The princess, the daughter of Song Wang Changlu, did not answer. Spoil couples such as Fan and Love until death do us part, suffering and even being buried. Please give the watch to Pingchang County. Detailed and steamed princess Gao Wang Kai in the stable, Gao is Ruhao's wife and sister. No control, the whole story is closed. Details are not only attached to Hao, but also have a good relationship and are close to each other.
Chang Lu, the king of Song Dynasty, went to the Northern Wei Dynasty in the sixth year of Heping (465), and Wang Yuan of Beihai married his daughter. However, Yuan Xiang not only didn't treat Liu as a gift for his wife, but also raped Gao, the concubine of his uncle Yuan Xie, and married Gao privately. Yuan Xiang committed * * *, and his mother was "angry and bitter," saying,' You have your own wives and maids, not as good as Hua Rong. Why did you suddenly commit adultery with Xu?' . I have to go to Korea to eat. "This is a thin-backed stick with a hundred feet left, so walking on a stick by yourself will make you a slave. The gaos thought was strict, and every petty crime was listed in detail, and he was often punished with rattan parcels. Seriously, remove the flocs, sores and pus. A thin stick can last for ten days. " Yuan described her mother's words and deeds in detail, which fully showed her strong personality characteristics. Not only that, Yuan Zhen's mother "sticks dozens of concubines, saying,' The bride, maid-in-waiting and rivals are at the door, so what are you afraid of, and you don't care about teaching your husband. All women are jealous, but not alone! Liu smiled and punished him, but the pawn had nothing to say. In the eyes of Yuan Xiang's mother, Liu is a "big girl", and her parents-in-law are "comparable", so she is fearless to "check her husband's school". Liu, on the other hand, was obviously deeply influenced by the ethos of the Southern Dynasties, obedient to her husband and allowed him to run amok. As a result, she was fined by her mother-in-law for "not checking her husband at school" and was also scolded for "women are jealous, but not jealous!" It can be seen that jealousy is reasonable in the ideology of some women in the Northern Dynasties, and it does not mean ridicule.
Moreover, the jealousy and resilience of women in the Northern Dynasties were also manifested in some extreme cases, such as killing maids, aborting pregnant women, disfiguring their faces and harming their husbands. Zhang, the grandson and wife of the Northern Wei Emperor, gave birth to two sons and. After having an affair with Roche, he killed her husband and abandoned Zhang. Luo Nian is in her teens, jealous of the limit. Young and elegant love each other, respect each other, and have no in-laws around them. Four of the servants were suspected of death. "Grandson is a teacher of the imperial court, recording the affairs of ministers. It can be said that she was the favorite concubine of that dynasty, but her later wife Roche was jealous and didn't dare to take a concubine. However, Roche still suspected that some of the waiters were having an affair with their husbands, so he killed four people. In this respect, the behavior of the princess of the Northern Wei Dynasty is even more noticeable. According to Shu Wei? Liu Yuchuan records:
The eldest son is far-sighted, the word is prosperous, and the two are crazy. I'm often worried that I can't keep my title. But the glory is still small, and there are not many crimes, but they think it is a prince, attacking India. At the beginning, princess royal Shang Lanling was the second sister of Sejong. Pay tribute to foreign servants. The princess is very jealous Hui tasted the body of her master's maid, who killed her, dissected her pregnant son, saved her life, filled her belly with grass, and exposed her nakedness. Hui regretted it at this moment and thinned the princess.
Liu Hui is a "madman" and his wife Lanling princess royal is a "jealous woman". Therefore, when Liu Hui secretly loved the princess's handmaid and made her pregnant, princess royal in Lanling actually killed the pregnant woman, dissected the fetus and exposed her nakedness. The intensity of her jealousy and the cruelty of her means are shocking. In the Northern Dynasties, not only the princess was so jealous, but also the wife of a hundred officials was very jealous. "The queen of the dead, MuShi, have a bad reputation, is good. In this popular law, she follows the footman. My mother's name is Mix, and Ben Muzlun is also a maid. She was transferred to Taoism in Song and Qin Dynasties as a servant. After she was born of adultery, she didn't know the clan, and she was still a Taoist woman after the cloud. Small yellow flower, after the word sarira. Qin Daofu was jealous, and he said' Song' with a bright face. " Covering your face is a punishment for sinners. Song Qindao's wife suspected that her husband and maid had raped an illegitimate daughter lightly, but Qindao dared not admit it, so she tattooed the word "Song" on her face to show her punishment.
