Imperial tomb in song dynasty

The division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries lasted for more than half a century. It was not until Zhao Kuangyin, commander-in-chief of the imperial army in the Later Zhou Dynasty, launched the "Chen Qiao mutiny", seized the regime of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established the Northern Song Dynasty with a high concentration of imperial power. The mausoleum system in the Northern Song Dynasty generally followed the system in the early Tang Dynasty, but it changed the system of building and guarding tombs in advance in the Han and Tang Dynasties. The mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty was built only after the death of the emperor, and all the works must be completed within seven months. Because of this, the scale of the cemetery in the Song Dynasty was not as large as that in the Tang Dynasty. Empresses and concubines in the Tang Dynasty started from Emperor Gaozu Li Yuan, and the burial tombs were not built separately. However, in the Song Dynasty, the regulations of the Han Dynasty were restored, and empresses and concubines built separate cemeteries in the southwest corner of the mausoleum. The buildings in Hou Ling are the same as those in the Mausoleum, but on a smaller scale. Except for the tomb of Pan Shi, the empress of Taizu Zhuanghuai, whose name is "Baotai", no other Hou Ling has a tomb name. Song Ling in Gongxian County is square, facing south, and the scale of each mausoleum and the number of stone carvings in front of the tomb are unified. There is a square three-story mausoleum on the tomb, and there are a pair of stone lions on each door. From the south gate to the north, ministers of civil and military affairs and various stone statues are arranged on both sides of Shinto. Like the Tang Mausoleum, the layout of the cemetery is divided into the upper palace and the lower palace, which is the place where the upper mausoleum sacrifices and sacrifices every day. The difference is that the Xiagong in the Tang Dynasty was built to the west of Lingnan, while the buildings in the Song Dynasty were built to the west of Lingbei. In the Song Dynasty, the mausoleum was like geomantic omen (see geomantic omen), and it was popular to say that "the five-tone surname is Li", and the surname was attributed to the ancient five-tone, and then the auspicious position was chosen according to the sound. The surname of the Emperor in Song Dynasty is Zhao, which belongs to the "horn" sound, which is beneficial to the orientation of Bingren (the orientation to the west of the north). Due to the short construction time of the mausoleum in the Northern Song Dynasty, the amount of materials transportation, construction and burial is very huge, which brings a heavy burden to people. For example, when his father Zhao's Yong 'an Mausoleum was built, more than 200 people were killed. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Balinggong County was located between Zhengzhou and Luoyang in Henan Province, with Songshan Mountain in the south, the Yellow River natural barrier in the north, Qinglong Mountain in the east, towering mountains and Luoshui running through the county from east to west. Since ancient times, Mr. Beifengshui has regarded it as an auspicious place with high mountains and high waters. Therefore, the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty were all buried here except Hui and Qin, collectively known as the "Eight Mausoleums of Gongxian County". Gongxian Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum starts from Xiaoyi Town in the north, reaches Xicun in the west and runs through Zhitian Town in the middle, covering an area of about 30 square kilometers. The vast mausoleum area is really the first of the Yellow River, and climbing the Yellow River is enough. Unified layout of Gongxian Northern Song Dynasty cemetery. In the middle of the cemetery is the tomb of Emperor Gaozong, which symbolizes the emperor's "wealth" and dignity. Around the mausoleum, cypress trees become forests, so it is called "Baicheng". In the Song Dynasty, every mausoleum had a "Baizi Lake", which was responsible for cultivating cypress seedlings and planting Berlin. Now, the cypress trees in Songling have disappeared. After nearly a thousand years of wind and rain erosion, Lingtai also lost its majestic posture. Under the platform of the mausoleum is the Imperial Palace, the underground palace where the emperor's coffin is placed, all inlaid with stones. The whole layout gives the impression of majesty and wariness. The open space between Lingtai and South Gate of Shen Qiang is a place to worship temples, where sacrificial ceremonies are held. All the mausoleum buildings were destroyed in the Yuan Dynasty. It is said that the paving stones in front of the main hall of Zhongyue Temple in Songshan Mountain were taken from here. Starting from the Shenmen in