The Forbidden City was built in strict accordance with the principle of "the former dynasty was in the city, and the left ancestor was in the right society" in Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji. The whole Forbidden City, in terms of architectural layout, is combined into a whole through the changes and ups and downs of its shape. Functionally, it conforms to the hierarchical system of feudal society. At the same time, it achieves the artistic effect of balance and body change. The roof forms of buildings in China are rich and colorful. In the Forbidden City, there are 10 different kinds of roofs. Take the three halls as an example. The roofs are different. The roofs of buildings in the Forbidden City are covered with glazed tiles of various colors. The main temple is mainly yellow. The buildings in the prince's residential area use green. Other colorful stained glass, such as blue, purple, black, emerald, malachite green, sapphire blue, etc., are mostly used in gardens or glass walls. There are glazed kissing animals at both ends of the main ridge on the roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the swallowing ridge is steady and powerful. Kissing animals have beautiful shapes, which are both components and decorations. Some ceramic tiles create three-dimensional animal images such as dragons and phoenixes, lions and seahorses, symbolizing auspiciousness and majesty. These components play a decorative role in the building.
At that time, the front hall of the Forbidden City required magnificent architectural modeling and clear and open courtyards, symbolizing the supremacy of feudal regime. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the diagonal center of the Forbidden City, and there are ten auspicious animals on each corner, which are lifelike. The designers of the Forbidden City thought it would show the majesty of the emperor and shock the world. The palace behind requires a deep courtyard and a compact building. Therefore, the six palaces in the East and West are self-contained, each with its own palace doors and walls, which are arranged in an orderly manner. Together with the palace lanterns and embroidered beds, they are all arrangements to meet the needs of luxury life. Behind the palace is the backyard. There are cold, carved pines and cypresses in the backyard, exquisite rockeries with beautiful rocks, and buildings, pavilions, pavilions and pavilions around them are beautiful and quiet.
The Palace Museum is arranged along a north-south central axis, and the three main halls, the last three palaces and the imperial garden are all located on this central axis. And spread to both sides, straight from north to south, symmetrical left and right. This central axis runs through the Forbidden City, Yongdingmen in the south, Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the north, and runs through the whole city. It is magnificent, carefully planned and extremely spectacular.
The Forbidden City is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of working people hundreds of years ago. When it was first built, there were 100,000 enslaved laborers, including 1 million laborers. Under the social production conditions at that time, it fully reflected the high wisdom and creativity of the working people in ancient China. At the same time, in order to build the Forbidden City, in the Ming Dynasty, most of the wood needed was collected from Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, and countless working people were forced to cut down and transport wood in the deep forests. Most of the stones used are collected from the outer suburbs of Beijing and the mountainous areas two or three hundred miles away from the suburbs of Beijing. Each stone often weighs several tons or even dozens or hundreds of tons. For example, there is a Yunlong stone carving weighing about 250 tons on the back eaves of Baohe Hall.
Architects believe that the design and architecture of the Forbidden City are really unparalleled masterpieces. Its plane layout, three-dimensional effect, grandeur, grandeur and harmony in form, and grandeur and luxury in architecture are the essence of ancient architectural art in China. It marks the long cultural tradition of China and shows the outstanding achievements of craftsmen in architecture more than 500 years ago.
Standing on the high mountain to see the Forbidden City, there are no windows at all, in case the assassin can't find his way. There are two tin cans in front of the gate, which are fireproof and filled with water.
Forbidden city gate 4
There are four doors in the Forbidden City. The main entrance is called the meridian gate. Its plane is concave and spectacular. There are five exquisite white marble arch bridges leading to Taihe Gate behind the Wumen Gate. The east gate is called Donghuamen, the west gate is called Xihuamen and the north gate is called Shenwumen. There are exquisite turrets in all four corners of the Forbidden City. The turret is 27.5 meters high, with a cross-shaped roof, triple eaves, mountains all around and many angles staggered. It is a wonderful building.
The main entrance of the Forbidden City is called "Wumen Gate", commonly known as Wufeng Tower. The east, west and north sides are connected by a platform 12 meters high, surrounded by a square. There is a 1 building. There is a heavy building in the middle, which is 9 halls with wide faces and double eaves. There are four pavilions, with eaves and roofs on the left and right protruding walls, which are connected by open corridors. Each wing has a 13 hall, and each corner has a tall corner pavilion that supports the main hall. The gatehouse of this shape is called "Quemen", which is the most advanced form of the ancient gate in China. The buildings in this group of cities are magnificent and the first peak in the Palace Museum. The meridian gate is the place where the emperor issued letters and ordered expeditions. Every time the imperial edict is read out and the almanac is issued, officials of civil and military affairs will gather in the square in front of the meridian gate to listen to the imperial edict. Usually only the emperor can enter and exit the main entrance of the meridian gate. The emperor gets married, the queen enters once, and those who win the first prize, the second place and the third place in the palace entrance examination can walk out of this door once. The ministers of civil and military affairs went in and out of the east gate, and the royal princes went in and out of the west gate.
The back door is Shenwumen, which was called Xuanwu Gate in Ming Dynasty. Xuanwu is one of the four ancient beasts. From the azimuth, Zuo Qinglong, Right White Tiger, Former Suzaku and Later Xuanwu dominate the north, so the North Palace Gate of the Forbidden City is named Xuanwu. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed "Shenwumen" because of taboo. Shenwumen is also a city gate building, with the highest-grade double-eaved roof, but its main hall has only five bays and a veranda, and there are no wings extending forward from left to right, so it is one level lower than Wumen in shape. Shenwumen is the entrance guard for daily access to the palace. Now Shenwumen is the main entrance of the Palace Museum.