It should be noted that the jealous behaviors of women in the Northern Dynasties generally point to the same sex, and men are often indirectly punished, but some directly point the finger at men, such as the wife of Hu Changcharm in the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gong Sunshi. Hu Chang-Charm "There was a maid-in-waiting, and her wife Wang Jiao was jealous and stabbed her, so she hated it and hadn't seen her for several years." My cousin's words are:' I haven't seen you for three years.' After concubinage, Li still went out with the king, without paying homage. Gongsun's wife also killed Sanfu, but she didn't believe it, so she forced her to live with Li, and she died early. "This behavior of killing people because of jealousy shows that the psychology and behavior of women in the Northern Dynasties demanding their husbands to be loyal to the relationship between husband and wife have reached the extreme.
The jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties was not an individual phenomenon, but formed a social atmosphere. Because the northern dynasties, from the royal family to the gentry, were influenced by this ethos to varying degrees. Emperor Xiaowen was deeply touched by this: "Although women are jealous, you cannot avoid it. What is the situation? " Emperor Xiaowen lamented this because he had a personal experience of the jealousy of women at that time. According to Shu Wei? The biography of the queen records:
Empress Dowager Cixi Wen Ming wanted to be loved by her family, but both Jian Xi and her daughter entered the court at the age of fourteen. Its early death. After charm, prejudice and love. A few days later, the sick and civilized queen mother was sent back to her hometown in Nepal, and her great-grandfather still remembered it. After the age of 40, the Queen Mother collapsed. After Gaozu took it, he visited for a long time. When he heard that the rash was cured, he sent the eunuch to read the book, asked questions and went to Luoyang. But the first time I spoiled, I slept at night, and the imperial secretary rarely came back to see me.
Emperor Xiaowen and the queen seem to be so attached to each other that "imperial secretary seldom comes back to see you", but this is far from the truth. "At the beginning, the high-impedance queen's pet also wanted to be a special pet, and it was more common for the harem to meet the royal family. Speaking to a trusted minister, Gaozu said that women are jealous of national defense. Although the king is not spared, how can this situation be ordinary? " It can be seen that "imperial court people seldom come back to meet each other" is not the result of Emperor Xiaowen's devotion to the queen, but mainly the result of the queen's jealousy. As an emperor, Emperor Xiaowen is helpless when he is jealous of the queen, let alone others! From this, we can also know that the jealousy of women in the northern dynasties has penetrated into the ruling and opposition parties.
In the northern dynasties, under the influence of women's jealousy, sometimes even the emperor's children were few. This was the case with Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Hu, queen of spirits, daughter of Stuart Hu Guozhen. Hu wanted to send her to the palace as a concubine, so Hu's aunt took the opportunity of preaching in the forbidden area and asked people to spread rumors that Hu was beautiful and virtuous. "Sejong heard of it, but was called into the palace to be a woman who inherited China. Among the peppers, with the old system of the country, everyone hopes to have a king and a princess instead of a prince. Only after that, every lady said,' The son of heaven has no children. Why should he be alone? Why should he be afraid of being dead and destroying the royal infertility tomb?' And Sue is pregnant, and her colleagues are afraid to tell stories, and all the advice is various plans. After the confirmation, the night alone vowed:' But I was pregnant with a man, the second time was the eldest son, and my son was born and died, so I won't go. After Su Zong was born, he was promoted to Chonghua. Chenghua's wife, Hu, risked her life to pray for her children in order to let the "son of heaven" have children.
