Athena Chu: That week.
English: lamp
A device that can transmit light, distribute and change the light distribution of a light source, including all components except the light source needed for fixing and protecting the light source, and circuit accessories needed for connecting with a power supply.
Early lamps were similar to pottery food containers "beans". The middle of the upper plate and the lower seat is connected by an upright post. Although the shape is relatively simple, it lays the basic shape of China oil lamp. After thousands of years of development, the function of the lamp has gradually changed from the initial single practicality to the combination of practicality and decoration. These exquisite lamps unearthed from tombs of past dynasties, as well as the works handed down from the palace, are beautifully shaped and richly decorated, reflecting the aesthetic fashion of the mainstream society at that time. Many folk lanterns also have interesting designs. Their workmanship is generally simple, but their shapes are often surprising, which shows the aesthetic hobbies and functional requirements of the general public.
Modern lamps include household lighting, commercial lighting, industrial lighting, road lighting, landscape lighting, special lighting and so on. The earliest incandescent bulbs appeared in home lighting from the birth of electricity, and then developed into fluorescent tubes, and then to energy-saving lamps, halogen lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, gas discharge lamps, LED special materials and other lighting. Most lighting lamps are developed under the development of these light sources, such as lamp holders, fluorescent lamp holders and various current process lighting.
Light sources for commercial lighting are also developed on the basis of incandescent lamps, such as halogen lamps and metal halide lamps. Lamps and lanterns are mainly concentrated and floodlit, and signs, advertisements, characteristic windows and background lighting are constantly emerging according to the development needs.
The light sources of industrial lighting are mainly gas discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps, which are customized according to the requirements of other lamps, such as waterproof, explosion-proof and dustproof. But industrial lighting needs to be cautious, especially in the selection of light sources and lamps. For example, the color of clothing and the texture of fabric will have different effects under different light sources. The selection of lamps mainly considers reflectivity, illuminance and maintenance coefficient. At present, most domestic enterprises still pay little attention to it, only in some cases.
The choice of lamps for road lighting and landscape lighting is completely different. Don't think that lighting is enough. Road lighting can't blindly pursue beauty and ignore safety illumination and fog permeability, while the choice of lamps for landscape lighting should fully consider energy saving and beauty, because landscape lighting doesn't need such high illumination, so it is enough to create a lighting feature.
Other details: such as installation precautions and lighting design basis. You can refer to the special issue of Jurassic lighting.
Classification and characteristics of lamps (1)
(1) chandelier
1, function
A chandelier is suitable for the living room. There are many kinds of chandeliers, such as European candlestick chandeliers, Chinese chandeliers, crystal chandeliers, parchment chandeliers, fashion chandeliers, conical lanterns, pointed flat lanterns, waist-sealed lanterns, pentagonal spherical chandeliers, magnolia lanterns and olive chandeliers. There are two kinds of single-head chandeliers and multi-head chandeliers in the living room, the former is mostly used in bedrooms and restaurants; The latter should be installed in the living room. The installation height of the chandelier should be at least 2.2 meters from the ground.
① European candlestick chandelier
European classical chandeliers were inspired by the lighting methods of ancient candlesticks, when people placed several candles on the hanging wrought iron. Nowadays, many chandeliers are designed in this way, only the candles are replaced by light bulbs, but the light bulbs and lampholders are still like candles and candlesticks.
② Crystal chandelier
There are several types of crystal lamps: rock crystal cutting and grinding chandeliers, heavy lead crystal blow-molded chandeliers and low lead crystal blow-molded chandeliers; Crystal glass mid-range modeling chandelier, crystal glass chandelier, crystal glass die-casting cutting modeling chandelier, crystal glass strip chandelier, etc.
At present, most of the crystal lamps on the market are imitation crystals, but the materials used for imitation crystals are different. Good quality crystal lamps are made of high-tech materials, and some shoddy crystal lamps even use plastic as imitation crystal materials, so the light and shadow effect is naturally poor. So when buying, be sure to compare carefully and identify carefully.
