The geomantic omen in Beijing has always been praised by all previous dynasties. The analysis of feng shui situation in Beijing began with Yang Yi, a famous feng shui master in Tang Dynasty. He said: "Yanshan Mountain is the highest, just like the city of the sky, which covers the right junction of Beiping. Its dragon rises in the middle of Kunlun Mountain and stretches for thousands of miles ... China is the Yanyun, and it is a flat ocean with an area of more than 1,000 miles. There are two tributaries in eastern Liaoning and western Liaoning, the Yellow River winds in the front, the Yalu River winds in the back, Yinshan Mountain, Hengshan Mountain and Taihang Mountain correspond to the islands in the sea, and Luanhe River, Chaohe River, Sanggan River and Yishui River are nameless and small, with several sources in the middle and clear boundaries. Judging from the geographical law, its dragon is long, its walls are beautiful, its dragons are exhausted, and its mountains and rivers are magnificent. It is most suitable for geomantic omen to take the longevity of the Yellow River, the duck green around it, and Jieshi as the key to its door. On winning by form, Yan Gine is the first metropolis in the world, spanning the Central Plains and the desert. The shape is better than the best in the world, with mountains by the sea and solid soup. " In the Song Dynasty, Zhu also said: "Ji is in heaven and earth, which is a great feng shui. Mountains rise from the clouds and mountains rise from the heights. The water in Lingxi flows to the west of Longmen Xihe River, and the water in Lingdong flows to the sea. Surrounded by the Yellow River ahead, Huashan stands like a tiger on the right. Since China came to the Central Plains for Songshan, it is the former situation. Therefore, I used to be Mount Tai and shrugged my left, thinking of the dragon. The mountain of Huainan is the second case, and the mountains of Jiangnan and Wuling are the third and fourth cases. " The analysis of the situation in Beijing in Liang Xiangjin's Biography is as follows: "Yan Dou is in glory, with mountains in the north and summer in the south, overlooking the courtyard." According to the summary of reading historical records, Beijing is "looking to the Central Plains, with high risks and the potential to build a bright future".
Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing, and his ministers gave another demonstration of the situation in Beijing. There is a saying like this: Beijing has consolidated mountains and rivers, sweet water and thick soil, simple folk customs, rich products, a land of abundance and an imperial city. There is a saying: Beijing depends on Yong in the north, Taihang in the west, mountains and seas in the east, the Central Plains in the south, and fertile fields in thousands of miles. Mountains and rivers are the eternal capital of emperors (see Records of Emperor Taizong).
Wu Changyuan, a A Qing, said when analyzing the geomantic situation near Beijing: "The Qinglong River in Beijing is a white river, which flows from Miyun and flows southward into Tongzhou City. White Tiger Water is the Yu He River, which flows out of Yuquan Mountain via ouchi, out of the capital, into Tonghui River and joins Baihe River. Suzaku Water is Lugou River, which flows out of Sanggan River in Datong and into Wanping boundary. Xuanwu is wet, and sorghum, Huanghua, Zhenchuan and Yu He are all in the north of Shi Jing, while the east is in harmony with Baihe. "
Beijing is located at the intersection of Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain, at the northern end of North China Plain, surrounded by mountains on three sides, and Taihang Mountain and Du Jun Mountain form a semicircular barrier. There is a big river in the south of Beijing. The Sanggan River from the Loess Plateau and the Yanghe River from the Mongolian Plateau will form the Yongding River. The Yongding River surged through the mountains and forests, suddenly rushed out of the valley in the west of Beijing, and flowed on the small plain in the south of Beijing, forming cobweb-like rivers and dotted lakes on the small plain in Beijing. Between mountains and rivers, Beijing is warm and rich, rich and beautiful, and has become a rich land. This kind of terrain, in the words of geomantic omen, is "a place where wind hides and gas gathers".
Second, the feng shui pattern in Beijing
The whole city of Beijing is the main carrier of China's ancient traditional culture, which embodies the knowledge, beliefs, morality, customs, laws and concepts accumulated in ancient China for thousands of years. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, according to the theory of geomantic omen, the authorities in power adjusted the geomantic omen in Beijing as a whole, making it more magnificent and beautiful, and more harmonious with nature.
1. Layout of outer city and inner city
It can be clearly seen from the modern surveying and mapping "Beijing City Map" that the original capital is surrounded by city walls on all sides, showing a zigzag clear outline. Because the directions of the Book of Changes and the Eight Diagrams are arranged, the upper part is south and the lower part is north, which is contrary to the orientation signs of modern maps. So the original planning and design was an inverted zigzag. The outer city is at the top, south; The inner city is below, north. The outer city is oblate and slightly wider; The inner city is square and slightly narrow. In line with the nine palaces and eight diagrams: going to the south is dry, for the sky, for the yang; The lower north is Kun, the ground is cloudy, the dry sky is, and the outer city is the inner city barrier. This is a symbol of harmony between Yin and Yang, a round place, the protection of Gan Kun, and the virtue of Yin and Yang. The inner city was originally a "land" position, which was Kun and Yin. But the capital is a place where people live and live, and it is purely a mansion. Therefore, nine doors are set in the pattern to make it turn from yin to yang (according to Yi, nine is a number). There are three doors in the south, the center of which is Zhengyangmen (commonly known as Qianmen, which is nine feet high, and nine is the number), Zuo Chongwen and you Xuanwu (also referred to as Wendong and Wuxi), Dongermen, which faces the sun in the south and is straight in the north and east, Xiermen, which is straight in the north and west, and Beiermen, Dongan, Dingxi and Desheng. Strangely, there are three doors in the inner city and the south city, which are yang; The second door in the north is Pingheyin. The son of heaven respects the Ninth Five-Year Plan, so the inner master follows the outside, with nine inner cities and seven outer cities. In addition, the second floor from Yongdingmen to Zhengyangmen and Daguzhong Palace is a 15-mile straight central axis, which is set according to Jiugong. Jiugong matrix has nine palaces at the south end, five palaces in the middle and one palace in the north. The sum of three numbers is fifteen, and the total length of the central axis is fifteen miles. The palace is located in the center, showing the emperor's ninth five-year plan and symbolizing the authority to control all directions.
The southeast corner of the outer city twists and turns; The northwest corner of the inner city is concave. The southeast is the direction, and the exchange is ze; The northwest is the direction of divination, the root is the mountain, and it is a symbol of "the positioning of heaven and earth, the ventilation of mountains and rivers"
The cultural symbolic significance of the design of the gate of the ancient capital of China often comes from Zhouyi. There were eleven schools in Yuan Dynasty, and scholars at home and abroad had various opinions about it in the past hundred years. Some China scholars in the United States said that Liu Taibao took the meaning of the god Nezha when designing, and Nezha had three heads, six arms and two feet. I tend to think that designers take images from Zhouyi, "the number of heaven and earth, Yang is strange, Yin is even". The number of days is one, three, five, seven and nine, and the number of places is two, four, six, eight and ten. Take the sum of heaven and earth, that is, the median of heaven is five and the median of earth is six, forming eleven. The introduction is the sum of heaven and earth, in which all natural things change.
2. The concept of yin-yang balance and centripetal alignment embodied in various buildings in Beijing.
The ancient city of Beijing is a masterpiece of the combination of Zhouyi image number and ancient capital shape. Zhouyi has a wide and far-reaching influence on the development of China culture. Yi Dao is profound, mysterious and exquisite, revealing some basic laws in nature and social life and forming a set of important philosophical theories. As a cultural ideology, it has a far-reaching impact on the location, layout and shape of the ancient capital of China. Therefore, it is a golden key to analyze the urban culture of China from the image number of Zhouyi and the shape of the ancient capital.
China ancient urban planning and construction is famous for its overall horizontal layout and ingenious combination of buildings. An important principle of connection combination is clarity and symmetry. Its guiding ideology is consistent with the viewpoint of coordination and symmetrical balance of yin and yang in geographical geomantic omen. The "Nine Classics and Nine Latitudes" proposed in Textual Research of Zhou Li is the embodiment of the concept of symmetry between Yin and Yang, with the central axis as the axis of symmetry, and the layout of "left ancestors and right houses, Qian Chao's back leaves". Symmetry means harmony. Take Beijing as an example. There is the Temple of Heaven in the south and the Ditan in the north. There is an altar in the east and a moon altar in the west; On the left is the ancestral hall and on the right is the social altar. Ancestral temple is yin, offering sacrifices to ancestors. The altar of the country is the sun and a symbol of the country's land. The midpoint of the symmetry of front, back, left, right and yin and yang is the feng shui point. According to Feng Shui theory, Yin and Yang are two poles of a thing. They are interdependent and indispensable, and yin and yang are harmonious and auspicious, which is reflected in the plane layout of the city.
The capital usually chooses the place where feng shui was considered the best at that time. The main hall of Quegong is also built on the city's Feng Shui cave, which is considered as a place where "anger" gathers. The Forbidden City is located in the center of the intersection axis of the east, west and north of the city. Purple is widely used in the Forbidden City to symbolize the purple wall where Polaris is located and the center of celestial bodies. The center of the whole city is the imperial city, the center of the imperial city is Miyagi, and the center of Miyagi is the Hall of Supreme Harmony. In the center of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there is Mount Sumi, which symbolizes the center of the universe. Its nine-story platform symbolizes the nine heavens. This heart of heaven and earth is also called "Tai Chi". It is also a place where yin and yang are reconciled, and it is a biochemical thing to hide the wind. The Forbidden City in Beijing is a typical representative of cosmic symbolism. In order to make a place more sacred, ancient architects tried every means to symbolize that it was the center of the universe.
3. Rhythm fluctuation of courtyard space layout.
The central axis of the Imperial City starts from Yongdingmen, runs north and south through the Forbidden City and the main hall in the center of Jingshan Mountain, and ends at the Drum Tower and Bell Tower rebuilt in the early Qing Dynasty, with a total length of 15 Li. Along this central axis, a north-south imperial road was built to enter and exit the Forbidden City. At that time, I went north from Yongdingmen Imperial Road to see the son of heaven, and wanted to see the vast and magical prospects of the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannong altar on both sides in turn. I walked eight miles to the front door and soon entered Zhengyangmen. Soon I arrived at Daming Gate (the gate was changed in Qing Dynasty and Zhonghua Gate in Republic of China, which is now the location of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall), and then I entered T-shaped Palace Square, called Tianjie. The south of the square shrinks into a monotonous "thousand-step corridor", forming a long and narrow passage. The northern part of the square suddenly opened its left and right wings, which made people feel suddenly enlightened. The ancestral hall and the social altar (now the Working People's Cultural Palace and Zhongshan Park) are two tall buildings symmetrically arranged on the east and west sides of the T-square. Face to face stands the legendary "Chengtianmen Gate" (Tiananmen Square in Qing Dynasty) tower. In front of the tower stands a beautiful white marble bridge, under which a clear and green river flows, and beautiful huabiao stands on both sides. Pedestrians here, but see the blue sky and white clouds, resplendent and magnificent, making people feel like stepping into the palace in the sky, which is the first climax of architectural layout. After entering Chengtianmen, there is an end door facing you, which is closer in the middle. On both sides is a closed square courtyard. The atmosphere at this time is intellectual and dignified. After the end door, I entered a narrow and far-reaching space. There are many courthouses on the left and right, leading to the magnificent and amazing meridian gate, which is the second climax. From the meridian gate to the Taihe gate, there are two broad square courtyards, with tall buildings and towering pavilions standing opposite each other. The majestic Hall of Supreme Harmony is 64 meters wide, 37 meters deep and 35.05 meters high. It is magnificent in shape, dignified in momentum and reasonable in layout. The hall is surrounded by rows of graceful white marble railings, and the hall is decorated with exquisite white clouds, dragon patterns and wind patterns, which is extremely elegant and gorgeous. Standing on the pedestal of the Taihe Gate, pedestrians can deeply feel the majestic and lofty power of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which is the third climax.
4. Fatian Five Altars.
In addition to the Imperial City and Miyagi, there are five altars in the capital, which occupy the largest area and occupy a significant position. The so-called five altars are the Temple of Heaven, Ditan, Ritan, Moon Altar and National Altar. The Temple of Heaven is the place where the emperor worships heaven. It is located at the southern end of Beijing, inside the outer city. Its architectural shape is round. The position and shape of the Temple of Heaven embodies the idea that the south is the sky and the dry is the sun. Ditan is the place where the emperor worships the ground, located in the north of the city and outside the inner city. Its architectural shape is square. The location and architectural modeling of the Ditan reflect the idea that the north is the land and the Kun is the yin. The altar is in the east and the moon altar is in the west. All outside the inner city. The village altar is in the center of the inner city. The altar, the moon altar and the national altar are all square. The configuration and design of the five altars are also based on the theory of Gankun, Yin and Yang, Jiugong and Bagua in Zhouyi.
Among the five altars, the Temple of Heaven ranks first. The following focuses on the analysis of the ancient cultural significance embodied in the Temple of Heaven. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the place where the Temple of Heaven in Beijing really worships heaven is Waqiu altar, which is a circular three-story stone altar with a height of * * * 5.33 meters. There are nine steps around each floor. The upper altar surface is 30 meters in diameter, the middle layer is 50 meters and the lower layer is 70 meters. There is a stone fence around the surface of the altar. There are 360 railings on the third-floor altar, and the number of flagstones and stones used in the altar, steps and railings. Are multiples of nine and nine. The Book of Changes says that "Yang hexagrams are odd numbers and Yin hexagrams are even numbers", so odd numbers are Yang numbers and even numbers are Yin numbers. Odd numbers are also called days, and even numbers are also called places. Nine is the largest "number of days" and the pole of yang number, which is used to express the infinite height of celestial bodies. Only use "heaven" to worship heaven, not "earth" There is bluestone on the top of the altar. The diameter of the upper altar is 23.6 meters, and a round stone in the center of the altar is called "Central Stone", also called "Tianxin Stone" or "Taiji Stone". From the center stone to the outside, each turn will increase by 9 pieces in turn, and the ninth turn will be 8 1 piece. The middle layer is spread from 18 to 27. The lower layer is paved from the 27th lap to the 8th1lap. Each floor is guarded by white marble carvings. The number of sentries and fence boards will also take several days. It can be seen that the designer's ingenious conception of geometric patterns comes from the Book of Changes.