Although the emergence of this situation is the result of the restriction of the system of your mother's death in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the more direct reason is the "sexual jealousy" of the high queen. Queen Gao is the niece of the queen. "Sejong became a noble, gave birth to a prince, died young, and gave birth to Princess Jiande. After being a queen, it is very important to see the ceremony. Sexual jealousy, imperial secretary wants to enter the imperial palace. " As a special pet, Queen Gao tried her best to prevent Xuan Wudi from spoiling his concubine. If a princess gives birth to a prince, she will never tolerate it. After Hu was born, in view of the "frequent loss of monarch" in the past, he "took the spring and autumn as a long time, took good care of him, chose a good family, and nursed a suitable child." Raised in another palace, the queen and Chonghua's wives can't find anything to see. " This is obviously to prevent the high queen from committing another crime. In this regard, historians also wrote: "Sejong's old age, after high jealousy, the wife of the imperial palace will not be served until the emperor collapses." Therefore, in Luo II, for more than 20 years, the prince was all educated, but Su Zong was the only one. "
Since the Northern Qi Dynasty, women's jealousy has become more prevalent. Noble words say, "if you are less simple, you will change your festival, indulge in good wine and color, and sing at night." Wei Shangdang's wife, Wang Yuantianmu, is also ugly and very jealous. She was very angry and asked for separation, but she didn't report it. "The daughter of Wang Yuan Tianmu who took part in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the wife of Gao Guiyan, the king of Qin Ping. She was "very jealous" and was so dissatisfied with her husband's "indulgence" that she "scolded her grievances" Gao Guiyan couldn't stand his wife's lascivious indulgence, and asked Wen Xuandi to allow him to divorce his jealous wife. Unexpectedly, Wen Xuandi put the matter on hold.
Of course, even if the emperor comes forward, sometimes this kind of family affairs may not be solved satisfactorily. Wang was a great official in the Northern Qi Dynasty. At that time, he was a prince and a teacher. Wang has no children, but he has never dared to take concubinage. According to this, it is indeed the result of his wife's jealousy. Because the Ninth Five-Year Plan emperor gave him a concubine to solve the problem of Wang's heirs, but Wang's wife refused, which shows how determined her husband is to marry a concubine. In this regard, although Wang feels sad, he is helpless; Emperor Xiao Zhao had no choice but to laugh it off.
Because the jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties had a great influence on men's married life and even their family background, this social atmosphere was bound to become the focus of people's attention, and some courtiers even complained about the disadvantages of women's jealousy and its solutions. North seven books? Yuan Xiaoyou biography recorded such content:
How lucky a woman is, born in this life, but there is no concubine in the court, almost a wife on earth. If you are determined to marry widely, you will be separated from your family and know each other inside and outside. Today all people have no rules. Parents marry women and teach them to be jealous; When an aunt greets, she will be advised to avoid it. Take a husband as a woman's virtue and a woman worker as a jealousy. Ziyun was bullied for fear that he would laugh at me. The maharaja is so determined that he doesn't know what he has done. The jealousy of the husband will abolish the ceremony of the wife and concubine; If the ceremony of concubinage is abolished, adultery will prevail. The reason why I hate people is that I hate them. Please marry eight with the first prize of the vassal, and pass on your wife as nine women; Seven say two things; Three products, four products are five products; Five products and six products are one wife and two concubines. Give it a week, and ask me to make it up. If I don't make up for it, I will make my wife jealous and beat her to avoid being an official. His wife had no children and no concubines, but he committed suicide. He didn't feed his grandfather with blood, so he demanded that his wife be sent away for unfilial crimes.
In Yuan Xiaoyou's recitation, the statement that "there are no concubines in the imperial court, and there are almost wives in the world" is of course exaggerated, because it is not uncommon for families with wives and concubines in the Northern Qi Dynasty; However, his understanding of women's jealousy is noteworthy. Yuan Xiaoyou believes that the formation of jealousy is the result of mutual teaching and learning, that is, "parents marry women and teach them jealousy; When an aunt greets, she will be advised to avoid it. Holding a husband as a woman's virtue can make a woman jealous. "This shows that many women in the Northern Dynasties have publicly abandoned the teachings of" three obedience "and" four virtues ",but regarded" restraining husbands "and" jealousy "as essential qualities and virtues for women. He also believes that female jealousy has become a common social phenomenon, and the harm of "jealousy" not only affects "widespread communication", but also makes "adultery prevalent". Therefore, he hopes that the court will put an end to women's jealousy through administrative and legal means and restore and protect the normal state of male concubinage. In essence, Yuan Xiaoyou's suggestion is nothing more than fighting for concubinage privileges and fornication freedom for those in power, which deserves the appreciation and support of the dignitaries. But strangely, the emperor submitted his proposal to the minister for consideration, but the result was "different" The courtiers failed to reach an agreement on this matter, indicating that the jealousy of women in the northern dynasties has penetrated into the ruling and opposition parties, far from being stopped by coercive measures.
