There are more than 1000 palace buildings and more than 100 ancient buildings and sculptures in the mausoleum area. Each mausoleum strictly follows the architectural system of the royal tombs in the Qing Dynasty. The Imperial Tomb, the Empress Mausoleum and the Wang Yeling Mausoleum are all covered with yellow glazed tiles, and the palaces of the princess, princess and brother are all covered with green glazed tiles. These different architectural shapes show different landscapes and styles.
Xiqing Mausoleum * * has 14 mausoleums and 4 mausoleums: Tailing Mausoleum (Yong Zhengdi), Changling Mausoleum (Jiaqing Emperor), Muling Mausoleum (Daoguang) and chongling (Guangxu Emperor); 3 Hou Ling: Taidong Mausoleum, Changxi Mausoleum and Mudong Mausoleum; There are three Princess Mausoleums and four other mausoleums (Wang Huai Mausoleum, Princess Mausoleum, Argo Mausoleum, Wang Yeling Mausoleum, etc.). ). * * * There are 4 emperors, 9 empresses, 56 concubines and more than 70 people including princes and princesses. The architectural form is the Tailing Mausoleum of the Qing Emperor Shizong, which lives in the center of the Qing Xiling. It is the earliest and largest existing building in the Qing Xiling. The rest of the tombs are distributed on the east and west sides. Tailing Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is the first mausoleum in Xiling in Qing Dynasty, where Yong Zhengdi, Empress Xiao and Imperial concubine Dunsu were buried. Located under the main peak of Yongning Mountain, it was built in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730). The Shinto of Tailing is paved with three layers of giant bricks, and there are more than 40 buildings, large and small, from south to north. The first building is a five-hole multi-arch bridge entering the mausoleum area, and there are three tall stone archways in the north of the bridge. These three stone workshops, all in the form of five rooms, six columns and eleven floors, are made of blue and white stones, engraved with figures such as mountains, water, flowers, grass and animals, and are regarded as representative works in the architectural art of the Qing Xiling Mausoleum.
Tailing Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is the main building of Xiling, with large scale and complete system. Qing Xiling Mausoleum is centered on Tailing Mausoleum, and other mausoleums are distributed on its east and west sides. The regulations are basically the same as those of Qing Dongling. After crossing a five-hole bridge with combined arches, you enter the mausoleum area. In front of it, there are three exquisite and tall stone archways and a Shinto with a width of more than ten meters and a length of five miles running through the whole mausoleum area. A series of buildings and stone carvings, such as stone archway, Dahongmen, display hall, Shengde Gong Sheng monument, seven-hole stone arch bridge, stone statue students, Long 'enmen, Long 'entang, Fangcheng Minglou and Baoding, were built in turn. Long 'en Hall is beautifully built, with five rooms wide and three rooms deep. The double eaves lean against the mountain yellow tile roof, and the wooden structure is connected with tenons and mortises. The exposed column is covered with gold powder, the top of the hall is decorated with spiral colored paintings, and the beam is decorated with gold thread. Heart-color paintings are "the unity of the mountains and rivers" and "the photos of the four seas of Gankun", with harmonious colors and magnificent halls. Introduction of Scenic Spots in Mausoleum Dahongmen is the main gateway of Qing Tailing Mausoleum. The building is a palace roof, with a width of 34.8m, a depth of11.35m and a height of13.3m.. On both sides of Dahongmen, there are broad and tall geomantic walls, which extend from east to west, reaching 2 1 km, including mausoleum buildings distributed in vast hills and fields. The Shen Gong Monument Building in Shengde is the main building that describes the achievements of the emperor's life, commonly known as Dabei Building. It is 26.05 meters high, with doors on all sides and nine ridges on the top of the mountain to rest. There are two sets of tall Pintuo stone tablets in the building, and the front of the tablet is engraved with the great achievements of the emperor before his death in Manchu and Chinese. The stele building is located in the center of a 94m× 94m square, and a China table with a height of 12m is arranged at the four corners of the stele building. Stone statue students refer to five pairs of exquisite stone statue students installed on both sides of the Shinto of the mausoleum, namely civil servants, military commanders, horses, elephants and lions. There are only stone statues built by Tailing and Changling in the Western Qing Mausoleum. Longfengmen Longfengmen is one of Shinto gatehouses, with six columns, three doors, four walls and three roofs. The whole body is inlaid with yellow-green glass components, and the central picture of the wall is a pattern of mandarin ducks and lotus flowers. Xiaobeilou Xiaobeilou, also known as the overflow pavilion, is a pavilion-style building where overflow monuments are placed. It has doors on all sides, and it is a double-cycle rest peak. There are dragons and dragon tablets in the building, on which are engraved the temple number, overflow number and emblem of Yong Zhengdi. Fang Chao, Fang Chao of the board house and the board house are located in front of Long En. Among them, Dong is a place where milk tea and melons are prepared for sacrifices, and it is also a tea restaurant. Fangchao West is a place to prepare pasta snacks for sacrifices, also