On the relationship between Manchu and Han in Qing dynasty-also on the love story theme of Cao Xueqin's mother name Tong Jiashi in recent years. But judging from its level and quality, they are generally boring "jokes" and vulgar fabrications, which have a great influence on people who don't know history of qing dynasty's crooked historical figures and facts, but historians have not said a word about it, which is very different. In the history of Qing Dynasty, the relationship between Manchu and Han was a big topic. This kind of relationship, including race, flag, descent, marriage, politics and other aspects, is intertwined and seemingly inseparable. It is contradictory to want to be together and be afraid of being together, and to be afraid of being together and advocate it. Taking the Tong family as an example to test the relationship between Manchu and Han can be said to be typical. After Cao Wei, Cao Bin, the third son of Wu Hui Wang Jiyang in the early Song Dynasty; His ancestors fell to Nanchang, Jiangxi Province because of his official career, and his descendants lived in JD.COM in the north during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty. Later, the younger of the two brothers moved to Tieling, Liaodong, and the relationship between Manchu and Han in Qing Dynasty was very complicated and important, which should be discussed in a monograph. This paper only intends to observe some subtle details and influences of this subject from one side, which should be correctly understood academically and expressed in literature and art. The space is limited, and it is rough and rough. Take his works as an example, take it as an easy-to-understand argument, and don't make too many "academic" arguments for readers to learn. In the history of Qing Dynasty, the relationship between Manchu and Han was an important topic. This kind of relationship, including race, flag, descent, marriage, politics and other aspects, is intertwined and seemingly inseparable, and longing and fear, fear and admiration are full of contradictions. It is based on a survey of history and should not be simple and conceptual. Practically speaking, from the beginning, Manchu and Han were inseparable. Jurchen (Manchu) in the Ming Dynasty was originally a part of the country, and tribal leaders were proud of their responsibility of "guarding the border for Daming". Later, they attacked the Ming Dynasty and declared the "seven great hates". The corruption of the Ming Dynasty angered them, so they could not all use "excuses" to say things. However, at the earliest, the whole army trapped the city and occupied an area, wantonly burning and killing the four major crimes of rape and plunder, causing national hatred, and those who harmed the Han people were responsible. Moreover, those Han officials and generals who forced landing and lured surrender were originally working for the enemy. However, when Nurhachi treated the Han people very harshly and contemptuously, the people who reduced their money could not bear it and would run away anyway. After reading the biographies of the Qing Dynasty, we can see that A Min, the "Second Baylor", wanted to get justice at the slightest hint, and insulted him, taking "killing" as a threat. This situation did not improve until Huang taiji (real name Abahai) succeeded to the throne as "Khan King", that is, "Tiancong". Huang taiji deserves to be called "the British master" and knows how to attach importance to the Han people, otherwise it will be difficult to achieve "great cause"-this meaning has been proved by history. Because this is the only way to "set the Central Plains". Second, among these Han people, there is a Tong family. In the study of Manchu-Chinese relations, we should first pay attention to this clan. In his early years, Mr. Zhang Taiyan wrote The Examination of Manchuria with the Examination of Tong's Family, which shows the importance of Tong's family to Qing history. Taking the children's family as an example to study the relationship between Manchu and Chinese is typical. Mr. Zhang's textual research on the old flag of Tong Liaodong is as follows: Although the word Tong is found in Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, he is a master of ancient Chinese exegesis, which can be found in ancient rhyme books and marked as his surname, which proves that Liaodong was famous for his ability to write; In the Ming Dynasty, Tong was more than one official. Take Ming History as an example. Tong's surname has many deeds, such as Tong Yu of Tianshun and Chenghua, and the official to Kaiyuan commanded 30,000 