There are three main reasons why women in the Northern Dynasties were so jealous:
First, it is closely related to the original legacy of Xianbei nationality. Before Xianbei people ruled the Central Plains, they were still in the transition stage from clan society to class society. After entering the Central Plains, the development of Xianbei nationality is very fast, but the customs of primitive society are still inevitably retained, and jealousy of women is an important manifestation of this primitive legacy. Specifically, there are two main levels: first, Xianbei women generally dominate in marriage; Second, Xianbei people have no custom of concubinage.
Before Xianbei people entered the Central Plains with a high degree of civilization, their patriarchy had just been established, and the legacy of matriarchal system still existed more. According to relevant historical data, the maternal system of Xianbei nationality was still very strong until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wu Huan "expensive is cheap, and sex is fierce." If you are angry, you will kill your father and brother, but you won't hurt your mother in the end. Your mother has a race, and your father and your brother have no enmity. "The customs and habits of Xianbei people are basically the same as those of Wuhuan. It can be seen that Xianbei people who are' tough' still have the habit of fearing their mothers since the Eastern Han Dynasty. This situation can still be seen even in the sixteen countries of Wuhu, which can be seen from the fact that the Xianbei regime is sometimes called the "daughter country". " Qi, the queen of Emperor Huan, gave birth to three children. ..... After the collapse of Wenping, it was regarded as a country, and people called it the daughter country. Postsexual jealousy, Wen Ping's collapse, and what you did afterwards. "
Regardless of political factors, the "jealous" Queen Qi killed Emperor Pingwen, which clearly shows that Xianbei women have a distinct and strong personality, and also shows that the color of Xianbei matriarchal system is still quite strong. With the existence of matriarchal system, women's sense of independence is bound to be strong. Therefore, it is not surprising that women often occupy a dominant position in marriage life. "Marriage is a little female understanding first, or half a year old for one hundred days, and then send cattle, horses, sheep and livestock, thinking it is good money. The son-in-law took his wife back to their hometown, but the in-laws did not respect them, but worshipped them, not their parents. As a servant of her husband's family, in a year or two, her daughter was sent away and everything she lived in was taken care of. "
It can be seen that in the marriage relationship of Xianbei nationality in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the wife clan was obviously in an advantageous position. As far as the Northern Dynasties are concerned, Xianbei women still have a greater right to speak in their lives. Especially after this ethos was brought into the Central Plains, Han families were deeply influenced by it. According to the book "Family Instructions of Yan Family", women in Jiangdong have no friends, and those who have never met each other in their wedding houses for more than ten years are only given a legacy by faith to make them diligent. Under the custom of summer night, women hold the door and argue about the merits of the lawsuit. Please, please, please take a bus to fill the street, and then continue the Fu Ying Temple in the front, asking for officials on behalf of their sons and interceding for their husbands. Is this the legacy of constancy and alternation? The south is poor, everything is exterior decoration, and cars and clothes must be expensive and tidy; Family * * *, not hunger and cold. Most of the personnel in Hebei are from the internal affairs, and then continue to the front of Cui Jin, which cannot be abolished. The horse should be a slave and just fill it; The gift of advocating peace is still you.
It can be seen that whether it is the "emphasis on women" in summer nights or the "emphasis on internal affairs" in Hebei, all these show that compared with the Southern Dynasties, women in the Central Plains are not only in charge of family planning, but also actively participate in social activities, and their tendency to be independent is very obvious. Yan Zhitui suspected that this was a legacy of Xianbei, which was undoubtedly correct. Since women have a strong sense of autonomy in life, they are of course jealous of their husbands.