③ Chinese chandelier
Classical Chinese chandelier, bright and neat, suitable for installation in the lobby area. The bright lights at the entrance give people a warm and pleasant atmosphere, and the Chinese pattern will tell those impetuous guests that this is a traditional family. It should be noted that the specifications and styles of lamps should match the living room. In addition, if you want to highlight the screen and decoration, you need to add spotlights.
④ Fashion chandelier
Most people may not want to decorate it into a European classical style, and modern chandeliers are often more popular. At present, there are many modern chandeliers on the market, and there is a lot of choice, and all kinds of lines can be chosen.
Step 2 choose
Consumers had better choose a chandelier that can install energy-saving lamps. Don't choose a chandelier with electroplating layer, because the electroplating layer is easy to fade after a long time. Choose all-metal and glass chandeliers that are consistent inside and outside.
Consumers should not choose chandeliers that are too cheap. At present, only the chandeliers around 200 yuan can have certain quality assurance, and the quality of chandeliers below 100 yuan is generally poor. Luxury chandeliers are generally suitable for duplex houses, and simple low-voltage lanterns are suitable for general houses. Crystal chandeliers are the most expensive, but there are few real crystal chandeliers. Crystal chandeliers are mainly sold in Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other places, with little sales in the north, which is also related to the air quality in the north, because the dust on crystal chandeliers is not easy to clean.
Consumers had better choose a chandelier with a separate switch, so that if there are more lamp holders in the chandelier, it can be partially lit.
(2) ceiling lamp
1, function
Commonly used ceiling lamps include square cover ceiling lamp, spherical ceiling lamp, pointed flat round ceiling lamp, hemispherical ceiling lamp, semi-flat spherical ceiling lamp, small rectangular cover ceiling lamp, etc. Ceiling lamp is suitable for lighting in living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom.
The ceiling lamp can be directly installed on the ceiling, with simple installation and simple and generous style, giving the space a clear and lively feeling.
Step 2 choose
Ceiling lamps generally have ballasts and circulating lamps. There are two kinds of ballasts: inductive ballasts and electronic ballasts. Compared with inductive ballast, electronic ballast can improve the light efficiency of lamps and systems, start instantly and prolong the life of lamps. At the same time, the temperature rise is small, there is no noise, the volume is small, the weight is light, and the power consumption is only 1/3 to 1/4 of that of the inductive ballast. Consumers should choose electronic ballast ceiling lamps. The round tube of the ceiling lamp has halogen powder and trichromatic powder, and the trichromatic tube has good color rendering, high luminous intensity and slow light decay; Halogen powder lamp tube has poor color rendering, low luminosity and fast light decay. Distinguishing between halogen powder and tricolor powder tubes can light both tubes at the same time. When you put your hand near the two tubes, you can find that the hand color of the halogen powder tube is white and twisted, and the hand color of the tricolor powder tube is the true color of the skin.
There are two kinds of ceiling lamps with and without remote control. The ceiling lamp switch with remote control is simple and suitable for bedroom use. The lampshade material of ceiling lamp is generally plastic and plexiglass, and now there are few glass lampshades.
(3) Floor lamp
1, function
Floor lamps are often used for local lighting, emphasizing the convenience of movement rather than comprehensiveness, which is very practical for creating a corner atmosphere. If the lighting mode of floor lamp is direct projection, it is suitable for reading and other activities that require concentration. If it is indirect lighting, the overall light change can be adjusted. The bottom of the lampshade of floor lamp should be higher than the ground1.8m..
Step 2 choose
Floor lamps are usually placed in the corner of the sofa. The floor lamp has a soft light, which is very effective when watching TV at night. The lampshade material of floor lamp is rich, and consumers can choose according to their own preferences. Many people like the floor lamp on the small table, because they can put the fixed telephone on the small table.
(4) Wall lamp
1, function
Wall lamps are suitable for bedroom and bathroom lighting. Commonly used are double-headed magnolia wall lamp, double-headed olive wall lamp, double-headed drum wall lamp, double-headed lace cup wall lamp, jade column wall lamp, mirror front wall lamp and so on. The installation height of the wall lamp shall not be lower than 1.8m from the ground.
