According to historical records, Han people used to call Han people Han, which was named after the Han Dynasty in China. Before the Han Dynasty, it was called "Huaxia" or "Zhu Xia". Han people are not only thrifty, but also have many cultural spirits worth learning. We can learn something about this nation from its surname, language, belief, marriage, religion and funeral.
First of all, we all know that the Han nationality has many surnames and languages so far. So how did these come from?
As early as the matriarchal clan era, the surname of the Han nationality was the clan number of the matriarchal clan commune. The word "surname" is a combination of "female" and "born". Such as Jiang, Yao, Ji and so on. So many ancient surnames in China are beside or at the bottom of female characters. History is a branch of surname. Due to the reproduction of offspring, the family is divided into several branches, scattered all over the country, and each branch has a special symbol as a symbol, which is the surname. Most Han surnames come from the Yellow Emperor, after Emperor Yan, so they are also called "descendants of Emperor Yan". Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. Mainly evolved in the family.
There are several ways for aristocrats to obtain their surnames: 1, taking the country name as their surnames. 2. Take the fief as the surname. 3. Take the official name as the surname. 4. Take occupation as the surname. 5. Take the place of residence as the surname. 6. Take the blood relationship with Zhou Wang or Hou Zhijun as the surname. 7. Take your name as your surname.
The names of the ancients are divided into four items: surname, first name, word and number. After the child was born, the father took the first name. The word "men and women" is obtained as an adult and is a formal title. No, people with a certain reputation and culture, in order to express their own ideological interests. Such as Tao Qian and Mr. Wu Liu; Ouyang Xiu, the number one alcoholic, was a laity at 6 1 in his later years; Lu you, the number is free. Is it complicated?
As we all know, what we are using now is Chinese, which is the language of the Han nationality and is represented by Chinese characters. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? As a Sino-Tibetan language family, it can be divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese Dialect. With regard to standard Chinese, Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore have been designated as standard official languages, which are called Mandarin, Mandarin and Mandarin respectively due to their different locations, while Hong Kong has been designated as standard Cantonese, which is today's Cantonese. In writing, the expressions are traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese respectively. Because Chinese characters have long been unified and standardized, local dialects are different, which does not affect written communication. As a unique hieroglyphic language in the world, it is amazing that Chinese can be unified. Chinese plays an important role in national unity and national maintenance. Chinese characters are the representatives of the Han nationality!
religion
Every nation has its own religion, such as Christianity and Islam abroad. Han people also have their own religions, Confucianism and Taoism. Confucius founded Confucianism in the pre-Qin period, and his thoughts played a leading role in the feudal superstructure and its schools of thought in China. This is a special form of religion, namely Confucianism. As one of the traditional religious beliefs of the Han nationality, Taoism is a native religion in China. It originated from ancient witchcraft, fairy magic in Qin and Han dynasties and the theory of Yin and Yang and Five Elements, which not only integrated some theories and rituals of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also formed its own very complicated ideological system.
believe
A nation cannot live without faith. Faith can give people a bright light and guide the direction. As spiritual sustenance in times of crisis, both East and West have their own beliefs, foreign countries have gods, and Han people also have their own beliefs. Although beliefs vary from place to place, the concept of animism is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and everyone's belief in nature has always influenced the beliefs and folk customs of the Han people. So there was a supernatural spirit with personality and consciousness that could dominate the material world, and later it was renamed as "immortal". So there are different immortals. This belief culture has a far-reaching influence, so that there are immortals in the current film and television dramas, and many people are convinced of their existence.
marry
The marriage customs of the Han nationality are rich and colorful, with a long history and strong national characteristics. The early "Six Rites" included winning the lottery, asking the name, coachable, accepting the levy, inviting guests and welcoming relatives, which was a relatively complete etiquette formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Modern people get married with the etiquette at that time.
For example, "accepting talents" means that the man's family asks the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's family, and now it is called "matchmaking"; "Asking the name" means that the two sides change their birthdays, which is called "changing the dragon and phoenix hills" in modern times, and then divining "marriage"; Najib means "engaged"; "Zheng Na" is a bride price given by the man's family to the woman's family, commonly known as "bride price". The bride price now is different from that at that time. It's too expensive. "Invitation party" is to discuss with the woman to choose a good wedding date, and it is also a modern date; "Kissing the bride" means marrying the bride. Modern people need wedding cars and firecrackers.
Among the "Six Rites", the content of "welcoming the bride" is the most colorful, and the main customs include building a house, crying for marriage, spreading cereal beans, raising a fire, splashing water, covering the face, wearing red clothes, landing on the bride's feet, sitting in a sedan chair, straddling the saddle, worshiping the church, spreading accounts, making cups, making noise and so on. Is it very lively? Thousands of years of historical evolution, there are still some similarities, but also lost a lot of red tape. Concubine was allowed in the early days, which is different from monogamy now. It's just that there are many differences between getting married and concubinage, mainly in clothes.
The luxury and frugality of the wedding can show the wealth of the family, but the basic ritual procedures are similar from ancient times to the present. Nowadays, wedding customs have been westernized under the influence of western culture, but there are still many old customs, such as matchmaking, blind date, engagement and wedding.
funeral
Talking about the old tradition of Han funeral is to pay attention to heavy burial, and it is mixed with many superstitious customs. Coffin burial has been popular in Han nationality since ancient times. Funeral is grand and can be divided into three stages: burial, burial and burial.
Funerals are mainly manifested in clothes, coffins, and metal devices. After death, I bathed, changed clothes and made coffins. Ordinary people bury some cloth and wear simple clothes, while the rich wear jade clothes and silks and satins after death.
Funeral is the length of vigil for the dead by relatives, and later generations also call it mourning. In ancient times, it was called funeral parlour, while in modern times, it was called funeral parlour. It takes three days, seven days and a month to stay at home in the countryside, mainly depending on the mourners. According to the traditional customs of the Han nationality, children must come back to attend the funeral and put on mourning clothes. Putting on clothes, relatives and friends will mourn for the dead in the future, which is called "mourning" or "condolence". They mainly wear mourning clothes made of coarse linen and fine linen, which can be divided into five types, namely, cutting, Cui Zi, meritorious service, small clothes and weaving linen. They are called "five clothes" and wear different mourning clothes according to the relationship between relatives and friends, so they are called "Pima Dai Xiao". In modern times, white cloth is often used for mourning. Modern cities generally wear white flowers on their chests and black gauze on their arms.
Buried is buried underground. The Feng Shui master chooses a good place, and the funeral of modern people is also called a funeral. The ancient Han people used elegies to express their grief at funerals, and elegies evolved into funeral music in modern times. In the early days, they were buried with their families, but later they were replaced by maids and articles.
In addition, the Han nationality also has the custom of "burial", that is, burying the dead bodies in other places to their original places ~