Judging from the original inheritance, the jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties is also related to the fact that Xianbei people did not take concubines. Before Shenyuan, the marriage custom of Xianbei nationality was still in the process of evolution from primitive group marriage to pairing marriage. "Only get married first, spend the Spring Festival in Raoleshui, then finish the banquet and talk about cooperation." This marriage habit of dining in Ji Chun should be a remnant of the primitive group marriage of Xianbei people. As for concubinage, it is a product influenced by the Han nationality after entering the Central Plains. According to Shu Wei? "Biography of Empresses" records: "Although Wei Zhizhao began in Shenyuan and before Zhaocheng, the world respected frugality and led many concubines, but it was called inferior." Empress Zhang, Ping, Si, Zhao, Mu, Hui, Yang and Lie were all unknown to the Empress. "
In other words, before Shen Yuan became Emperor Zhao, few people had experienced the concubines of the Four Emperors. The Eight Emperors before Shen Yuan should have no fixed spouse, because they knew the Eight Emperors but didn't know their concubines, which was contrary to the historical fact that Xianbei people respected women. Based on this, it can be inferred that the marriage form of Xianbei nationality was still in the transition period from group marriage to pairing marriage, and there was no concubinage. The concubine system of Xianbei nationality was formed in the period of Daowudi and initially established in the period of Wutai. According to Shu Wei? "Biography of the Empress": "Mao's respect for his ancestors began with the emperor's establishment as a queen and the establishment of a palace. The number of concubines or wives is unlimited, but there are always levels. Zhao Yi, nobles, pepper houses and Chinese styles have increased slightly, and * * * has gradually increased. " Because Xianbei people do not have the custom of concubinage, in the process of imitating the concubine system of Han people, it will inevitably lead to the strong * * * nature of the wife's mother's family, which is an important historical source of the formation of women's jealousy in the Northern Dynasties.
Second, it is the result of the evolution of social atmosphere since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", Confucianism has become the basic criterion for regulating people's social behavior. In marriage, women's status is getting lower and lower, and many institutional shackles bind women's freedom of marriage. However, since the end of the Han Dynasty, social unrest, Confucianism gradually declined, and various rituals aimed at binding women continued to fade. This makes some women's independent nature gradually revealed, and jealousy is the distortion of this nature. After this ethos spread to the Northern Dynasties, it became popular in a wider range under the influence of the primitive legacy of the grassland people, which infected more and more families and encouraged the prevalence of jealousy.
As early as the troubled times of Wei and Jin Dynasties, metaphysics flourished day by day due to political malpractice, social atmosphere gradually poured out ideas, and the jealousy habits of women in Han Dynasty also showed signs. According to the reflection? Quote Dian Lun: Yuan Shao's wife "Liu Liang was jealous, died of salt, and the zombie was not buried. She favored five concubines and killed them. I thought that the deceased knew, and when I looked at it again, it was a slap in the face and ruined its shape. " Liu's cruelty is obviously an extreme manifestation of jealousy. In the Jin Dynasty, the world became thinner and thinner. "A man without virtue is old in his hometown, and his customs are dissolute, and shame is still lost. Scholars take Zhuang Lao as their teaching, speakers argue with falsehood, and walkers use turbidity as their communication, but they are narrow-minded and convinced. Those who enter the ranks of officials value their income and despise integrity. " Its women, ... get married first and then get married, so that their feelings can move, so that they are not ashamed of adultery, and they don't care about jealousy, and their fathers and brothers don't commit crimes. This is the only thing in the world. What's more, I learned that the four religions have existed since ancient times, and chastity is applicable today to assist gentlemen! Etiquette, law, punishment and politics are so bad, such as water and its embankment, such as fire and livestock pay. "
It can be seen that in the Western Jin Dynasty, some people were no longer ashamed of fornication or jealous. This social atmosphere will certainly destroy the traditional marriage ethics. From this perspective, some unreasonable things at that time will also be reasonably explained. For example, in the Western Jin Dynasty, Jia Chong's wife Guo Huai killed two wet nurses out of jealousy, leaving Jia Chong without an heir. But instead of being punished, Guo Huai became more jealous because her daughter became a crown princess.