Step 2 choose
The price of high-grade wall lamps in the market is around 80 yuan, and the price of low-grade wall lamps is around 30 yuan. The choice of wall lamp mainly depends on the structure and shape. Generally, mechanical molding is cheaper, while manual molding is more expensive. Wrought iron wall lamps, copper wall lamps and sheepskin wall lamps all belong to middle and high-grade wall lamps, among which wrought iron wall lamps sell best. There is also a digital calendar wall lamp with lights and pictures. This kind of wall lamp has the functions of lighting and decoration, and can also be used as a calendar, which is very popular with consumers. (5) Table lamp
1, function
Table lamps are divided into pottery lamps, wooden lamps, wrought iron lamps and bronze lamps. According to their materials, eye protection lamps, decorative lamps, work lamps, etc. According to their functions, there are light bulbs, plug-in lights, lamp beads and so on. According to their light source.
Step 2 choose
Choosing a desk lamp mainly depends on the quality and manufacturing process of electronic accessories. Generally, the quality of electronic accessories of table lamps made by small manufacturers is poor, and the level of manufacturing technology is low. Consumers should choose table lamps made by big manufacturers. Generally, decorative desk lamps are used in living rooms and bedrooms, and energy-saving eye protection desk lamps are used in workstations and desks, but energy-saving lamps cannot be dimmed.
(6) downlight
1, function
Downlight is generally installed on the ceiling around the bedroom, living room and bathroom. This kind of hidden lamp embedded in the ceiling projects all the light downward, which belongs to direct light distribution. Different reflectors, lenses, shutters and bulbs can be used to achieve different lighting effects. Downlight does not occupy space, which can increase the soft atmosphere of the space. If you want to create a warm feeling, you can try to install more downlights to reduce the pressure on the space.
Step 2 choose
The main problem of downlight lies in the lamp mouth. The lamp mouth of some inferior brands of downlight is not resistant to high temperature and is easy to deform, which leads to the bulb not being screwed down. Now, all lamps and lanterns must pass 3C certification before they can be sold, and consumers should choose downlights that have passed 3C certification.
(7) spotlight
1, function
Spotlights can be placed around the ceiling, on the top of furniture, on walls, dados or skirting lines. The light shines directly on the furniture and utensils that need to be emphasized, so as to highlight the subjective aesthetic function and achieve the artistic effect of outstanding focus, unique environment, rich levels, rich atmosphere and colorful colors. The spotlights are soft and elegant, which can not only play a leading role in overall lighting, but also play a role in local lighting and foil atmosphere.
Step 2 choose
Spotlight can be divided into low voltage and high voltage. Consumers had better choose low-voltage spotlights, which have longer life and higher light efficiency. The light efficiency of spotlight is reflected by power factor. The greater the power factor, the better the light efficiency. The power factor of ordinary spotlights is about 0.5, which is relatively cheap. The power factor of high-quality spotlights can reach 0.99, which is slightly expensive.
(8) Yuba
1, function
Yuba is divided into bulb infrared heating Yuba and heater heating Yuba according to the heating mode, and the main one on the market is bulb infrared heating Yuba. According to the function, there are three-in-one yuba and two-in-one yuba, and the three-in-one yuba has the functions of lighting, heating and exhaust; Two-in-one Yuba only has lighting and heating functions. According to the installation method, it can be divided into concealed bathroom tyrants, exposed bathroom tyrants and wall-mounted bathroom tyrants. The hidden Yuba is more beautiful, and the exposed Yuba is directly installed on it. Generally, before choosing the wall-mounted Yuba, you can't use the hidden Yuba and the exposed Yuba. Yuba made by regular manufacturers generally has to pass the "alternating performance test of cold and hot" of "standard full inspection", spray under ice water at 4℃, undergo instantaneous cold and hot test, and then use warm cannon explosion-proof glass to ensure absolute safety in bathing.
