Pentecostalism (Shi Tian Taoism) is an important school of early Taoism. There are two views on its origin in academic circles: traditionally, Pentecostalism was founded by Zhang Ling in Hemingshan, Sichuan in 126- 144 (Shundi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty); The History of Taoism in China, edited by contemporary scholars, and Taoism in Shaanxi 2000, edited by Mr. Fan Guangchun, hold that the Wudoumi religion was actually founded in Hanzhong before 184 (the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty).
According to the introduction of Zhang Jiao and Zhang Xiu's theory in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Zhang Lu, "In Xiping, the demon thief has grown up and Sanfu has a bright future. Light and harmony, opening angle in the east, Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. The corner is Taiping Road, and Wudoumi Road is built. For those who are peaceful, teachers hold nine branches as blessings and teach patients to kowtow and think. Because they drink it with water, people who are sick or cured believe, or people who are not cured don't believe. The practice is similar to the angle, and the scarly room is added, so that patients can think. It also makes people drink alcohol as a traitor, and the main drinker uses 5000 articles of Laozi. Let everyone learn that the number is a rape order. Pray for ghosts and patients. Please pray, write down the patient's name and convince the meaning of crime. Three links, the first day on the mountain, the first place buried, the second place submerged, known as three official calligraphy. It is common for patients to have five buckets of rice, so it is called five buckets of rice. "
Pentecostalism-historical development
Lu Xun said, "China's roots are in Taoism". Hanzhong is one of the birthplaces of Taoism. Understanding Pentecostalism from the perspective of history and culture is of great benefit to understanding the history of Hanzhong civilization.
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Religion, based on Huangdi Thought, Laozi's Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi's South China Ching, absorbed and integrated Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and practice methods, and formed a religious entity at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The development of Taoism is far-reaching.
First, the political corruption at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts, eunuchs, wealthy families and tycoons colluded with each other to accumulate wealth; Second, the formation of the concept of aristocratic families, aristocratic children occupy the main field, control the upper ideology, leading to
The famous "blocking the party chaos"; Thirdly, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", Confucianism made people tired, and the import of Buddhism prompted the national culture to produce rebellious thoughts; Fourth, people with high IQ in society have fled from the present.
Reality, infatuation with mystery, love for mountains and rivers, and strive for the exquisiteness of easy, old and Zhuang; And brave rangers, according to the risk of self-consolidation, gather together to form a force to cede territory and dominate. The combination of scholars and soldiers made me.
The scale of Taoist organization system, a special society during the war in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In the long-term development process, Taoism has exerted a wide and profound influence on China's ancient philosophy, politics, economy, science and technology, culture and art.
Ring, become one of the mainstream of China ancient culture.
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Pentecostalism (Shi Tian Taoism) is an important school of early Taoism. There are two views on its origin in academic circles: biography.
It is generally believed that the Five Mi Dou was founded by Zhang Ling in Hemingshan, Sichuan in 126- 144 (Shundi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty). However, the History of Taoism in China edited by contemporary scholars and Taoism in Shaanxi edited by Mr. Fan Guangchun.
However, in 2000, it was believed that Pentecostalism was actually founded in Hanzhong by Zhang Xiu before 184 (the first year of the Eastern Han Emperor Zhong Ping).
Zhang Jiao and Zhang Wei are summarized according to the introduction of Biography of the Three Kingdoms Zhang Lu and Dianlue.
Xiu Lun said, "In Xiping, demons and thieves have grown up, and three assistants have an obsidian. Light and harmony, opening angle in the east, Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. The corner is Taiping Road, and Wudoumi Road is built. For peaceful people, the teacher holds nine sticks as a symbol of blessing and teaches patients to kowtow and think.
However, if you drink it with water, you will get sick or overcome it, then you will believe it, or if you don't overcome it, you will not believe it. The practice is similar to the angle, and the scarly room is added, so that patients can think. And make people rape the wine offering, and the wine offering owner will
Laozi's five thousand articles. Let everyone learn that the number is a rape order. Pray for ghosts and patients. Please pray, write down the patient's name and convince the meaning of crime. Three links, the first day on the mountain, the second day buried, the third day submerged.