the south of Lingtai, exquisite stone carvings are neatly opposed to each other on both sides of Shinto. From north to south, there are a pair of imperial palace stone carvings and a pair of imperial palace stone carvings. The imperial secretary stood on the west side of Nanshenmen, and the chamberlain stood around the tomb. The statue of the Forbidden City has slender eyebrows, thin shoulders and a hairpin, standing hand in hand, and the characteristics of women are vivid. The statue of Chamberlain, slightly chubby and stiff, holds the ball game and dusts it to show his identity. A pair of four stone lions. Among them, Zongshen always meets the stone lion statue at Lingnan Gate, which is the most exquisite. The statue of the samurai is right. Be the pioneer of statues on both sides of Shinto. Although it has been eroded by wind and rain for more than 1000 years, the decorative pattern of the statue armor is still exquisite and vivid. Two pairs of statues of civil and military officials. Civil servants holding water poles and military officers leaning on swords stand on both sides of Shinto, symbolizing court officials and courtiers. There are three pairs of envoys statues. The emissary was a representative of China minority regime who attended the funeral of the Northern Song Emperor. Envoys were carved in front of the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong, which reflected the political and economic ties between the Central Plains Dynasty and the neighboring minority regimes. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, ethnic conflicts intensified, and the Mausoleum still set envoys on both sides of Shinto, waiting in the same row as the civil and military courtiers. In addition to not changing the rules of the Mausoleum, it also symbolizes the intention of the minority regimes to submit to the Song Dynasty. Shi Hu and Shiyang have two pairs each. The tiger is a symbol of dignity and nobility. Sheep are gentle in character and beautiful in appearance. When our ancestors created characters, there was a saying that "sheep faces look good". Since the Han and Jin Dynasties, Shi Hu and Shiyang were often used as exorcists in front of the mausoleum. Zhang Ma Guan Ma two pairs of stone carvings. A pair of stone carvings in the corner. A pair of Swiss birds carved in stone. The stone statue and the elephant tamer's stone carving are a pair. A pair of sentries. Kanzhu is similar to China's watch, and it is a kind of cylindrical stone carving with auspicious meaning. To the south of the watchtower are a pair of breast platforms. It symbolizes the prosperity, eternal reproduction and good luck of future generations. The state power in the Northern Song Dynasty was highly concentrated in the emperor, which provided convenient conditions for empresses to participate in politics. Empress Liu listened to politics for eleven years and was called "Zhuang Xian Ming Su" after her death, which was unprecedented. Later, other Empresses and posthumous title in Song Dynasty increased from the previous two words to four words, which reflected the feudal etiquette system's recognition of the political status of Empresses. The improvement of the political status of the Empress in the Northern Song Dynasty is reflected in the mausoleum system, which shows that the Empress rose to the mausoleum position alone. There are 21 Hou Ling in Gongxian * * *, with the same organizational system as the mausoleum, but on a smaller scale. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, all eight mausoleums in Gongxian County were destroyed. It is said that Liu Yu once got a crystal cornucopia from a soldier, and decided that it was not ordinary people, so he found out that it belonged to Zhezong Yongtai Mausoleum, so he organized the "Henan Tao Sha Team", that is, the tomb excavation team. After the excavation of Yongtai Mausoleum, the treasure was looted and the bones were exposed. Since then, not only the tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty have been excavated, but also the folk tombs have not been spared. After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty took control of the tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty, and all the ground buildings except the stone carvings were "plowed into ruins". "There are still sorrows in the Southern Dynasties, and the spring breeze in the Nine Temples has been exhausted." The Six Mausoleums in the Southern Song Dynasty was a Qing 'an dynasty built by the king of national subjugation in the Northern Song Dynasty. The emperor was incompetent, stole peace and was corrupt in political affairs. There was an irony in a poem: "When will the West Lake song and dance stop outside the Qingshan Building outside the mountain?" Warm winds make tourists drunk and Hangzhou a continent. "Six of the nine emperors in the Southern Song Dynasty were buried in Shaoxing, and later people called it