Step 2 choose
Yuba heating is warm as long as the light shines, which has little to do with the size of the room, mainly depending on the skin temperature of Yuba. Yuba has 2, 3 and 4 bulbs. Generally, 2 or 3 bulbs are selected for rooms with heating, and 4 bulbs are selected for rooms without heating. The standard Yuba bulbs are all 275 watts, but the poor quality bulbs heat up slowly and can't reach the specified temperature of 275 watts. When selecting yuba, consumers can stand at a distance of yuba 1 m, open yuba and feel the heating speed and temperature of yuba. The faster the heating speed, the higher the temperature, the better.
(9) energy-saving lamps
1, function
Energy-saving lamps are superior to ordinary incandescent bulbs in brightness and life, especially in power saving. Energy-saving lamps are U-shaped, spiral, petal-shaped and so on, with power ranging from 3 watts to 40 watts. The prices of energy-saving lamps of different models, specifications and places of origin vary greatly. Energy-saving lamps can generally be installed in downlights, chandeliers, ceiling lamps and other lamps. Energy-saving lamps are generally not suitable for use in high temperature and high humidity environment. Try to avoid using energy-saving lamps in bathrooms and kitchens.
Step 2 choose
When purchasing energy-saving lamps, we should choose well-known brands with guaranteed lighting market, and ensure that the products are fully packaged and marked. The life, color rendering and correct installation position of energy-saving lamps are usually explained on the outer packaging. There are two kinds of energy-saving lamps: halogen powder and tricolor powder. The comprehensive performance of tri-toner is better than halogen powder. Some merchants sell halogen powder as tri-color powder to cheat consumption.
Classification of lamps and lanterns (2)
Symmetrical (asymmetric) luminescence, symmetrical light distribution.
A lamp with symmetrical (asymmetrical) light intensity distribution. Symmetry is determined relative to an axis or a plane.
Direct lamp
A lamp that can emit 90% ~ 100% direct luminous flux to the lower part of the lamp.
Semi-direct lamp for semi-direct lamp
Lamps that can emit 60%-90% direct luminous flux to the lower part of lamps.
Diffuse lamp
Lamps that can emit 40% ~ 60% luminous flux to the lower part of lamps.
Semi-indirect lamp
Lamps that can emit 10% ~ 40% direct luminous flux to the lower part of lamps.
Indirect lighting equipment
A lamp that can emit direct luminous flux below 10% to the lower part of the lamp.
Wide-angle lamp for wide lighting lamps
Lamps and lanterns that make the pool distributed on a larger solid angle.
Intermediate angle lamp
A lamp that distributes light at a medium solid angle.
Deep lighting narrow angle lamp
A lamp that distributes light within a small solid angle.
Ordinary lamps
Lamps without special requirements such as dustproof or moistureproof.
Protective lamp
A lamp with a special protective shell can prevent dust, moisture and water from entering the lampshade. The code indicating the protection level usually consists of the characteristic letter IP and two characteristic numbers.
international protection
Lamps and lanterns that cannot completely prevent dust from entering, but the amount of dust does not interfere with the normal use of equipment.
international protection
No dust enters the lamps.
Waterproof lamp
Lamps with waterproof function in structure. Such as water dripping prevention, water splashing prevention, water spraying prevention, rain prevention, etc.
Underwater lamp
Lamps that can prevent water from entering under certain conditions.
Underwater lamp
Lamps that can be used in water for a long time under a certain pressure.
Lamps for explosive atmospheres
The explosion-proof cover of lamps used in explosive dangerous places conforms to the rules of explosion-proof use.
Fireproof lamps
A lamp can bear the explosion pressure of explosive gas mixture in the lamp and prevent the internal explosion from spreading to the explosive mixture around the lampshade.
Safety-enhancing lamp
Under normal operating conditions, measures should be taken to improve the safety of high-temperature lamps that do not generate sparks or may ignite explosive mixtures, so as to avoid the above phenomenon under normal conditions or recognized abnormal conditions.
Adjustable lamp
A lamp in which the main part of the lamp can be rotated or moved by suitable devices.
Portable lamp
After connecting the power supply, you can easily weigh the lights from one place to another.
hanging lamp
Lamps and lanterns suspended from ceilings or wall brackets by hanging ropes, chains and pipes.
Lifting chandelier
Pendant lamp with adjustable hanging height through pulley and counterweight.
Embedded lamp
Lamps that are safely or partially embedded in the installation surface.
Ceiling lamps, surface mounted lamps
Lamps and lanterns are installed directly on the ceiling surface.
Downlight downlight
A lamp usually hidden in the ceiling, used to concentrate light at Yu Xiaoguang Angle.
wall lamp
Lamps and lanterns fixed directly on walls or columns.
floor lamp
A movable lamp mounted on a high post and standing on the ground.
Desk lamp
A portable lamp placed on a table or connected to a power supply.
hand lamp
Portable lamp with handle, connected to power supply with flexible cord.
Projection lamp projector
A lamp that uses a reflector and a refractor to obtain high light intensity within a specified solid angle.
Searchlight searchlight
Usually, it has a light outlet with a diameter of more than 0.2m, and generates a high-intensity projection lamp with approximately parallel beams.
floodlight
Projection lamps with beam divergence angle (beam width) greater than 10 can usually rotate and point in any direction.
Spotlight spotlight
Generally, it has a light outlet with a diameter of less than 0.2m, forming a focused beam with a divergence angle of not more than 0.34 rad(20°).
emergency lamp
The floorboard of emergency lighting lamps.
Evacuation sign lamp escape sign lamp
Emergency lighting with evacuation sign on lampshade, including exit sign or direction sign.
Exit sign lamp
A marker lamp installed directly above or near the exit to indicate the position.
Direction sign lamp
A signal lamp installed on the evacuation passage and pointing to the exit direction.
Road lighting lamps
Lamps used in traditional road lighting. According to its light distribution mode, it can be divided into cut-off, semi-light and non-cut lamps.
Full cut-off lamp
The maximum light intensity direction is 0 ~ 65, and the maximum allowable light intensity values in 90 and 80 angle directions are 10cd/ 1000lm and 30cd/ 1000lm respectively.
Semi-cut light source for semi-light lamp
The maximum light intensity direction is 0 ~ 75, and the maximum allowable values of light intensity at angles of 90 and 80 are 50cd/ 100lm and 100cd/ 1000lm respectively.
Non-cutoff lamp
The maximum allowable light intensity at 90 degrees is 1000cd.
Detailed classification of lamps (3):
1. Outdoor lighting: landscape lamp | street lamp | lawn lamp | pole lamp | courtyard lamp | buried lamp | guardrail lamp | searchlight | square lamp | traffic light | tunnel lamp.
2. Indoor lighting: table lamp | wall lamp | ceiling lamp | interior decoration | lamp/bulb | floor lamp | chandelier electricity
3. Light source: halogen lamp | germicidal lamp | solar lamp | sodium lamp | incandescent lamp | fluorescent lamp | LED series | discharge lamp | energy-saving lamp | low voltage lamp | quartz lamp neon lamp | downlight | spotlight lamp | fluorescent lamp | mercury lamp.
4. Stage lights: stage lights | computer lights | spotlight | scanning lights | shaking lights | soft light | backlight | spotlight | laser lights.
5. Headlights: Headlights | Taillights | Turn Lights | Xenon Lights | Warning Lights | Side Lights | Brake Lights.
6. Electron tube: ordinary flashlight | rechargeable flashlight | solar flashlight | unpowered flashlight | lantern, searchlight | waterproof flashlight | explosion-proof flashlight
7. Others: mosquito killer | mosquito and fly lamp | insecticidal lamp
National standard for lamps:
GB 7000. 1- 1996 general safety requirements and tests for lamps.
General safety requirements and tests of lamps and lanterns
GB 7000.2- 1996 safety requirements for emergency lighting.