known as "Bofangbo". Dormitory is the residence of officers and men on duty. Long 'en Gate Long 'en Gate is the boundary and gateway before and after the mausoleum, with five rooms wide and two rooms deep. The building in front of Long 'en Gate is located in the square between Shinto and on both sides of Shinto, while the palace-style building behind Long 'en Gate is surrounded by a generous and tall vermilion wall, forming a two-story courtyard with strict structure. Entering the courtyard on the first floor of Long 'enmen, it is a masonry courtyard with five buildings of different sizes, which are neatly arranged in the middle of the square and on the east and west sides. The first two short buildings are silk burners, the East-West Hall in the north and the Long 'en Hall in the north. Long 'en Hall is one of the main buildings in the mausoleum. Long en Dian Long en Dian, also known as Xiang Dian, is the main place for the memorial ceremony of the mausoleum. The whole building is built on a huge white marble pedestal, with double eaves and nine ridges, a roof leaning against the mountain, covered with yellow glazed tiles, five meters wide and three rooms deep. There are three NuanGe in the temple, the middle NuanGe has a shrine dedicated to the memorial tablet of the emperor and queen, and the ground is covered with "golden bricks", which still maintains its original style. Fangcheng and Minglou Fangcheng are square castle buildings in front of Baoding, each with a length of 20.55 meters and a height of 15.4 meters. There is Amin building on Fangcheng, and the vertical monument of the Ming building is unified. Behind the Ming building is the top of the underground palace where the emperor was buried. The architectural form is that Yong Zhengdi Xifei and Emperor Qianlong's mother, Xian Huang, are buried together in Taidong Mausoleum. Tailing Mausoleum is located in Zhengdong Valley, about 1 km northeast of Tailing Mausoleum in Yong Zhengdi. Taidong Mausoleum is the largest of the three Empress Mausoleums in Qing Dynasty. In September of the first year of Qianlong (1736), Prince Heng, who was in charge of the Tailing Project, asked Emperor Qianlong whether he wanted to reserve a place for the Queen Mother after she was buried in the Tailing Underground Palace. Emperor Qianlong had no choice but to ask the queen mother for instructions. The Empress Dowager issued an imperial edict: "Emperor Sejong Xian kept quiet after paying homage to the underground palace in Feng 'an. If you start again in the future and show respect and inferiority, you will feel uneasy. There is no need to reserve a place in the Tailing Underground Palace, because we can observe the structure of Zhao Qianling and Xiao Dongling. "In accordance with the imperial edict of Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Qianlong built the Taidongling Mausoleum for Empress Dowager Cixi in Dongzheng Valley in the second year of Emperor Qianlong (1737) and completed it in the eighth year of Emperor Qianlong (1743).
Its main buildings, from south to north, include a three-hole arch bridge, east-west dismounting cards, five east-west courthouses, three east-west value houses and five Long 'en gates. There are five east-west burners, five east-west halls and five double-eaves halls. 3 Lingmen, Fifteenth Palace, Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng and Baoding. Below the top of the treasure is the underground palace. On the left in front of the mausoleum is the kitchen library. Jingting outside the library. Introduction to the attractions of Long 'en Temple in Ling District The platform of Long 'en Temple consists of bronze deer and cranes. Zhao Qianling and Xiao Dongling, which were built before Tai Dongling, have only a pair of bronze stoves on the platform of Long 'en Hall. Tai Dongling has added a pair of bronze deer and a pair of bronze cranes. Obviously, this is modeled after the system of the Mausoleum, which initiated the system of setting up bronze deer cranes in the Mausoleum of the Emperoy. The queen's tombs built in the future were all changed into a bronze deer and a bronze crane, which became customized. The underground palace of Tai Dongling is also engraved with scriptures and Buddha statues. Taidong Mausoleum was built six years earlier than Yuling Mausoleum. This shows that the first person who carved scriptures and Buddha statues in the underground palace was not Yuling, but Taidongling. The archives of the Qing Palace also record that the ground of the underground palace of Taidongling is paved with bricks, not stones. The specific provisions of the underground palace of Taidongling Mausoleum and the contents of Buddhist scriptures need further research and textual research because the underground palace is not opened and the files are incomplete. Temporary lack of architectural form The mausoleum of Emperor Jiaqing and Empress Hidalgo in the Qing Dynasty is located 2 miles west of Tailing, and is connected with Tailing by a Shinto. It is the only mausoleum in Xiling where Shinto is connected with the main mausoleum. The architectural form and layout of Changling are basically the same as that of Tailing, and its luxury and richness are no less than that of Tailing. The main pillar of Long 'entang is inlaid with gold, and the ground is covered with precious mottled stones. There are purple patterns on the yellow square stone board, which is very unique. Changling has the last monument pavilion of Shengde Shen Gong built in the Qing Dynasty, but there is no monument pavilion of Shengde Shen Gong built in the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty.
In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Injong Aisingiorro acceded to the throne. According to Zhao Mu's order, he followed the system of dividing the tombs of Dongling and Xiling, and chose the mausoleum site 500 meters west of Tailing. Construction started that year, and it was eight years since Jiaqing (1803). After the project, the mausoleum was named "Changling". This is the second imperial mausoleum built by Qing Xiling. At the same time, the garden bed of Jiaqing Emperor 17 concubines-Changfei Garden Bed was also completed.
Emperor Renzong Jiaqing and Empress Xiao Shurui were buried in Changling, located on the west side of Tailing, which was completed in the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803). The architectural form is similar to that of the Tailing Mausoleum, and the scale is juxtaposed. When Qianlong passed the throne to Emperor Jiaqing, he chose the mausoleum site for him, one kilometer southwest of Tailing. From the Shinto in front to the last treasure city, there is everything, but the treasure city in Changling is higher than that in Tailing. Long 'en Temple in Changling is very distinctive. The ground is covered with precious yellow mottled stones, and the yellow square stone board has natural and elegant purple patterns, which is known as "a house full of gems". The echo stone and echo wall in the tomb of Chang Xiling, Emperor Jiaqing, have excellent echo effect, which can be compared with the echo wall in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. To the west of Changling is Changxi Mausoleum and Changfeiyuan, where Filial Piety Empress, Rui and concubines are buried respectively. The second empress of Jiaqing Emperor, Empress Xiao and Rui, was buried in Chang Xiling. Chang Xiling was built in 185 1 to Xianfeng for two years (1853).
Chang Xiling is not as grand as Tai Dongling, the mother of Emperor Qianlong. From front to back, the buildings in the Longsi Gate are taller than each other, and the front of the mausoleum wall is round, which means "the sky is round". The seventh stone slab on the Shinto in front of Baoding is the echo stone. When you stand on it, no matter how loud the sound is, you can hear a loud echo.
The combination of echo stone and echo wall in Changxi Mausoleum is a new creation of Qing Dynasty architects applying acoustic principles to mausoleum architecture. The wall of Romania is semicircular, and the wavelength of sound wave is smaller than the radius of the wall. In Cambodia, sound waves are constantly reflected along the wall, so people standing at both ends of the wall can hear each other's voices.
The system of Changxi Mausoleum is similar to Muling Mausoleum. A circular tomb is built directly on a square platform, and there is no bright square city. Although the building regulations are simple, they have their own characteristics: first, the algae well in Long 'en Hall is painted with a phoenix spreading its wings, while other tombs are lined with three lotus flowers with 65,438+08 golden dots; Second, there is a Royal River between the back of Long 'en Temple and Sanmen. There are three bridges on the river with railings in the middle and two flat bridges without railings on the left and right. 3. The front wall of Sanmen is square, and the rear north wall of Sanmen is circular arc, which cuts into the straight wall of Sanmen. The circular dome stands in front of the north arc wall, and the altar stands in the middle door of the three doors. The arc-shaped wall produces the strange echo phenomenon of echo wall and echo stone, which is an orphan in the mausoleum construction in China. Xuanzong Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is located in Longquan Valley, which is15km west of Changling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty. This mausoleum is built in a special way, which is different from other tombs. It is a unique work of Daoguang Emperor. Muling is characterized by its small scale, and there are no buildings such as Fangcheng, Minglou, Dabei Pavilion and stone statues, but the project weight is stronger than that of Taichang Mausoleum. The whole fence, brick grinding joints, wall dry grouting level and firm. The building technology of Long 'en Hall is exquisite. The main hall is made of golden nanmu, which is not decorated with oil and color, and keeps the original color of logs. As soon as the door of the hall opened, the aroma of nanmu came to the nose.