guards, which is an important position in border defense. I can't mention the rest here. In a word, there is no doubt that the Tong family is Han nationality. However, in the early Qing Dynasty, the Tong family became a "Manchu", and its origin can also be simply explained-a branch of the Tong family in the Ming Dynasty, originally living in Kaiyuan, and later moved to Fushun-the Ming Dynasty set up a market to trade with jurchen, nicknamed "Ma Shi", and it was a genuine commodity, which entered the main road and important place of Liao's trade with Kaifu as the edge. This Tong family was connected with the Manchu Dynasty. Nurhachi broke the Liao Dynasty and took Fushun as the breakthrough (the situation in Liaodong changed greatly because of the surrender of garrison commander Li Yongfang), and the Tong family was already full, so it was also very active in this campaign. The Ming court knew that Tong was a traitor and killed many of his people, which became a major case at that time and was recorded in the history books. The most important figures in the Tong family fell into the State of Jin (the Manchu family was named Jin before entering the customs, but it was called Houjin in history, which was different from the State of Jin in the Song Dynasty) and Tong Yangzhen (later, because Yongzheng was too taboo, the official book was changed to "Zheng Yang") and Tong Yangzhen. Telling the truth is the company commander of Liaodong in Ming Dynasty. Yang Zhen's son was born in his childhood, and his early name was "Tulai", which was later refined into "Tulai". He has two sons: Guo Gang and Guo Wei; A woman entered the palace as a concubine after Shunzhi, and then gave birth to Emperor Kangxi and Tong Fei, the empress dowager, which is called filial piety in the history books. Therefore, it can be known that Emperor Kangxi himself is a double lineage of Manchu-Chinese marriage. As for Kangxi's children, there are dozens, including Manchu and Han daughters, and many Han daughters. According to historical records, Kangxi's "ordinary princess" had many daughters from China, none of whom were chosen as "women" by the flag. What was the reason at that time? I was afraid of things outside the system, such as a king, who was actually the "magistrate's daughter". Later, the two daughters of the Tong family entered the palace and became the concubines of Kangxi (cousin marriage); Tong Yangxing has long had a forehead (commonly known as Ma Xu) and so on, so there is no need to list it in detail today. They have been "children's in-laws" for generations. The child born is a mixed-race man and Han. This shows that the royal family of the Qing Dynasty has already broken the boundaries between Manchu and Han nationalities. In addition to the above, there is an important relationship between the "Han surname" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Manchu, which needs more research. It is appropriate to take Cao Yin and Cao Xueqin as examples to illustrate this topic. Cao Yin transferred the official white flag of the Office of Internal Affairs, and all those who were stamped with official seals by the Office of Internal Affairs and surnamed Han Chinese were arrested and made slaves. They belong to the "Shangsanqi" of Manzhouli Banner in system, and they are royal servants, which are completely different from the "Han Army" adapted by the Ming Army from the Qing Dynasty (but it is a big mistake to gradually call the official Han surname "Han Army" from the Hegan period. Cao Yin's father's name is Xi, his ancestor's name is Yan Zhen, and his great-grandfather was chosen by the world. After Cao Wei, Cao Bin, the third son of Wu Hui Wang Jiyang in the early Song Dynasty; His ancestors settled in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province because of his official career, while his descendants settled in northern JD.COM during Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. Later, the younger of the two brothers moved to Tielingwei, Liaodong. In recent years, people have found that there are iron clocks in the southwest suburbs today. There are descendants of Cao Shi living in Hehe (Fanhe, Fanhe), Yaobao and Wubahai. River used to be Xiangping County in Qin and Han Dynasties, which was ruled by Liaodong County. Four years of Ming dynasty (1439)? Rivers build thousands of cities and hundreds of waist castles-"Suo" is the garrison point below Jiankang. The arrival of Cao Shi is related to the commercial and military duties of Ma Shi. In the third year of the mandate of heaven at the end of the Jin Dynasty (16 18), Nuerhachi led his troops to invade Liaodong territory, and captured more than ten castles in the southern suburb of Tieling (north of Fushun, northeast of Shenyang), and rewarded them after capturing them. In this campaign, an ancient temple monument on the river confirmed that "it was unexpected that the southern suburbs of Sanhan Tieling were unexpectedly called Wu." Therefore, "Ding Zhuang is wandering", the scenery is gloomy, "eyes look a thousand miles, tears spill on the side court" (Yongning Cup, inscription of ten years' destiny). It can be inferred that Cao was captured in this battle and became a slave of Zhengbaiqi. The name of the son chosen by the world is Yan Zhen-he and Toulai cast the inscription of Baoji, the master of Dajin Lama in Tiancong for four years; For eight years, Tiancong has been making contributions to Shanxi under the banner of Dole Qiu Zhengbai. After entering the customs, Wu changed to Wen, and the official went to Datong Magistrate and Zhejiang Salt Law Road. In the later period of Shunzhi, Dourgen (the regent, uncle and "the father of the emperor") was defeated, and the army of Zhengbaiqi was only under the control of the Empress Dowager (system: three flags were hoisted, and the imperial flags on both sides were personally led by the emperor, and the right of Zhengbaiqi belonged to the Empress Dowager). After he acceded to the throne at the age of eight, Zhengleitian was changed to Tong Empress Dowager. When Tong Hou gave birth to his son (Kangxi, named) and chose an important nanny (a grandmother who was brought up), his son-in-law and Cao's wife were the first choice. Mrs. Sun's contribution to Juyu is enormous, and she will be named Mrs. Yipin in the future (only Mrs. Yipin can erect a monument, and Baoyu apologized to Daiyu in Dream of Red Mansions, saying that when you seal Mrs. Yipin, I will erect a monument for you all my life! It is the embodiment of Cao family heirloom concept). Cao Xi himself, his son, grandson, three generations and four people, were able to be an important weaving official in Jiangnan for 50 or 60 years, all because he was the "wet nurse father" of Kangxi (commonly known as Naigong, inaccurate). Yan Zhen: the ancestor of Xueqin; Xi is his great-grandfather; Yin is my grandfather. Look at it again: Cao Yin's sister married Fu Nai, a famous Manchu minister; His daughter married Fujin, the first wife of Pingjun County King. The second daughter also married a prince (both royal Aisingiorro). As for Qin Xue himself, he is two best friends. Dunmin and Duncheng are descendants of Prince Azig, Dourgen's brother. Taking this Cao family as an example, it can be clearly seen that the marriage, politics, culture and other aspects of the Manchu and Han nationalities in the Qing Dynasty are inextricably linked. This is a major historical issue that people who manage history of qing dynasty cannot ignore. The four families of children, Li, Cao and Jin in Fushun and Tieling (including Kaiyuan) constitute the masterpieces of interactive marriage of Han people from Qing Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. There are two Li. They are the descendants of the most prestigious town commander Li (Korean) in Liao Dynasty and the sons of Fushun farmers. Both Li are from Tieling. The Jin family and the Cao family are related by marriage, which can be found in the Collection of Poems of the Neem Pavilion. Today, according to the Li family tree, it can be clearly seen that Tong, Li, Jin and Cao are close relatives of the Li family. This also proves that a family of Xueqin is originally from Tieling, which is beyond doubt. Jin is a descendant of Jin and also belongs to the Han surname of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. There is also Jin Yiren, the manager of Changchun Garden, who seems to be Xu Li's former and former colleagues. Emperor Kangxi was finally abolished because of a prince (heir). So ambitious ministers coveted the throne. What about Yin? Plotting a coup to usurp the throne, the conspirators were assisted by general Nian Gengyao, and the secret heir Yin Zhen guarded the northwest and was controlled by the army; The capital is Tong. Longkeduo, as an uncle (cousin and brother-in-law of Kangxi), commander of infantry and prefect of Nine Gates, holds the important military power to switch the Nine Gates of Beijing and ensure the safety of the throne! Yongzheng is sinister and diabolical. After taking power, he tortured his own flesh and blood, while eradicating two "insiders" and "dangerous people", Nian and Long. First, the general was "given suicide", and then his uncle Long Keduo was imprisoned to death by "41 major crimes"! It can be proved here that Longkeduo is not only Yongzheng's uncle, but also "in-laws". Because of his half-sister, nine princess, he married his son, Shun 'anyan. Several generations of close relatives may not "take care" of political events. The dragon case was scheduled for December in the fifth year of Yong (1727). Only one month later, he ordered Cao's (father's) home to be raided and Jing Wen was arrested for "sin"! Why is this? It is clear that the Cao case is a page in Longkeduo-although it is in a second-class position, as long as the main case is concluded, its subordinate "partisans" will be ruled out one by one. What is the relationship between Cao and Long? It can be inferred that because his wife is Tong Jiashi (Cao? People of the same generation as Yongzheng). Where is the evidence? The description of a family in the Story of the Stone is "our time in the Beijing camp", which is a vague word "empty language" in which the infantry commanded nine prefects and the Wangs took the Tong family as the prototype. Jia was marked as "the queen of princes" in the "official protection sign". Qiu was called the highest Wu Zhi in ancient times, and also referred to as the commander-in-chief of the infantry-just like the nature of the "commander of the capital garrison" in later generations. In the seventh episode of "The Story of the Stone in Mengfu", there is a commentary saying: "... I know that the hero of the Han Dynasty can't protect his leader!" It is also an allusion to Long Keduo's "a sly rabbit dies, a running dog cooks" in the early Han Dynasty, which is particularly obvious. There are poems in the ancient manuscript "The Story of the Stone", such as "Du Zhongwang is the first in my family, but who knows my father and ancestors". "The author's tears are the same as mine, and Yanshan is still innocent." Wait, it's all hidden in the children's house. I once advocated that it should be done by the children of the younger generation of the children's house. (Toarey Yang Zhen Zhen "Zhen" is the next generation, and five people have the word "year", which should be a bumper year, an auspicious year, a bumper year and a prime of life, that is, "Dou Yanshan, a righteous party, gave birth to five children, and was named" Quan Yang ". A brief summary of the Manchu-Chinese relationship in Qing Dynasty proves that all kinds of things are related to China's later politics, culture, life, customs, language and so on. However, since the Revolution of 1911, many scholars have only emphasized that the concept of "anti-Manchu" is a misleading slogan, ignoring the * * * relationship between the integration and progress of Manchu and Han nationalities. Therefore, it may not be appropriate to write this short article to express this meaning. There is also a big cultural problem to be raised here, that is, the theme of love history in film and television is very popular in recent years, but in terms of its level and quality, most of them are boring "jokes" and vulgar fabrications. People who don't know the history of the Qing Dynasty rashly distort historical figures and the truth, which has a great influence, but historians have never mentioned it, which is very different. Movies that correctly reflect historical facts should also pay attention to the topic of Manchu-Chinese relations. (According to this article, there are mainly Records of Qing Taizu, Genealogy of Qing Royal Family, Biography of Qing National History, Draft of Qing History, Genealogy of Li, Textual Research on Cao Xueqin's Tieling Ancestral Family, New Evidence of a Dream of Red Mansions, etc., and the space is limited, so I won't repeat them here. Author: China Academy of Fine Arts
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Manchu surname: Tong
In China, children belong to Manchu, Han and some Muslims. As far as the surnames of [[Manchuria]] children are concerned, there are eight surnames in Manchu, namely, Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Qi, Fu, Na and Lang. In Manchu, the surname is "Hala". For example, Guan's surname is "Guan 'er Jahara" and Tong's surname is "Tong 'er Jahara". Tong's family ranks first among the eight surnames, such as Empress and Concubine. There were more than 100 employees of Tong in the Qing court, especially those who served as prefects and governors. There is also a folk saying "[Tong's half dynasty]]", which shows the prosperity of Tong's family. The most prominent ministers in Qing Dynasty were Tong Guowei and Long Keduo. In history, Tong Guowei was the father of Long