Safety requirements of emergency lighting lamps and lanterns
GB 7000.3- 1996 Safety requirements of portable lamps for gardens.
Safety requirements for portable lighting equipment for gardens
GB7000.4- 1996 Safety requirements for portable lamps of interest to children.
Safety requirements for portable child-friendly lamps
GB 7000.5- 1996 safety requirements for road and street lighting.
Safety requirements of road street lamps
GB 7000.6- 1996 safety requirements for tungsten lamp lamps with built-in transformers.
Safety requirements for illuminators with built-in transformers for incandescent lamps
GB 7000.7- 1996 floodlight safety requirements
Safety requirements for floodlights
GB 7000.8- 1996 Safety requirements for lamps used in swimming pools and similar places.
Safety requirements for lighting equipment for swimming pools and similar purposes
GB 7000.9- 1996 Safety requirements for light strings
Safety requirements for lighting chains
GB 700 1- 1986 classification of lamp housing protection grade.
Classification of protection grade of lamp shell
GB/T 7002- 1986 photometric test of projection lighting fixtures
Photometric determination of floodlights
GB 7256. 1- 1987 general requirements for technical conditions of civil airport lamps.
General requirements of airport lighting equipment specification
GB 93 16- 1988 safety requirements for electronic flash devices for photography.
Safety requirements for electronic flash equipment for photography
GB/T 9467- 1988 photometric test of indoor lamps and lanterns
Photometric determination of indoor lamps
GB/T 9468- 1988 photometric test of road lighting lamps
Photometric determination of street lighting lamps
GB/T 9473- 1988 general technical requirements for civil table lamps
General technical requirements for civil table lamps
GB 9720- 1988 general specification for marine fluorescent lighting lamps.
Marine fluorescent lamps-General specifications
Gb11155-1989 general technical requirements for marine indicator lights.
General specification for ship indicator lights
GB 12045- 1989 technical requirements for marine explosion-proof lamps.
Explosion-proof lamps for ships-specifications
Gb/t13036-1991technical requirements for portable general lamps.
Technical requirements of portable universal lamps
Gb/t13037-1991technical specification for fixed ordinary lamps.
Technical requirements of general fixed lamps and lanterns
GB/T 13954- 1992 special vehicle marker lamp
Special warning light for road vehicles
Gb/t13961-1992 power rail system for lamps.
Power supply rail system of lamps and lanterns
GB/T 14076- 1993 general technical requirements for stage lamps for film and television.
General technical requirements for lighting fixtures for film and television studios and stages.
The mandatory national standard for lamps will be implemented on June 5438+10/October 65438 +0, 2009. According to the standard, Class 0 lamps with the lowest safety level will be ordered to gradually withdraw from the market.
Lamps and lanterns can be divided into 0, I, II and III levels according to the categories of electric shock protection, of which 0 level is the worst.
[Edit this paragraph] Analysis on the development of lighting industry
With the entry of foreign capital, the domestic competition of lighting industry has been internationalized. Strengthening the development of energy-saving light sources and lamps with different grades, styles and uses, and accelerating the development, popularization and application of green energy-saving light source products are the key points of structural adjustment of China lighting industry. At the same time, it is also an important topic for the sustainable development of lighting industry and the competition of lighting enterprises. The lighting industry in China will face unprecedented opportunities and challenges, and the huge commercial benefits brought by it have also become the focus of attention of lighting manufacturers.
Due to the rising raw materials, rising labor costs, export tax rebates, international trade barriers, and the impact of the Wall Street financial turmoil, all lighting industries are facing "transformation", especially export enterprises. Therefore, to achieve upgrading and transformation, enterprises are faced with the second "entrepreneurship", which is not a simple change and upgrading, but a process of brand reconstruction. There is still a long way to go for lighting enterprises to develop in the direction of collectivization, scale and brand. Facing the international and domestic situation, enterprises need a kind of courage to resist the cold current from all directions, and enterprises need a kind of spirit to push the brand forward.
Source: China Lighting Forum.