Guizhou is located in the eastern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwest China. Since ancient times, it has been an area beyond the reach of the central dynasty. Starting from the Han Dynasty, the central government began to incorporate Yunnan and Guizhou into its territory and began to govern. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, large clans emerged in the Yunnan and Guizhou areas and gradually became the spokespersons of local forces. After the unification of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the local influence of these powerful clans was also recognized, and they were appointed to official positions such as governors and governors, and their descendants were allowed to inherit hereditary status. During this period, four major clans gradually formed in Guizhou, namely the Shuixi Luo clan, the Shuidong Song clan, the Sizhou Tian clan and the Bozhou Yang clan, which later evolved into the four major chieftains during the Song and Yuan dynasties. Among them, Shuidong Song Family is located in central Guizhou, located in the geographical center of central Guizhou, and is a transportation hub for Yunnan, Chu, Guangdong and Shu. Therefore, the economy and culture of the Shuidong Song family were relatively developed and occupied an important position in the development history of Guizhou. 1. The formation of the Shuidong Song clan. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after Yelang and other places were included in the territory, Xanggao County, Qianwei County, etc. were established here. In order to strengthen his control over the area, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "" recruited powerful people to live in the southwestern Yi" and moved many powerful people from the Central Plains to central Guizhou. These powerful people had strong family power. After they arrived in central Guizhou, their power was still very strong. Some even gradually became leaders of local ethnic groups. Seals such as ""Fan Qianwan", ""Zhao Wanwan" and ""Xie Mai" were unearthed from Han tombs in Hepingba area, Qingzhen, Guizhou. It may be that the surnames migrated from the Central Plains to central Guizhou. Among them, the Xie family was the most powerful surname in central Guizhou during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Song family was also one of the three major surnames in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Note: Unearthed in Pingba, Guizhou. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the central government established a large number of Jifu prefectures in central Guizhou, appointed local surnames as governors, and allowed hereditary inheritance. According to historical records, Song Ding in the early Tang Dynasty was the first. He served as the governor of Manzhou (now Kaiyang) and entered the dynasty twice. During the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty became the governor of Qingzhou (now Qingzhen). However, there is still controversy over whether the ancestors of the Shuidong Song family originated from the Central Plains. The Shuidong Song clan has a strong Buyi flavor. Wudang and Kaiyang, where the Shuidong Song clan lives, are known as the "Twelve Horse Heads", and the horse heads are the official embodiment of the Buyi horse head system. In today's Kaiyang County, Shuidong The place where the Eastern Song family lives is still called "Ma Touzhai", and there are some Buyi villages nearby. This can at least prove that there is a cultural integration between the Shuidong Song family and the Buyi people. Schematic diagram of the Qianzhong Road and Shui The genealogy of the Eastern Song Dynasty records that the Song Dynasty entered Guizhou in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and its ancestor was Song Jingyang. According to the records, Song Jingyang was from Zhending, Hebei, and was sent by Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin after Song Wentong (Li Maozhen), the king of Qin in the late Tang Dynasty. He led seven sons and one daughter to the southern expedition, and promised: "You, father and son, can stay for a long time after the southern border is pacified. The son will inherit the father's position, and the hereditary will not replace him." "After that, Song Jingyang put down the Manzhou rebellion, and the Su, Lan, Gao, Zhao, Zhou, Cai, and Rongju clans joined in and became the local leaders. However, this incident was only recorded in the genealogy and was not mentioned in any There are records in official historical materials. Therefore, I think this is a false lineage created by the Shuidong Song family to show their family's reputation. In ancient China, there are many examples of families changing their names