After the Yongjia Rebellion, with the northern minorities entering the Central Plains one after another, the national spirit of the Hu people was more immersed in the mainland, and after the integration with the increasingly barren world style in the above-mentioned Han areas, the national spirit of the northern society was more mixed and chaotic. Since Cao Wei, the northern minorities have been migrating inward. For example, Cao Cao Ping Hebei, Yan Rou led Xianbei and Wu Huan to join; Cao Cao levied Wu Huan, broke the tower shield and moved more than 10 thousand people to live in the Central Plains; "Wei Chu is sparsely populated, and all counties in the northwest are inhabited." In the Western Jin Dynasty, "there are more than one million people in Guanzhong, which is much less, and half of them live in Rongdi." During the Sixteen Countries Period in Wuhu, ethnic minorities flooded into the Central Plains on an unprecedented scale, and continued to the Northern Dynasties. The northern grassland nationalities are constantly migrating to traditional farming areas, and their social customs will undoubtedly have a great impact on Confucian ethics. It can be said that the prevalence of female jealousy in the Northern Dynasties began as early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Third, the social reality that men in the Northern Dynasties were polygamous, noble and cheap. Polygamy is a unique marriage phenomenon in the Northern Dynasties. In a family, there are many kinds of family conflicts with more wives, and there is a noble and humble atmosphere in the Northern Dynasties. Therefore, the competition between wives and the disputes between children often lead to fierce family conflicts. This is also an important inducement for some women in the Northern Dynasties to be jealous.
During the Northern Dynasties, some men married new wives while their wives were still alive. For example, according to Shu Wei, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Lu had a "second wife, called Du Shi and Zhang Shi." [Cui Sengxiu] Yuan's wife Fang gave birth to two sons, Bo He. After the thin room, it is Du in Yu Plain. "Lu Yuanming:" If you get married three times, your second wife and Yuanming's brother and son will start adultery instead of leaving. "Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty" says: Wei Dongping, my concubine, and Xue are dissolute, having an affair at first, and then thinking of herself as a woman. "。 Confused by his slanderous remarks, he drove his ex-wife away from home and disowned his son. His family resented him and rushed to sue him, which was deeply despised by the world. "These examples show that the phenomenon of male polygamy is not a case in the Northern Dynasties. But the problem is that, unlike the traditional concubine system, this phenomenon of polygamy has no strict hierarchical norms. For example, in the above historical materials, wives are only distinguished by seniority and seniority, not by rank. In fact, the position of the first wife in the Northern Dynasties was not stable. Such as: "At the beginning, (Lu) Dingguo married the Liu family in Hedong and had children; Later, the female Yang Fanlu gave birth to Xin Zhi. Both rooms are old homes, regardless of concubines. After the national subjugation, two sons fought and attacked their father. Servant Li Chong was spoiled when he was young and married Du Shiziquan. I ran around asking for help, and the reason for the letter was that I was the Lord and what my position was. Public security is poor, and hunger and cold are inevitable. "According to the Han system, there is no doubt that the first one is a wife, and the last one is a concubine. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was difficult for Lu Dingguo's ex-wife Liu and his ex-wife Lu to stand on the right side just because their families were equal, which led to the dilemma of uncertain heirs when attacking knights. With the help of Lu's wife, the son was able to attack the knight, which further reflected the lack of institutional guarantee for the status of the first wife at that time.
Generally speaking, in the polygamous families in the Northern Dynasties, although the identity of the first wife is vague, the dignity of the first-class children is very obvious. Ordinary children are often regarded as servants, and they are neither recognized by their families nor able to obtain corresponding social status. This kind of phenomenon, people have insight at that time, according to Yan Zhitui's "Yanshi Family Instructions":
Jiang Zuo is outspoken and guilty. After the funeral, he had a concubine. Scabies, mosquito bites, or no exemption, are limited to bigger ones, and it is rare to be ashamed of World War I. Hebei despises going abroad and does not expect abortion, so it wants to remarry. As for the third and fourth years, the mother had fewer children that year. Stepmother's brother, ex-wife's brother, clothes, food, and marriage, as for the separation of ordinary people and nobles, it is commonplace. After his death, he resigned from the lawsuit, slandered Tao, falsely accused his mother of being a concubine and his brother of being a servant, spread the words of his ancestors, and revealed the strengths of his ancestors in order to clear his name.
