In astronomy, after European missionaries came to China, they not only translated and introduced many books on western astronomical calendars, but also introduced and manufactured a number of astronomical instruments, such as globes, planetariums and telescopes. For example, Tang Ruowang compiled the almanac of Chongzhen and the almanac of the Constitution in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The latter is the lunar calendar that is still in use today. He also compiled astronomical works such as Textual Research on Ancient and Modern Food, Theory of Food Quantity, Rise and Fall of the Stars, and Theory of Huntianyi. During their tenure in the Qing Dynasty, Belgian missionaries even presided over the design and manufacture of six kinds of large-scale copper astronomical instruments, such as planetarium, equatorial theodolite, ecliptic theodolite, geodetic instrument, quadrant instrument and time limit instrument, which were placed in Beijing Observatory. A statement was drawn by Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest, and included in "GV Statue Volunteers". Another missionary who made an important contribution to the introduction of advanced European astronomical theory was Michel Benoit. 176 1 year, Michelle benoit presented the hand-painted Panorama of Mount Kunyu to Emperor Qianlong. This picture is accompanied by an explanation, which introduces Galileo and Copernicus' theories of ground motion and planetary motion, and points out that Copernicus' theory is "mainly based on the static earth motion of the sun". The manuscript of Kun Shuo, polished, engraved and circulated by famous Chinese scholars such as He Guozong and Qian Daxin, has attracted the attention of Chinese scholars.
In mathematics, Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi's translation of Euclid's masterpiece "The Elements" is a systematic work on plane geometry. Therefore, a new logical reasoning method is introduced into China, which greatly enriches the content and expression of China's geometry. The original book is 15 volumes. At that time, only the first six volumes were translated and engraved, 1607. Another mathematical work translated by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao, Wen Tong Arithmetic, was the first work by China to introduce European literal arithmetic. In this book, from addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to square root, Chinese and western arithmetic are integrated for the first time. Because it is simple and easy to operate, it has been widely popularized after later improvement. The Calendar of Chongzhen compiled by 1634 also introduced a large number of western mathematical methods, and introduced western plane trigonometry and spherics into China. Tang Ruowang also wrote mathematical works, such as Basic Methods of Geometry and New Methods of Arithmetic. /kloc-In China in the 0/7th century, there were four kinds of calculation tools: abacus, pen calculation, compilation and ruler calculation, and the latter three were all from the west.
Western missionaries came to China in the late Ming Dynasty. Facing the rise of the Qing Dynasty (1636, the founding name of the Qing Dynasty), the Ming Empire, whose national strength was gradually declining, was naturally very interested in western advanced firearms. The Portuguese first brought western cannons from Macau to Beijing. At that time, it was called "Red Cannon". Because Portugal is called "Franco machine", it is also called "Franco machine gun". These "French machine guns" played a powerful role in the battle with the Manchu army and were named "generals in red". After Tang Ruowang came to China, he was also ordered to cast artillery. A foundry was set up next to the palace, and 20 cannons were cast in two years. The largest can hold 40 pounds of shells. Tang Ruowang also dictated "Xu Yao under Fire Attack", which is a book devoted to teaching the style, manufacture and application of artillery. Before the founding of New China, the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to western firearms. Their "red cannon" was also named "general" and marched with the troops to fight. In the early years of Qing Dynasty, in order to pacify the "San Francisco Rebellion" and guard against the need of Zheng Chenggong's garrison in Taiwan, we still attached importance to the manufacture of western firearms. Ferdinand Ferdinand verbiest was ordered to supervise the construction of ju pao, and he wrote The Situation of Great Powers.
When the rule of the Qing Empire was gradually consolidated, the interest and attention of the rulers gradually turned to exotic European handicrafts brought by missionaries, such as automatic machines and clocks. Lu Bojia, a French missionary who was an upright official during the reign of Kangxi, specialized in making watches and clocks and physical appliances; Yang Zixin, another French missionary, once presented a self-propelled lion to Emperor Qianlong, who could only walk a hundred paces. The lion was injured in the belly. Later, he became a lion and a tiger, and he could walk thirty or forty steps. Two robots made by missionary Wang Dahong can walk with vases. He also transformed a British robot to write Manchu and Mongolian.