to use the traditional surname, such as Li in the Tang Dynasty. After the clan was originally from the Xianbei clan, it was attached to the Guanlong Li clan; Zhu Yuanzhang, the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, claimed to be a descendant of Zhu Xi. The residence of the Song clan in Shuidong. Of course, the records of the Song family show that the Song clan established political power in the early Northern Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the separate kingdoms of the ten countries were basically unified, and the surnames in central Guizhou also expressed their submission to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty also inherited the Tang Dynasty's policy of restraining and appointing these surnames as governors of the local prefectures. , general manager, etc. Among them, Song Jingyang was appointed as "Ningyuan Army Jiedushi", "General Manager of Manzhou Prefecture" and other positions, and Song Jingyang's seven sons and one son-in-law were also canonized accordingly, collectively known as "Seven Divisions and Eight Seals". ". As a result, the Song family officially became a major chieftain in central Guizhou. Site 2 of the Song Chieftain's Mansion, the formation of Guizhou and the demise of Shuidong Chieftain. Independent administrative divisions appeared very early in Guizhou's history, such as the Han Dynasty's Zangda After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Qianzhong Road was established. In the Tang Dynasty, the original Zangqi County became the jurisdiction of Jisu Prefecture of Qianzhong Road, which was called "Qiannan", and its jurisdiction was in Juzhou (today's Juzhou). Guiyang). Before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Xie family was the strongest clan in central Guizhou. From the Five Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Wu barbarians from the Luodian Kingdom (in the Bijie area) invaded Juzhou and expelled the Xie family, which made them strong for a while.
During the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, the Wuman leader Pugui came to Beijing. Due to dialect reasons, Pugui pronounced Juzhou as ""Guizhou", so the name of Guizhou began to appear in historical records. Therefore, Song Taizu appointed Pugui as the governor of Guizhou to control the southern Guizhou area. In the following hundreds of years, During this period, Guizhou changed hands many times. For example, in 1119, Tian Yougong of Sizhou became so powerful that he included the entire lower reaches of Wujiang River and southeastern Guizhou and southern Guizhou into his sphere of influence, which naturally included Guizhou (Juzhou), so he was appointed by the imperial court. For the history of Guizhou defense. The situation in Guizhou during the Song Dynasty. The Song family in Manzhou originally had only Manzhou, with a radius of only 50 kilometers. The reason why the Song family became prosperous was related to the cinnabar minerals produced in the area. The western part of the county was once the largest cinnabar producing area in the world. Song Ding, the governor of Manzhou, and Song Chaohua, the governor of Qingzhou, both paid 500 taels of cinnabar to the imperial court. Occupying this important cinnabar producing area gave the Song family a strong position. After hundreds of years of development, by the time of Song Yonggao at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song family became powerful and occupied many areas east of Wujiang River, so it was called the "Shuidong Song family". ". After Song Yonggao occupied Guizhou City in central Guizhou, he moved here. In 1209, the Song Dynasty appointed Song Yonggao as the envoy of Guizhou Economic Strategy, the general manager of Zhennandu, and the commander-in-chief of the Eighteen Caves of Jiuxi. The copper cup holder of the Southern Dynasties was unearthed in Pingba and was established in the Yuan Dynasty The four major chieftains in central Guizhou surrendered one after another. The Yuan Dynasty inherited the native official system of the Song Dynasty and promoted it. Among them, the largest institution established by the Yuan Dynasty in central Guizhou was the Shunyuan Xuanwei Division in Guizhou City. The area under its jurisdiction was roughly the same as that of Juzhou Prefecture in the Tang Dynasty and Qiannan Prefecture in the Song Dynasty, extending from the Wujiang River in the north to the Hongshui River in the south. The Shuidong Song family became the Eight. A section under Fanshun Yuan's Xuanwei Division. The Yuan Dynasty established a prefecture in Guizhou and actually began to "return the land to flow", but this would inevitably violate the rights of the local chieftains. In 1301, Song Longji rebelled against