From the structural point of view, there are two main forms:
One is to dig a rectangular vertical hole in the ground as a tomb, which is called a pit tomb; Then build a wooden tomb with wooden boards at the bottom of the pit, which is called a wooden tomb; Tombs built with hollow bricks or small bricks or slabs are called hollow brick tombs, brick tombs and stone tombs respectively.
One is to take out a horizontal hole at one end or one side of the bottom of the vertical hole pit as a tomb, which is called a soil hole tomb or a hole tomb. Others are built by digging holes in the mountains, called cliff tombs. Some hollow brick tombs and brick chamber tombs were also built in earth caves.
In many large masonry tombs, painted murals are also popular for decoration, called mural tombs. Carving various portraits on the walls of stone tombs is called stone relief tombs. Another kind of brick with portrait is embedded in the brick room tomb, which is called portrait brick tomb.
The construction method of princes' tombs is basically the same as that of ordinary Han tombs, but it is more complicated. There are many layers of yellow-bellied coffins around, such as the Han tomb in Dabaotai, Beijing, and the Han tomb in Xianjiahu, Changsha. For example, a mountain sculpture is used as a tomb, and many rooms are arranged, such as Mancheng Han Tomb and Qufu Jiulongshan Han Tomb.
Some also use the method of combining vertical points with digging holes, such as the tomb of Nanyue King in Guangzhou and the tomb of Han Dynasty in Beidongshan in Xuzhou. The main building of the Han Tomb in Beidongshan adopts the way of digging caves, and the auxiliary buildings such as warehouses, warehouses and kitchens adopt the way of digging vertical holes to rebuild, which is basically the same as the architectural form of Nanyue King's Tomb.
Burial tombs, soil cave tomb tombs, hollow brick tombs and brick chamber tombs usually only use wooden coffins; Most wooden tombs have one coffin, and princes and kings share two or more coffins. Generally speaking, pit tombs, soil cave tomb tombs, hollow brick tombs and wooden tombs were popular in the early Western Han Dynasty, and one person was buried. In the late Western Han Dynasty, stone tombs, brick tombs and mural tombs appeared, and joint burial of husband and wife became popular. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, brick tombs were popular all over the country, stone tombs, brick tombs and cliff tombs were also widely popular in Shandong and Sichuan, and family burial was popular for generations.
Regardless of single burial or joint burial, the deceased was buried with a straight back. Burial objects are very different because of their status, wealth and wealth. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, most aristocratic bureaucrats regarded the deceased as living, and buried chariots and horses, gold and silver, pearls, jade ornaments, silk clothes, bronze lacquered vessels, grain and coins used by outsiders in tombs. Houses, fields, soldiers, slaves and livestock are all made into models and buried with idols.
Generally speaking, there are also some bronzes and pottery in Han tombs. After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the number of pottery funerary wares increased. The later the age, the more kinds and quantities of funerary wares, while the more expensive bronzes and lacquerware gradually decreased. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, almost all the funerary objects were replaced by Tokisho.
Extended data:
Tombs in Han dynasty:
Eleven mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty, except Wendi Mausoleum and Xuandi Mausoleum, are located in the Xianyang site on the north bank of Weihe River. Nine Mausoleums in Weibei and Ling Du have overlapping bucket-shaped tombs, the largest of which is Mao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Wendy Baling is "hidden by mountains" and has no grave.
At that time, Empress Dowager Cixi was different from the imperial tomb. It was a flat square cemetery surrounded by rammed earth walls, and later tombs were smaller than the imperial tomb. There are buried tombs near the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and the most existing buried tombs are Gaozu Changling and Xuan Di Ling Du, with more than 60 each. The two Changling tombs in Yangjiawan, Xianyang may belong to Zhou Bo and Zhou Yafu.
Huo Qubing's tomb is the tomb buried with Maoling. From Gaozu to the vicinity of the Seventh Mausoleum of Emperor Xuandi, there are also supernatural sites dedicated to cemeteries. The mausoleum of the Eastern Han Dynasty is near the old city of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties. Except that the original mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu was handed down from the Northern Song Dynasty, the rest are uncertain. According to records, there are stone halls and stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty. This rule has a great influence on future generations, but their remains have not been found.
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