At first, Daoguang's mausoleum was located in the Qing Dongling. In the spirit of Daoguang's pursuit of frugality, the mausoleum cancelled the two-column gate, the tile roof of the underground palace, the engraved scriptures, the Buddha statue and other parts, and the size of the main hall, stone pavilion and stone statue was also reduced. It was completed in the seventh year of Daoguang (1827) and buried in Xiaomu City. Unexpectedly, a year later, I found that the underground palace was leaking one foot and seven inches. Regardless of the customs of ancestors Zhao and Mu, the site of Qingxi Mausoleum was rebuilt. The design of the mausoleum is deliberately simple, with only 27 buildings, covering an area of 45.6 mu, nearly 80 mu smaller than the Tailing Mausoleum. But in fact, it is "frugal" in appearance, "luxurious" in heart and exquisite in materials. The fence adopts the technology of grinding brick joints and dry-swinging grouting to the top, which changes the traditional practice of rough upper gray bricks and dry-swinging lower shoulders with red slurry. In addition, the construction cost of Daoguang Mausoleum exceeds that of any mausoleum in Xiling. Shinto-Muling Shinto gave up its connection with Tailing, and the southernmost part is a five-hole bridge. Because of the defeat of the Opium War, Daoguang "failed his ancestors" and "failed the people of the world", so he ordered the cancellation of sacred monuments and stone statue students who sang praises. To the north of Wukong Bridge is the Dragon and Phoenix Gate, which is the same as Xiaoling, Tailing and Changling, but slightly smaller. In the north of Longfengmen, there is a Ma Xia Monument with a small tombstone pavilion. The front of the monument is engraved with posthumous title, Xuanzong, and the back is engraved with an inscription written by Emperor Xianfeng, describing Xuanzong's life story according to Daoguang's wishes, which is unique in the Qing tombs and actually has a sacred and magical monument function. To the north of Shen Dao Bridge Tombstone Pavilion is Shen Dao Bridge. Muling did not follow the practice of three roads and three holes, but became an arch bridge with a flat bridge on each side. Fangchao Board House has one in the north of Shen Dao Bridge, one in the east and one in the west. The front porch is three wide, but the depth is reduced to two. There is a classroom to the north of Fang Chao. Long En Gate was built on a stone sumeru pedestal, with a table covered with gold bricks, five rooms wide, a yellow glazed tile resting on the top of the mountain, a single eaves, three doors opened in the middle, and there was no burner in the door. The east-west annex hall is not big, only three rooms are wide, two rooms are deep, a front porch, and a single eaves rests on the top of the mountain. Longentang Longentang is the most special. It changed the practice of five rooms wide to three rooms deep, and changed the double eaves to single eaves. There are cloisters around the temple, and the railings and carved faucets around the platform and the main hall have been abolished. There are only two bronze stoves on the platform, no deer and no crane. Mudong Mausoleum is the tomb of Daoguang Emperor Xiao Jingcheng, located in Shuangfeng Cave in the northeast of Muling. It turned out to be the tomb of Princess Muling. At the southernmost tip are two lower horse monuments next to Shinto, and on the left are the kitchen and the well pavilion (neither was built at the beginning, but was added later). Shinto is all brick, without the center stone and Tatar on both sides of Shinto in the Queen's tomb, and the three five-hole flat bridges are all traces left by the imperial concubine's sleep.
The east-west building is five rooms wide, two rooms deep, with yellow glazed tiles with hard peaks (originally cloth tiles), three east-west rooms, three rooms wide on Long En's vertical surface, and yellow glazed tiles resting at the top of the mountain (originally blue glazed tiles, later all changed to yellow). There are two stoves in the door, which are three halls wide (there was none originally) and three halls wide. It used to get off the platform, but there were no railings and bronze cranes. Behind the temple is a wide wall, with a gatehouse in the middle door, a yellow glazed tile resting on the top of the mountain, a plaque with the word "Mu Dongling" written on the forehead, and corner doors on both sides of the middle door. To the north of the wall is Shi Wugong, and to the north is the platform. There is a circular treasure top on it, but there is no Fangcheng and Minglou. In the east of Baoding, there is a Baoding side by side, which is the imperial concubine Wu Yashi of Zhuang Shun. Chongling, located about 4 kilometers southeast of Tailing in Yu Jinlong, is the last surviving mausoleum in China. The number and scale of buildings in chongling are in full compliance with Tongzhi Hui Ling. Skilled in construction, there are rare arhat pine and silver pine in the musical instrument tree of the cemetery. Emperor Guangxu and Queen Yulong were buried together in the underground palace.