Donghuamen corresponds to Xihuamen, and there is a dismount monument outside. Inside the gate, North Henan Golden Water Flow, Shiqiao 1, North Bridge Sanmen. Donghuamen and Xihuamen have the same shape, with a rectangular plane, a red podium and a white jade base, among which there are three coupon doors with excircle coupon holes. There are towers, yellow glazed tiles and double eaves on the rostrum. The tower is five rooms wide and three rooms deep, surrounded by corridors.
Within the meridian gate, there is a vast courtyard. In the courtyard, there is an arc-shaped inner Jinshui River that runs through the east and west, with the outer palace gate and Taihe gate in the north and rooms on the left and right. There are five bridges on the Jinshui River, which are equipped with white marble railings that rotate with the river like jade belts.
Three Great Halls
Inside the Taihe Gate, an open-air courtyard of more than 30,000 square meters is the center of the foreign dynasties: Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall of Zhonghe and Hall of Baohe, which are collectively called the three halls (Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall and Shenshen Hall in the Ming Dynasty, and Jiajing was renamed Huangji Hall, Zhongji Hall and Jianji Hall). Now it's called the name of the Qing Dynasty). These three halls are the main buildings of the Forbidden City. Their heights and shapes are different, and their roofs are also different, so they are rich and varied but not rigid.
Hall of Supreme Harmony
The Hall of Supreme Harmony (called Fengtian Hall and Huangji Hall in Ming Dynasty), commonly known as the "Golden Hall", is 35.05 meters high, 63 meters east and west, and 35 meters north and south, covering an area of more than 2,380 square meters. The area is the largest among the main halls of the Forbidden City, and the shape is also the highest and most magnificent building. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is a temple with five ridges and four slopes, with long ridges in the east and west and two oblique vertical ridges in the front and back, thus forming a roof with five ridges and four slopes, which is called fairy hall style in architectural terminology. There are 10 kinds of wild animals under the eaves (dragons, phoenixes, lions, horses, seahorses, sisters-in-law, gambling on fish, sisters-in-law, bullfighting and walking), which is a special case of ancient architecture in China. From the Ming dynasty in the14th century, the double-eaved palace was the highest-ranking form of the feudal dynasty palace. The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 72 pillars with a diameter of 1 m, among which 6 are dragon pillars coated with gold powder around the throne. There are painted gold pillars and exquisite dragon caissons in the hall. In the center of the hall is the symbol of feudal imperial power-the golden throne of Qi Diao Dragon, which is located on a 2-meter-high platform in the hall, with the golden throne of Qi Diao Dragon. There are exquisite cranes, stoves and pots in front of the throne, and a carved dragon screen behind it. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest wooden structure building in the Forbidden City, the most spectacular building in the Forbidden City and the largest wooden structure building in China. The whole hall is resplendent and magnificent. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the place where the emperor held important ceremonies. That is, the emperor ascended the throne, birthdays, weddings, New Year's Day and so on are celebrated here.
Central Harmony Hall
Zhonghe Hall (called Gaihua Hall and Relay Hall in Ming Dynasty) is one of the three halls in the Forbidden City, located behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Zhonghe Hall is 27 meters high, square in plane, three rooms wide and deep, with cloisters all around and brick floor, with a building area of 580㎡. The yellow glazed tile has a pyramid-shaped roof with a single eaves and four corners, with a gold-plated top in the middle. The top of the four ridges gather into a pointed shape, and the spherical treasure top is covered with a bronze tire, which is called the quadrangular pointed shape in architectural terminology. Zhonghe Hall is the place where the emperor rested and practiced etiquette before going to the Hall of Supreme Harmony for a ceremony. Before going to the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the emperor stopped here for a short time, accepted the salute of cabinet ministers and officials of the Ministry of Rites, and then entered the Hall of Supreme Harmony for a ceremony. In addition, before the emperor worships heaven and earth and the ancestral temple, he should also review the "classes" written in eulogy here; Before going to farm in Zhongnanhai, you should also look at the farm tools here.
Baohe Palace
Baohe Hall (called Shenshen Hall and Jianji Hall in Ming Dynasty) is also one of the three halls of the Forbidden City, located behind Zhonghe Hall. Baohe Hall is 29 meters high, rectangular in plan, 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep, with a building area of 1240㎡. Yellow glazed tile double eaves xieshan roof. There is a positive ridge in the center of the roof, with two vertical ridges in front and two vertical ridges in the back. The lower part of each vertical ridge is inclined with a fork ridge, which, together with nine positive ridges, vertical ridges and fork ridges, is called inclined mountain type in architectural terminology. Baohe Hall is the place where the emperor fetes foreign princes and ministers every New Year's Eve. Baohe Hall is also the place where imperial examinations are held.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe are all built on the 8-meter-high I-shaped abutment made of white marble, with Taihe in front, Zhonghe Hall in the middle and Baohe Hall in the back. From a distance, it looks like a fairy que in Gong Qiong. The abutments overlap three layers, and the upper edge of each platform is decorated with railings, watchposts and faucets carved with white marble. Among the three platforms, three stone steps are carved with dragons, which set off the "Imperial Road" with waves and flowing clouds. There are 14 15 carved railings, Yunlong Xiangfeng 1460 carved sentry box and 165438 faucet on the 25,000m2 countertop. Three sets decorated with so many white marble, with overlapping shapes, are unique decorative arts in ancient buildings in China. And this kind of decoration is the drainage pipe of the countertop in terms of structure and function. A small hole was carved under the railing. There is also a small hole carved on the faucet, which extends below the sentry post. Every rainy season, three groups of rainwater are discharged from small holes layer by layer, water flows out from the faucet, and the dragon sprays water, which is spectacular. This is a scientific and artistic design.