The third official book. It is very common for patients to have five buckets of rice, so it is called five buckets of rice. "
This passage illustrates two problems: ① Zhang Jiao founded Taiping Road, and Zhang Xiu founded Pentecostalism in Hanzhong. (2) Pentecostalism led by Zhang Xiu is slightly better than Taiping Road led by Zhang Jiao.
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Zhang Xiu, born unknown, died in 200 AD. He preached in Hanzhong County and Ba County (Chongqing area) successively. 1February, 84 (the first year of Emperor Zhong Ping of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Zhang Jiao revolted in Jizhou (Hebei area); In July, Zhang Xiu revolted in Baxian and went north to Hanzhong. AD 19 1 (Korea
Di Xian Chu Ping two years), Yizhou Pastoral (southeast of Mianzhu, Sichuan) Ada expanded its territory in order to carve up the country, relying on the power of the five evils. Zhang was appointed as the Sima of other ministries, and Zhang Lu was appointed as the Sima. * * * attack Hanzhong. Zhang Xiu was killed.
After Su Gu, the satrap of Hanzhong, Zhang Sui occupied Hanzhong, cutting off the way for the central government of Han Dynasty to enter Shu from Chang 'an. In 200 AD (the fifth year of Jian 'an), Ada died and his son Liu Zhang succeeded him. He was weak, and Zhang Lu no longer ruled and attacked.
Kill Zhang Xiu, annex all the people and monopolize Hanzhong. In a rage, Liu Zhang killed Zhang's mother and brother, killed Zhang Lu, went south to take Ba County, and became a local warlord in Hanzhong, where the regime was divided at the end of the Han Dynasty. At that time, the central government of the Han Dynasty controlled by Cao Cao was very busy.
The central plains scuffle, too late to conquer Zhang Lu, just worship Zhang Lu for corps commander, rate hanning for satrap. At this point, Zhang Lu gained local political power, and Pentecostalism was reformed and developed in Zhang Lu.
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After Zhang Lu attacked and killed Zhang Xiu and ruled Hanzhong, he "decorated it because of its popular belief in reading". In other words, Zhang Lu complied with people's wishes and improved Pentecostalism.
According to the Biography of the Three Kingdoms Zhang Lu, the main content of the improvement is: "Teach envoys to be righteous houses, and put rice and meat in them to stop pedestrians. He also taught me to hide myself, that people with small mistakes should be treated with a hundred steps, and then the sin should be removed; According to the monthly order, killing and alcohol are forbidden in spring and summer. The wanderer, send him back to his place, dare not refuse to serve. "
After 20 1 year (six years of Jian 'an), Wudoumi has a relatively complete theory and a relatively sound organizational system. In a word, there are three characteristics: ① the unity of politics and religion, and the regime is the system of teacher and monarch and the system of wine sacrifice; (2) Implementing universal social relief to win people's hearts; (3) Educate people with Huang Lao's thoughts, paying little attention to punishment and education, and paying special attention to cultivating people's moral concepts.
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At the beginning of the establishment of Mi Dou, it had been ruled for 24 years, and Zhang Lu claimed to be the master and leader of the integration of politics and religion. In the next 24 years, wine will be the leading factor. The central parish is located in Yangpingguan, Hanzhong (now Mianxian West). 24 treatments were distributed in Hanzhong and Sichuan. Then, in order to expand the Tao
The influence and sphere of influence of religion have also set up eight new places of governance, among which Taihuazhi is located in Jingzhao (Xi 'an). Gezhi meets in Hanzhong on the first day of the tenth lunar month every year to collect rice for disaster relief. Those who serve the Tao will join forces with Hanzhong every year.
Second, we have carried out activities such as keeping books, enjoying sports, celebrating birthdays, making meritorious deeds, listening to science and discipline.
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In 2008 (13th year of Jian 'an), the classic of Pentecostalism, Lao Zi Xiang Er Zhu, came out, and its religious theory entered a new stage. Jules, an old Xiangzi, is Lao Zi's first theological interpretation of Tao Te Ching.