Chongling's name is Yu Jinlong. Although its scale is not as large as that of the tombs of Yongzheng and Jiaqing, and there are no big stone pavilions, stone statues and other buildings, it still has its own characteristics except inheriting the regulations of establishing tombs in Qing Dynasty and referring to the style of Dingling of Xianfeng Emperor and Hui Ling of Tongzhi Emperor. According to the needs of guards and sacrificial handles, the whole mausoleum is built with five-hole bridges, inspection rooms, arched doors, kitchens, three-way and three-hole bridges, courtrooms, board houses, Long 'en Gate, Liaolu, Attached Hall, Si Long Hall, Sanmen, Fifteenth Palace, Fangcheng, Minglou, Baoding and Underground Palace. In order to enhance the drainage performance, a 2-meter-wide apron was built at the base of each palace, and the Royal Belt River was dug in front of the Ming Building and Sanmen respectively, and a 14 water tunnel was dug in the underground palace to communicate with Longxugou. The wood of Si Long Hall is extremely precious copper algae and iron algae. Ordinary plush chairs made of this kind of wood weigh as much as100kg, so Si Long Hall is called "copper beam and iron column". Adding spacer between beams can not only support the roof, but also make the hall more beautiful. There are four bright columns in Si Long Hall, with patterns of sea water and duck river at the bottom. As a golden dragon, the pillars are coiled upwards, which is more magnificent than other precious flowers in the mausoleum. Introduction to the attractions of Long 'en Temple in Ling District The framework of Long 'en Temple is made of hard copper algae and iron algae, which is known as the copper beam and iron column. In particular, the four gold pillars in the temple are all decorated with dragon patterns with drops of powder and gold, which are unique to the Qing emperor's mausoleum. Underground Palace chongling Underground Palace is the only open imperial tomb underground palace in Qing Xiling. The underground palace is an arched stone structure building, with a total length of 63.19m, an area of 349.95m2 and a space of 2 170.6 1 m3. The golden ticket in the underground palace is the largest of the nine tickets and is the main building of the underground palace. It is tall and spacious, and the ticket top and stilts on the sea are all blue and white stone structures. The top of each stone gate is equipped with a copper fan weighing more than ten tons, which can not only support the boulder on the door, but also make the huge and heavy stone gate with a height of 3.52 meters open and close freely. Above the stone gate, there is a stone gate building carved with a whole piece of blue and white stone. On the eight stone gates, there is a lifelike Buddha statue in relief, which is 1.99 meters high, solemn and magnificent. The Western Qing Mausoleum is a museum of traditional culture and art in China. Except for the underground palace in chongling, all four mausoleums are well preserved. The three stone archways in Tailing, the piebald stone pier in Long 'en Hall in Changling, the Nanmu Hall in Muling, the echo wall in Changxiling, and the bronze beam and iron column in chongling are the best preserved treasures in Qingling. There are 432 ancient buildings, thousands of sculptures and paintings here, which show the great development and changes of the architectural style of China Mausoleum and the royal religious belief from different aspects from the 1930s to the early 20th century.
With a large number of physical images and written historical materials, the Qing Xiling Mausoleum shows the architectural style of China Mausoleum and the great development and changes of royal religious beliefs from different aspects, which has made important contributions to the innovation and development of ancient mausoleum architecture in China, and has irreplaceable historical, artistic, scientific and appreciation value to the mausoleum architecture of previous dynasties before the Qing Dynasty. The ancillary buildings of the Western Qing Mausoleum and the Fourth Mausoleum, both in scale and shape, reflect the evolution of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline. The complete and magnificent scale of Tailing Mausoleum and Changling Mausoleum reflects the glory of the heyday of the Qing Dynasty and the restoration of Muling architecture (the first mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty cut down sacred stone tablets, statues, Ming buildings, treasure cities and so on). ) and the restoration of chongling truly recorded the historical track of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline and from feudal society to semi-feudal and semi-colonial. The fate of Emperor Guangxu and Zhenji, the late figures of the Qing Dynasty buried in chongling, the tomb of the Queen Mother of the West, recorded the history of Empress Dowager Cixi's dominating the imperial court, humiliating the country and bringing disaster to the country and people. The last emperor Aisingiorro Boyi's bedroom project was terminated by the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, which is a physical example of the end of thousands of years of feudal history in China. As far as preservation is concerned, Qing Xiling is one of the most complete tombs in China.
Evaluation of World Heritage Committee: According to the theory of geomantic omen, imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties has carefully selected sites and skillfully placed a large number of buildings underground. It is the product of human's transformation of nature, which embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and interprets the world outlook and power view of feudal China that lasted for more than 500 years.