the' Life-saving Palace'. The cemetery buildings in the Southern Song Dynasty generally followed the Northern Song Dynasty, but the scale was far less than that of Song Ling in Gongxian County. There are neither towering tombs nor exquisite stone carvings made on both sides of Shinto. Coupled with thousands of years of destruction, now the mausoleum area has been abandoned. The original tombs and stone tablets erected after the Ming Dynasty have only a few mound heads engraved with the names of emperors and tombs. When Yuan Shizu was in China, Yang Lian Jia Zhen, a Western monk, and Yunze, a Enbukuji monk, were photographed by the general manager of Jiangnan Buddhism. With the support of Prime Minister Sanger, they dug all the tombs, which was the biggest looting among the six tombs in the south of the Yangtze River. Yang Lian Jia Zhen and monk Yun Ze led the army to the front of the mausoleum, and the envoys of the mausoleum tried their best to fight with them. Allow ze to draw out a sword and force him to cry helplessly. When the thief opened Li Zong's coffin, a white gas rushed out, only to see Li Zong lying like sleeping, bejeweled and lingering around him. The bottom of the coffin was padded with woven cotton and covered with a layer of gold net. After all the treasures in the coffin were robbed, the gangsters hung Li Zong's body upside down, pried open the luminous pearl in his mouth and drained the mercury from his abdomen. Rizong wanted to protect his body, but he didn't know it would end like this. According to historical records, they got many treasures, such as Ma Wu Yu Pencil Box, Copper Brush Rusted Tube, White Tooth Comb, Fragrant Bone Case, Hufu Pillow, Dai, Golden Cat's Eye, and Fish Shadow Joan Fan Handle. The emperor's bones were abandoned in the grass. At that time, Tang Jue, a Shaoxing native, was very sad to hear the news. Now I'm pawning my property, preparing a banquet in private and inviting the younger generation in the village. Halfway through the wine, Tang Jue suddenly said, "Would you please collect and bury the remains of my late emperor together?" A man asked, "The generals on the mountain are all eyeing up. What should we do once the story is exposed? Tang Jue said, "I have planned this." . There are many bones in the wilderness in the suburbs today. Why not use a fake one instead? "Everyone agreed. Tang Jue took out several prepared affairs boxes, covered them with yellow silk, marked them with the names of God and Ling, sneaked into Ling Mountain under the moonlight separately, put away the emperor's bones and numbers separately, buried them in front of Zhang Si Temple on a cloudy day in Baoshan, and planted holly as a symbol. Early the next morning, Tang Jue took out one hundred gold to reward the people. Seven days later, Yang Lian really found Rizong's head and cut it into a drinking vessel. He ordered the emperor's bones to be wrapped up, and everyone would pick them up with horses and cattle. In the Forbidden City in Lin 'an, the White Pagoda was built thirteen feet, which is famous for its earthquake, to show the intention of winning over the people in the south of the Yangtze River. People in Jiangnan can't bear to see it. There is a cloud in the southern song dynasty's miscellaneous poems: the forbidden city misses the old holly and has a tower of tears. Where did you cry when you visited the case of fish shadow and fragrant bone? Zhao Liling, the young emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, is located in Chiwan, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, southwest of Tianhou Palace. Chiwan is located on the east bank of the Pearl River Estuary, facing Lingdingyang, and backed by Da Nanshan, with a spectacular area. A poet once praised, "Outside Qiongzhuming Island in Rizhao, the wind gives birth to forest corners, and the cloud roots rise." Zhao Tai is the son of Evonne in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Yuan army captured Lin 'an, anti-Yuan generals Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie established Emperor Zhao, and continued to fight against Yuan in Guangdong. Later, Zhang Hongfan, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, led the Yuan Army to invade Guangdong on a large scale, and attacked Song Jun by land and water. When Lu Xiufu saw that the great event was over, he took the little emperor Zhao Tai and jumped into the sea from the rock in the yamen. So the song dynasty declared its demise. Later, Zhang Hongfan carved twelve Chinese characters "Zhang Hongfan, the general of the town, destroyed the Song Dynasty here" on the boulder of the yamen, to show his meritorious deeds of rebelling against the Song Dynasty and investing in Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, all the words carved by Zhang Hongfan were shoveled away to eliminate the shadow left by ethnic contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty.