/kloc-The mid-0/3rd century was the heyday of Harahelin, a famous metropolis in Asia and Europe.
Halahelin is located 365 kilometers west of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and 20 kilometers south of Hushu Qaidam, the former Hangai province. It is generally located in the middle of Mongolia, with Hang 'ai Mountain in the west and Erhun River in the east, surrounded by vast and flat grasslands.
1220, Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol khanate, decided to make Hara and Helin its capital. In the following five years, Genghis Khan has been leading troops to fight in Central Asia and South Russia, and Hara and Lin became the base camp and logistics base of the khanate.
1227 Genghis Khan died on his way to Xixia. 1229 After Wokuotai succeeded to the throne, a fixed administrative center was established in Hala and Helin. The external wall was built in 1235. 124 1 year, Wokuotai died of illness, and Mongo Khan acceded to the throne. 1258, Meng left Halahe in the Southern Song Dynasty, and was killed when he attacked fishing city in Hezhou, Sichuan the following year.
1260, Ali Bug, located in Hara Helin, competed with Kublai Khan, located in Kaiping County (later Yuanshangdu). Soon, Kublai Khan personally signed Hara and Lin. 126 1 In the winter of, Alibaba was defeated and fled to the west. 1263, Kublai Khan changed Kaiping Prefecture to Shangdu, replacing Hala and Lin. 1264 Alibaba brothers surrendered to Kublai Khan. 1272, Kublai Khan moved the capital to Dadu (now Beijing) and established the Yuan Dynasty. Hala and Lin have successively become the administrative offices of Dao (also known as the book province in Helin) and the book province in Lingbei, and are still important cities and transportation hubs in Mobei.
1368, most of the Yuan Dynasty was conquered by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Yuan Shundi was forced to flee. In the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370), he died in Yingchang County (located in Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng City). The prince loved Ridala (Yuan Zhaozong), and his capital was Hara and Lin. The title of the country was still "Dayuan" (later renamed). After three deep attacks by Ming generals Mu Ying, Lan Yu and Ming Chengzu in Mobei, plus there was no relationship between Mongolian ministries.
1585, Abadai Khan of Khalkha Mongolia built Erdene Zhao, also known as Erdene Zhao, next to the site of Hara and Lincheng, with the Chinese name of "Guangxian Temple". .
1889, the Russian scholar H.M. Yadrintsev inspected the Hala and forest relics. 1948 1949, the Soviet archaeologist C. B. Gio Semyon Lev led the Su-Meng archaeological team to excavate, which provided valuable material for studying the history of the Mongolian Khanate.
The ruins of the ancient cities of Hala and Helin are irregular rectangles, about 2,500m long from north to south and about1300m long from east to west. There are earth walls and gates around. The ruins of the palace were found in the southwest of the city. The walls of the palace are irregular squares, 255 meters long and 220,255 meters wide, with five abutments. The central abutment is about 2 meters high, and there are large temple ruins with an area of 55 meters and 45 meters. According to the position of granite column foundation, it is speculated that there are 75 wooden columns in the temple. The ground is paved with green glazed square bricks. A gate site made of granite slabs was found in the south of the temple. The surrounding four abutment buildings all face the central hall. Similar to the layout of the Tang and Song palaces. It is generally believed that these palace buildings are Wan 'an Palace built by Han Tai in Wokuotai in 1235. The remains of Buddhist painted murals from the end of 12 century to the beginning of 13 century were found in the stratum under the ruins of the palace. The city center is a commercial and handicraft area. Architectural relics are concentrated near the east-west and north-south avenues. Handmade workshops such as iron smelting furnaces and pottery kilns were discovered, and a large number of iron farm tools (plows, plows and sickles), weapons and raw iron pots were unearthed.
A large number of coins, Jun kilns and porcelain, as well as China bronze mirrors and bricks were unearthed in the city site, reflecting the influence of Han culture on the local area.
Erdene Zhao in Harahelin, Gandan Temple in Ulaanbaatar and Qingning Temple in Selenger Province are the three famous temples of Mongolian Yellow Religion.
After the establishment of Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan pushed Tibetan Buddhism to a very high position, and Tibetan Buddhism was widely spread in Mongolia. 1586, Erdene Zhao, the first large-scale Buddhist center in Mongolia, was built by Abadai Khan, the Mongolian leader in Khalkha, Mongolia, with stones from the site of Harahelin.
There are more than 100 temples and houses in Erdene. At its peak, there were more than 1000 lamas and monks.
1588, the son of Abadai Khan called for the construction of four walls in Erdene, each about 400 meters long, with 100 white pagodas built on the walls. With the rapid spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, Tibetan temples and white pagodas were built in Zhaoyuan, Erdene in 1799. There are 8 white pagodas on the newly-built white pagodas, plus 100 white pagodas on the surrounding walls, and there are 108 white pagodas in Erdene.
In 2004, the "Orhun Gorge Cultural Landscape" centered on Hara Helin was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO, which is the only world cultural heritage in Mongolia so far.
References:
Archaeology of the Encyclopedia of China, 1986, edited and published by China Encyclopedia Publishing House.
Ordos Research, No.3, 20 10, investigation report of Ordos Research and Research Association to Mongolia.