Keduo, not the sixth uncle mentioned in TV series. The two men were the uncles of Emperor Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi, and they were immediate relatives of the Qing emperor. The influence of children's surname on the regime at that time can be imagined. Tong's surname or Tong's surname is not only a prominent surname in Liaodong, but also a common surname of jurchen at that time. Whoever becomes the chief of the tribe and has something to do with the Ming Dynasty will take Tong or Tong as his surname and pass it on to the Ming government through the Fourth Translation Institute. There is a saying in Zhang's "Notes on Jianqing" that children's surname was originally the surname of Han people, and later it was often used by barbarians to pretend to be Han people and improve their social status. The ancestors of the Qing royal family used the surname Tong in front of their names, and because they were ashamed to mention their foreign identity, they used the surname of the Han people under its guise. It can be seen that Nuzhen chiefs can always take the surname Tong or Tong, and Tong or Tong's surname has become their public surname. [[Category: Historical Origin of Manchu Tong Family]] As mentioned above, Tong Family is Manchu surname. In the Eight Banners Manchu Genealogy, Tong Jiashi recorded: "Tong Jia, his surname, is a surname." Their nationalities are very numerous, scattered in Machaya Lake, Gaha, Tong Jia and other places. "Taking the land as the surname is the most fundamental way to the origin of Manchu surnames. There are many such examples, such as: Ma De, the flag bearer of cedar, is surnamed Hu Xihari, which is a local name; Dahai, the creator of the new Manchu language, lives in Juercha, that is, he takes Juercha as his surname. In addition, take the name of the mountain as the surname, such as Red Hubei, that is, Red Hubei Mountain; Taking the name of the river as the surname, Hesse Rihara pioneered the name of the river, Hesse; Sakshin, a white flag man, takes Gyeonggi Province as his surname because he lives near Gyeonggi Province. Tong Jiashi, apparently named after Tong Jiajiang; In addition, there are: Hashuri, which means left. There are also people who take the city name as their surname, such as Ulan Hart, which means red city name in Chinese. According to the statistics of Eight Banners Records of Qing Dynasty, Manchu has 40 surnames, including Majia, Valka, Dong 'e, Ningguta, Huerha, Aihui, Harqin and Bayot. As mentioned above, Tong Jiashi lives in Tongjiajiang. Tongjiajiang is in today's Tonghua County, Jilin Province, where the mountains are high and the water is urgent. In the west, there is the Longgang Mountain System of Changbai Mountain Range, and in the east, there is the Laoling Mountain System, which extends to Zhoushan Islands and the Sea of Japan respectively. Tongjiajiang River, Fuer River, Rajado Buku River (Lamu River), Ermin River (Mir River), Hamin River (Hani River), Great luoquan River and other two rivers and eight rivers, 626 ditches formed a complete water system, and finally merged into Yalu River. Where did the Manchu Tong family come from? According to Mr. Zhao Zhan, a famous doctoral supervisor of Manchu studies at the Central University for Nationalities, Manchu children's surnames originated from the surname of "Tong" in the Yuan Dynasty. After five years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, nine years of Yongle, twenty-two years of Yongle and three years and five years of orthodoxy, children moved from Yilan to the south of Tumen River, and then to the Yuan Dynasty (or Fengzhou and Fangfang). Children mainly lived in the lower reaches of Songhua River, and the lake in Yilan was changed to Wanhu House and Woduoli Wanhu House. At that time, Wuyinhui and Woduoli tribes mainly lived in Nuzhen, whose surname was Tong. According to textual research, the Oracle bones in Liao Dynasty were still those in Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, but they were homophonic in Wen Jia in Ming Dynasty and became Jueluoshi in Qing Dynasty. According to the Records of the Book of Jin, "Jia Su is called" Tong ",and Tong is the same as Tong, which means that Jia Gu's surname is Tong, and Jia Gu in Jin Dynasty is also called Tong. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Ming court carried out the policy of suing Jurchen. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of the Tong family who lived in the lake changed to the government moved to Fengzhou (the upper reaches of Huifa River) with the Nuzhen chief Aha, and moved to Pozhu River (now Huanren Hunjiang River) with the capital of Yongle in the 21st year, and moved to Xinbin in in the third year. Yu Hongwu, an ancestor, lived in Li Wanfu, Woduo. He left Yilan with Mongolian Timur in five years and moved to Qingyuan area south of Tumen River on the Korean Peninsula, and soon moved to Worm. Mungo Timur was promoted to be the governor of Jianzhou Zuo Wei, so he moved to Jianzhou Di Wei in the eighth year of Yongle. However, due to the invasion of Mongolia and others, he had to move back to the Worm River. Later, after Timur's death, his brothers Fan Cha and Zi Dongshan led the left-back family of Jianzhou to Xinbin, and the Tong family also moved to Xinbin. The reform department in Huli is to build a state and move new customers. At this point, all the Jurchen people in Jianzhou moved to Xinbin. Therefore, the Tong clan still takes Xinbin and Huanren as their ancestral homes. Today, the genealogy and ancestral couplets enshrined by children's descendants in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places still say "Huaibei (or my hometown) is far away, Liaodong is home" and "homesickness is far north, and Huanren in Liaodong is home". Both Tong's Genealogy and Tong's Genealogy in Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County of Liaoning Province recorded that their ancestors were special gods. Hu Ba Tekoshen was born in the early Ming Dynasty. He has seven sons: the eldest son Tun (Tun), who originally lived with his father in Omou Huosuoli. Later, he moved to Buhatu, where the feng shui is good, and then "moved to Furong Wuhua Kusaleza". However, due to its narrow terrain, it moved to "Ailiang House in Hanoi". The second son Tan (also wrote about greed, etc. ), trying to move from Hubei to today's Xinbin Jiahe. The third son and the ritual meter moved from Omohosori to Tongya, which is now Hunjiang in Huanren County. The fourth son, Gail Wo (also written as Keraha and Hal), tried to make a plan and went through hardships in the process of moving to Omihun (that is, Omuhu, A Mu and Mumuhe) ... That is to say, he whistled to tell the public to hide in the forest, beat him to death and eat him. So the mountains are dense with water and fish, so he settled here. When his son, Dahl Huan Mo Ergen, grew up, he "let him pull the bow on the wheel to pull the string" and "the arrow is as big as a rabbit's head" and became a brave and skillful hero. The fifth son, Tarkhan (Dahan), tried to "join the people" with his sixth brother. After doing business in Kaiyuan and setting up a horse market in Fushun, Dahan moved from Kaiyuan to Fushun to do business, and later became the richest man in Fushun, Wang Zu, Liaodong. After the Qing Dynasty Taizu launched the war, the Tong family voted for Nurhachi, and the Xiao family is the offspring. Liu Ziyan (also known as Yan, Yang and Yang) and his fifth brother conspired to enter Kaiyuan from Shenyang. Seven sons Yang Jia (also named Yang Jian and Yang Jia) plotted a plan, but because of their only heir, they didn't remember it. It can be seen that the Manchu children's family is an authentic jurchen, and it is the later Manchu. I don't know since when, the saying that Tong Jiashi is a Han Chinese has been widely circulated. In various film and television works, when Xiao Huanghou is mentioned, she is always said to be a Han Chinese. Because her mother is "Han Chinese", Emperor Kangxi has "Han Chinese descent". In fact, this is nonsense, and it has been made clear above. As for the origin of this statement, I think it may be because Tong Jiashi belongs to the Han Banner. In the Eight Banners Manchu Genealogy, it is recorded that the Zhen (Zheng) brothers were originally from Manchuria, and their ancestors, Daer Hantumetu, had trade with neighboring countries in the Ming Dynasty, and their former residence opened and moved to Fushun. Four years of destiny, the soldiers seized the Ming Dynasty, captured Fushun City, and raised Haoran with his brother, and returned to the Han army. When it comes to "Han Lijun", we have to talk about the Eight Banners system in the Qing Dynasty. The Eight Banners system is a social organization form of Manchu. At first, it had three functions: military, production and administration, which promoted the social and economic development of early Manchu. After Taizu Nuerhachi started his army, 160 1 year, the Jurchen establishment was one Lu Niu for every 300 people as the basic household registration and military establishment unit of the Eight Banners Organization. Five cattle records form a armor, and five armor records form a strong