The most obvious sign of teaching teleology is to integrate the theory of Huang Lao, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the theory of immortals and folk beliefs into one furnace, and to connect heaven, earth, people and ghosts and gods into one. The purpose is to meet the needs of the integration of politics and religion.
Service. Therefore, the Pentecostalism founded by Zhang Xiu has been further developed and perfected.
People can't help asking, why is Zhang Xiu little known in the history of Taoism? Because Zhang Xiu died early, the theory has not yet been formed; "Zhang Heng fled into the mountains and did not hesitate to make trouble, which was different from rebellious thieves"; Driven by political power, Zhang Lu's theory and organization are more influential than Zhang Xiu's. Therefore, Zhang Luzu's mausoleum and his father are always the popes of the post-world and. Zhang Lu's reverence for his ancestors after he became famous also enhanced the mystery of Taoism.
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Zhang (surname)
After taking over Pentecostalism, Lu carved up the Hanzhong regime for nearly 30 years and became a paradise at the time of national mourning at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In AD 2 15 (20 years of Jian 'an), after Cao Cao pacified the Central Plains, he led 65,438+10,000 troops to the Western Expedition and Zhang Lu voted.
Drop, was worshipped as the town south general. A large number of Taoist priests in Shi Tian moved northward with Cao Cao, and the establishment of the unity of politics and religion in Hanzhong Wudoumi religion completely collapsed. After moving northward, the road was improved and catered to under the leadership of Kou (Xi people).
The imperial court named it "Shi Tian" and set up a Dojo in Beijing. Descendants of Wei and Jin Dynasties, in 555 AD (Tianbao six years in Northern Qi Dynasty), lost the debate between Taoism and Buddhism. Wen Xuandi ordered the abolition of Taoism, and all Taoists shaved their heads and became monks. As a result, Kou's innovative Taoist group disintegrated and was replaced by the rise of Louguan Taoism.
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Mi Dou takes respecting the Yellow Emperor and Laozi as its basic belief and faith in truth as its main practical goal. It is stipulated that the basic obligation of Taoists is to observe the precepts, and the principle of life is quietism. These characteristics laid the foundation for the development of Taoism in later generations.
Foundation. For example, the prohibition of killing and drinking by Pentecostalism is directly related to some precepts of Taoism in later generations; Punish those who hide their mistakes with the measures of "ruling the road with a hundred steps", and set up a folk ancestor system for repairing bridges and roads in later generations; that
The rule of giving one's life to help pedestrians was also inherited by Quanzhen Road in later generations.
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So why did Pentecostalism decline? There are of course many reasons. The main drawback is that the church and state are not divided, and feudal superstition, sectarianism and sectarianism are promoted to the policy of governing the country and safeguarding the country, which is politically enforced. Those who follow me prosper, those who oppose me perish, which goes against the wishes of the general public. Although it has some positive factors and reasonable things, it will eventually be annihilated by political reaction.
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History is a mirror. It is proved from the humanistic history of ancient and modern China and foreign countries that in the era of mixed religion and politics, no country is indifferent to politics and religion, and the result is not a complete failure. The consequences of the separation of church and state not only vilify sects.
Teach, but also destroyed the regime. The war finally made the people suffer. Therefore, a country's major policies must not be mixed with the role of religion. This is probably the conclusion of history!
Pentecostalism-the sixty-fifth generation descendant of Pentecostalism Zhang Tianshi;
Zhang Jiyu: Vice President of Chinese Taoist Association, member of the 11th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC). Vice President all-china youth federation.
Zhang Jintao: Moderator: Tian Shifu, deputy to the National People's Congress, executive director of the Chinese Taoist Association and president of the Jiangxi Taoist Association.
Zhang Jinhua: Director of the Beijing Office of Shi Tianfu, a Taoist ancestral court, executive director of the Daoyou Association in Shi Tian, China, president of the World Yijing Feng Shui Research Institute, and designer of the guixi city emblem. Historical and cultural stone tablet workers in Tianshifu and Longhushan.