It can be seen that the fate of the eldest son and the second son in the Northern Dynasties is different. They are not only different in daily life, but also separated in marriage and official affairs. In this regard, Mr. Tang clearly pointed out: "After the Yongjia Rebellion, as far as the Northern Dynasties are concerned, the trend of belittling ordinary children has intensified. As for ordinary children, there is no' pre-abortion', no entry into family files, and even no upbringing, which goes beyond the general routine of distinguishing ordinary people from nobles. " Ordinary children's status is so low, of course, mothers have to fight for relevant family rights and interests, so it is inevitable to compete with each other and argue with each other. For example, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Pan Shi, the wife of Yang Dayan, said, "The third son, one long retort, two songs, and the second expedition were all born in Pan Shi ... The geese migrated to Yingzhou and Pan was in Luoyang, which was quite out of line. For Zhongshan, Zhao Yanbao, the daughter-in-law with big eyes, said that big eyes were angry and killed her. Marry the second wife, from Yuanshi County. After Dayan's death, Zansheng and others asked where Yin Shu was. When the Yuan Dynasty was pregnant, I pointed to her belly and said,' When my son attacked the founding of the People's Republic of China, you handmaids should have no hope!' Zansheng hates it. "This is a typical example of disunity disputes at that time. Yang Dayan murdered his ex-wife Pan Shi and then married Yuanshi County. After Dayan's death, Yuanshi County claimed to be his first wife, calling Pan Shi's son Zansheng his handmaid, and Zansheng asked Yuanshi County for his father's seal as his first son. The dispute between the two was very fierce. According to Shu Wei? "Biography of Corrupt Officials" records: "When Hong was very young, his wife Zhang's business assets helped Hong, from poverty to expensive, and there were dozens of men and women. After the flood, she got Liu, and Liu Fang was her sister. Hong is heavy, but Zhang is thin, because the two houses are separated and Liu's room is thick. Because two wives are jealous, sue each other and curse each other. The two mothers and children are enemies. " This case still involves the distinction between humble and humble. Li Hongzhi married Zhang when he was poor and humble, and later married Liu when he became famous. The former is to get married first, and the latter is a noble family, so it is difficult to settle down. Both wives have children of their own. Although they live in different places, they are jealous and quarrel with each other like enemies. This kind of situation is very common in the Northern Dynasties, and Yan Zhitui once felt this way:
Ordinary nature, the orphans of ex-husbands are favored by ex-husbands, and ex-wives will abuse their sons; It is not only women who are jealous, but also husbands who are puzzled and withdrawn. My ex-husband is lonely, so I dare not compete with my son for family, support him and love him, so I spoil him; The son of his ex-wife, who lives on his own life, learned to get married, so he abused it for prevention. If you are spoiled by a different surname, your parents will be blamed. If you are abused by your relatives, your brothers will be embarrassed. If you have this at home, it will be a disaster for your family.
Yan Zhitui believed that the family disputes and female jealousy at that time were caused by polygamy, which was very reasonable. The social reality of men's polygamy, uncertain heirs and taking ordinary people as servants in the Northern Dynasties will inevitably aggravate the jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties, which is also the social root of the endless jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties.
To sum up, the jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties was a prominent social phenomenon. At that time, women regarded jealousy as an important duty to balance their husbands, and they took various measures to prevent their husbands from adultery, concubinage and remarriage. This phenomenon is not only related to the strong primitive legacy of Xianbei nationality, but also the result of the increasingly thin social atmosphere after Wei and Jin Dynasties. The social reality that men in the Northern Dynasties were polygamous, unruly and arrogant provided a hotbed for the popularity of women's jealousy. It can also be seen that in the process of collision and blending between the more advanced Han culture and the more primitive minority culture, a complex social and cultural form will inevitably emerge, and the jealousy of women in the Northern Dynasties is an important symbol of this complex form.