With astronomy and mathematics, western geography was introduced to China. Matteo Ricci's "Geographical Map of the Universe" showed the whole picture of the earth to the people of China for the first time, which greatly broadened the horizons of the people of China. The map of the world compiled by Matteo Ricci has been improved many times since then, and there are many kinds of printed copies. Italian missionary Giulio Aleni wrote a book called "The Career of the Professional Party", with a map of the world on the cover and introductory text on the back. It is the first book that comprehensively introduces China's knowledge of modern world geography. Martino Martini, an Italian, compiled the Atlas of New China, which was called "the father of geography in China" by Europeans. During the reign of Kangxi, missionaries Lei, Bai Jin, Du Demei and others were entrusted to carry out legal popularization mapping throughout the country. Surveying and mapping work is carried out under very difficult conditions. At that time, the measuring tools were relatively simple and could only be measured with ropes. Observe celestial bodies anytime and anywhere, and measure the specified latitude and longitude with trigonometry. After 10 years of efforts, we finally completed the "Panorama of the Forbidden City". It was the largest and most accurate map of Xishiku Catholic Church in the world at that time. This map of China is more accurate than all the maps of Europe at that time. Later, during the Qianlong period, missionaries Song Junrong and Michelle benoit, with the cooperation of China scholars, drew a map of Asia, which was called "Copper Map of the Inner Government of Qianlong" or "Thirteen Lines of Qianlong".
European missionaries also introduced western biological and medical knowledge to China. In order to improve themselves, European missionaries often use their medical knowledge and skills to treat the royal family and princes. For example, French missionaries Hong Ruohan and Liu Ying cured Kangxi's malaria with cinchona ointment (quinine), and surgeon Luo Dexian also cured Kangxi's palpitation and upper lip tumor. Antai not only cruised with the emperor, but also became a retinue doctor. He also treated his parishioners at ordinary times and was often overcrowded. Missionaries Bai Jin and Dominique Parrenin also translated a French medical book, Human Anatomy and the Latest Invention Based on Blood Circulation, into Manchu with Manchu illustrations.
Missionaries also brought European architectural techniques and styles to China. They built European style churches everywhere. It is particularly noteworthy that Yuanmingyuan, a famous royal garden in China, was built in the Kangxi period and has a European style. Part of Changchun Garden is an affiliated garden of Yuanmingyuan, which was designed and built in imitation of the French court style. This project was presided over by Italian missionary Lang Shining under the orders of Emperor Qianlong. Benoit, a French missionary, helped Lang Shining to design a large-scale western architectural complex combining Chinese and western cultures. Michel Benoist is good at designing and engineering machinery skills, especially shouldering the task of designing "water method" (i.e. fountain). The fountain-type water clock he designed, which represents twelve hours with the Chinese zodiac, will spray water on time in turn. The water viewing method at the southern end of Yuanyang Building is where Ganlong watches the water spraying scenery. Now you can also see the pedestal and stone screen where the throne is placed, as well as the European-style doors. After its completion, it was greatly appreciated by Emperor Qianlong.
Lang Shining not only made great contributions to the introduction of western architecture into China in terms of design and construction, but also brought western painting art to China. This Italian missionary is an outstanding painter. Long before he came to China, he had made great achievements. When he was about 20 years old, he completed the mural of a monastery in Genoa, which showed his mature skills. Lang Shining brought the advanced artistic achievements of Europe since the Renaissance to China. He brought a batch of western art classics. After coming to China, he compiled teaching materials and taught artists accordingly. It is said that he collaborated with an official in China to write a book to teach painting skills. After Lang Shining arrived in China, he was deeply loved by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and became a court painter. During his long-term work in the Qing court, he taught China painters western perspective, light and shade representation and other scientific skills. Lang Shining's important contribution to China's painting art is that he is good at mastery, and he uses western methods to make Chinese paintings. On the basis of western realism and perspective, Lang Shining absorbed China's traditional painting methods. Not only the flower-and-bird shapes are full of vitality, but also all kinds of horses and postures are particularly wonderful. The figures and manners are quite Chinese, but the face shows three-dimensional light and shade in the West. For example, Equestrian Map, one of Lang Shining's masterpieces, is 2.23 meters high and 4.26 meters wide, breaking through the category of China scrolls. It is actually a huge western oil painting, but the brushwork is all China's. This masterpiece depicts Emperor Qianlong's reception of Mongolian leaders Amur Sana 'a and others in chengde mountain resort, with Amur Sana 'a and others1kloc-0/Mongolian leaders as the center, Qianlong riding on the right side, surrounded by civil and military ministers, and cavalry performing equestrian on the left side. The composition of this painting is completely different from the traditional court interview in China where the son of heaven is in the middle. It spreads from side to side, from right to left. In fact, it uses a common composition form that shows that the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus have accepted the worship of the wise men of the East since the Renaissance. In addition, Lang Shining often cooperated with court painters in the Qing Dynasty, such as "Snow Scene in Gan Long" which he collaborated with Tang Dai and others. All the trees and rocks in the painting are Chinese, while the portraits are western and the buildings are perspective. The whole painting is magnificent in composition, neat in brushwork and particularly gorgeous in color. It is a masterpiece of court painting.