A small amount of soil can be used to identify which generation of tombs it belongs to. It is amazing to believe. There is a legend: There was a tomb robber who had robbed tombs for three generations and developed his skills. However, he was captured in the 1980s. He should have been sentenced to death, but it was because of his skills. The sentence was changed to life imprisonment, and he will work for the archaeological cause for the rest of his life.
San Wenduo is a man of good eloquence. He travels to various places and talks with the elderly about the past and the present. This is used to obtain information about tombs.
Si Qian means pulse diagnosis. There are three levels of explanation. The first is to judge the age and size of the tomb based on the soil layer. The second is to feel the objects on the deceased in the coffin in the tomb, first from the head, then from the mouth to the anus and finally to the feet. , as a flawless pool, must be a person with a delicate mind. The third is to touch the unearthed items with your hands to judge the value of the items.
Robbing tombs and looking for treasures has been around since ancient times, and it is even more sophisticated today. The method Technology and tools have evolved to become more modern, collectivized and intelligent today. They use military compasses for detection, detectors, detonators, explosives, chainsaws, cars for transportation, and mobile phones for communication. So if you want to learn This technique can be said to be complex and arduous, with a long way to go
Modern tomb robbers have developed tomb robbing tools...
The ordinary Luoyang shovel has been eliminated, and the The shovel is modified based on the Luoyang shovel and is divided into a heavy shovel and a lifting shovel (also called a trowel).
Because the wooden pole connected to the back of the Luoyang shovel head was too long...the target was too big, so it was discarded and replaced with a threaded steel pipe...about half a meter high and low, which can be stacked layer by layer...extended at will. When I usually look at the terrain, I take it apart... and carry it in my backpack. Likewise, the tombs dug are different... and the tomb robbing tools are also different. When exploring Han tombs, use a heavy shovel that evolved from Luoyang shovel. When digging Tang tombs, use a flat shovel (similar to Lu Zhishen's crescent shovel). When entering Han tomb chambers (Han tombs are mostly pits and many have collapsed), use a rolling fork to pound soil. and skimmer. Generally speaking, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty do not have penthouses, while the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty usually have two penthouses. This is a sign. Tombs of the Tang Dynasty were built with tomb bricks. The bricks were not bonded together to form a dome. Han tombs with tomb bricks are not common (except for large tombs). Most of them are pits or pits with wooden squares. Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mostly brick structures, with lime and iron sheets inlaid between the tomb bricks. The tops of some Ming tombs are more than two meters thick (seven spokes and seven coupons on the top of the tomb)... very strong. The depth of Ming tombs from the ground is generally no more than six meters, and they can be excavated overnight without special methods. Han tombs are generally about 11 or 2 meters above the ground, while Western Zhou tombs are deeper. If you want to excavate them overnight... you must use special methods. In particular, Han tombs and Western Zhou tombs have a long history and are difficult to find. There is a process of "finding a place" first. Determine the location, lower the bougie, lower the shovel, look at the pit ashes, confirm the shape and orientation of the tomb (that is, determine the age)... Then you can make preparations and use special methods to complete the excavation overnight. Tomb robbers have very strong goals in robbing tombs. For example... when entering the tomb, they will dig directly to the coffin... Then they will look for things on the "left shoulder and right foot", and then go to the ear room (East Cang and West Library) to search... As for other locations , it depends on the length of time. If the time is short, discard it. There are also many "experiences" when "looking at the terrain". For example, ancient tomb-robbers and pits such as "Qin Burial Ridge and Han Burial Slope" are all "square" pits, while modern times are "round" pits. This is the so-called "ancient square garden" .
Anti-Tomb Robbery: The Origin of the Legend of "Suspicious Tomb"
The most common way to counter tomb-robbing is to conceal the tomb site so that the tomb robbers do not know where it is. It is said that the ancient tombs were not sealed or planted, and no prominent signs were set up on the ground. One of the main starting points was to prevent excavation.
The serious phenomenon of tomb robbing during the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period led to various forms of anti-grab robbing, including the so-called "suspicious tombs" and "virtual tombs", which were situations where real and fake tombs were used to confuse tomb robbers. Among them, the "Doubt Tomb" set up by Cao Cao is the most famous. According to folklore, Cao Cao had as many as 72 "suspicious tombs", and some of the "suspicious tombs" were even set up in the water. There is also a folk legend in Quanzhou that General Shi Lang has 7 "virtual tombs", which are located at the gates of several ancient cities in Quanzhou.
Traditional anti-grave-robbery methods include stone coffins and iron walls to make them strong, storing water and sand to prevent theft and chiseling, and using crossbows and flying arrows, and laying down fire and poisonous smoke to kill and injure tomb robbers.
The ancient tombs were severely robbed, and the resulting losses were immeasurable. Taking the thousands of Han tombs that have been excavated across the country as an example, it is reported that only three tombs have survived.
“When we excavated ancient tombs, what we were most worried about was that the tombs had been looted by tomb robbers.” A scholar who has been engaged in archaeological work for a long time said.
“From an archaeological point of view, ancient people regarded death as life, and ancient tombs have become important cultural relics for studying ancient society. The cultural relics in ancient tombs represent the history imprinted by a long civilization. For the best Completely record the historical and cultural information fed back by ancient cultural relics. When archaeologists excavate ancient tombs, they do not excavate them randomly according to their own preferences, but scientifically clean, record, and draw the ancient tombs. , and then analyze, compare, and date, so as to maximize the information fed back by the ancient tombs for future research, so as to supplement or enrich the history. The behavior of tomb robbing and speaking from the heart will cause interference and interference to the archaeological work. Destruction.