mountain. Every solid mountain (flag) uses a special color as its flag. At first, it was divided into four solid mountains with four colors: yellow, white, blue and red. They are yellow flag, white flag, blue flag and red flag. Later, four kinds of border flags were added: yellow flag, white flag, blue flag, red flag and * * * as eight flags. " "Sixteen Biographies of the Draft of Qing History" records: "At first Mongolia came to attach it, that is, it was transferred to Manchuria; Those self-evident people joined the Han army again. "In the nine years of Tiancong, the Mongolian flag system was established, and the original Manchus and the Han army did not chase. It can be seen that it is not uncommon for Manchu, Mongolian and Han banners to live together. At the beginning, the Eight Banners was a system of military and political integration. The flag bearer was a soldier and the flag bearer was a citizen. After the Qing army entered the customs, the Eight Banners system became a simple military organization and professional army. It can be seen that the Eight Banners is an army organization, and it is not strictly divided according to ethnic groups as some people think. Moreover, there are other ethnic minorities in the Eight Banners, such as Korean, Hui, Uygur, Xibo, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen, Qiang and Russian. Therefore, belonging to the Han army is not equal to Han. Eight Banners of the Han Army, ujenchooha in Manchu, pronounced "Uzhen Chaoha". It means "heavy troops" and refers to an army equipped with heavy weapons. The Eight Banners in the Taizu period was an army dominated by cavalry and supplemented by infantry. They are good at wide and deep circuitous siege warfare in the wilderness, but they are not good at urban warfare and tough battles, just like today's armored forces. The weapons equipped are mainly cold weapons such as crossbows, sabres, pike and rattan cards. At the same time, in the late Ming dynasty, in order to cope with the country's internal and external troubles, it spent huge sums of money to import advanced cannons from Portugal. Because Portuguese hair is mostly red, it is called "Red Yi Gun". Taizu Nurhachi was injured by this kind of "red cannon" at the gate of Ningyuan. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, Huang Taiji saw the importance of heavy weapons, especially artillery, so he chose people who were good at operating artillery from the surrendered Han soldiers to form "Wuzhen Chaoha" and used the captured Ming artillery. Because "Hongyi Cannon" has the meaning of slandering ethnic minorities, it was renamed as "Red Cannon". The Eight Banners of the Han Army mainly used guns, rifles, shotguns and other firearms. And he is good at siege and water attack, which just complements the Eight Banners of Manchu and Mongolian who are good at cavalry fighting. Tong's family belongs to the Ming Dynasty, and they know the language and customs of the Han people very well. Therefore, Emperor Taizong put them in charge of the artillery unit of the Eight Banners of the Han Army. According to the custom of the Han people, their surname was "Tong". After Emperor Kangxi ascended the pole, because it was the empress dowager's family, she changed the surname of the empress dowager's family to Tong Jiashi, and carried it into the Manchu flag, which was the first time for empresses in the Qing Dynasty to carry the flag. There is also a saying that has been circulating for a long time, and the best surname is Han. In fact, the word "Jia" in Manchu is "Jiya". Besides Tong Jia Dong Jiya, there are many Manchu surnames with the word "Jia". For example, Guarga Guwagia, Maga Maggia, Changjia Zanggia and so on. Later, many Han people who joined the Eight Banners added Ji Ya to their surnames in order to make their surnames conform to Manchu customs, and became Manchu surnames. This situation is so great that it is impossible to tell whether the Manchu surname or the Han surname has been changed. Therefore, it is unfounded to assume that you are Han nationality only by the word "Jia" in your surname. To sum up, the Manchu children's surname Jurchen is not Han Chinese at all. Therefore, everything about Xiao being a "Han nationality" and Emperor Kangxi being of "Han descent" was completely broken. Filial piety queen's untimely death was nothing earth-shattering, but her greatest achievement was that she gave birth to Michelle Ye, the later Emperor Kangxi, and her mother was precious to her son. She gave birth to a generation of sage Emperor Kangxi, which can be said to be the mother of heroes.