the Yuan Dynasty. After capturing the Guizhou City of Shunyuan Prefecture and killing the prefect Zhang Huaide, the Shuixi Chieftain also raised troops to respond. In the end, the longest anti-Yuan war was suppressed in 1304. After that, the Yuan Dynasty named Song Achong, the nephew of Song Longji, as the Shunyuan Xuanfu Tong. Although the war against the Yuan Dynasty failed, the Song family's self-reliance in central Guizhou was greatly improved and he became the chief of Shunyuan Prefecture. In this war, the two chieftains of Shuixi and Shuidong actually formed an alliance, establishing the administrative structure of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army into central Guizhou, and the four chieftains surrendered one after another. The imperial court established four major Xuanwei Divisions in Guizhou: Sinan Xuanwei Division, Sizhou Xuanwei Division, Bozhou Xuanwei Division and Guizhou Xuanwei Division. Among them, Guizhou Xuanwei Division also included the two chieftains of Shuidong and Shuixi. , Zhu Yuanzhang appointed the leaders of the Shuixi'an clan (surname given by the Ming Dynasty) and the Shuidong Song clan as Guizhou's ambassadors. In addition, the Ming Dynasty also began to carry out "reform and return" in Guizhou, began to build Guizhou city walls, and established Guizhou. Dusi and established a large number of guard posts. In this way, the Ming Dynasty could control the four major chieftains through Guizhou City. In 1413, Zhu Di put down the civil strife of the Tian family in Sizhou, abolished the two major Xuanwei departments of Sizhou and Sinan, and established eight prefectures. Zhu Di also merged the Eight Prefectures of Sizhou and the Xuanwei Division of Guizhou to form the Chief Envoy Division of Guizhou, with the provincial capital located in Guizhou City. From then on, Guizhou Province was established. Since then, the jurisdiction of Guizhou Province has continued to expand, and nearby Duyun Prefecture, Puding Prefecture, etc. have been continuously included. In 1600, the Yang family of Bozhou was destroyed, and its territory was divided into Zunyi Prefecture and Pingyue Prefecture. Zunyi Prefecture was included in Sichuan, and Pingyue Prefecture was incorporated into Guizhou. The territory of Guizhou Province in the Ming Dynasty was thus established. In Guizhou Province during the Ming Dynasty, with the continuous deepening of the Ming Dynasty's power and the continuous advancement of ""reforming land and returning to local people"", the land of the Shuidong Song family and Shuixi'an family continued to decrease. By the late Ming Dynasty, the Shuidong Song family had completely withdrawn from Guizhou The city retreated to the headquarters of Manzhou. In 1569, the establishment of Guiyang Prefecture marked the realization of the return of Guizhou City. In such a situation, Shuidong and Shuixi were naturally unwilling to give up. In 1630, the two chieftains united. The rebellion was quickly suppressed. After that, the chieftain of the Shuidong Song clan was abolished, and the area was "returned to the land", and the barbarian state was changed to "Kaizhou". 3. The historical contribution of the Shuidong Song clan 1630 In 2006, the Shuidong Song family's more than 1,000-year rule in central Guizhou officially came to an end, and the central Guizhou region entered an era of integration with the Central Plains. However, the Shuidong Song family's 1,000-year operation in central Guizhou had a profound impact on Guizhou's economic and cultural development. They have all made important contributions, which are worthy of recognition.
Kaiyang Dansha Cultural Site: Baowang Temple It is difficult to find relevant historical materials regarding the Shuidong Song family's agricultural economic development in central Guizhou. However, the Shuidong Song family contributed to the development of Guizhou's transportation. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Shuzhen from Shuidong and Mrs. Shexiang from Shuixi jointly built the ancient post road. Shexiang built the Longchang Nine Posts from Sichuan to central Guizhou, and Liu Shuzhen built the ""Qian-Shu Zhou Road" from Kaiyang to Bozhou. . This undoubtedly accelerated the development of Guizhou's economy. Since then, with Guiyang as the center, Guizhou has formed several post roads leading to Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi, making Guiyang one of the transportation hubs in the southwest. There are many records of the cultural achievements of the Shuidong Song clan in the early Ming Dynasty. Song Bin, the leader of the Shuidong Song clan, loved Confucian culture, so he vigorously promoted culture and education in Guizhou. It became the earliest official school in Guizhou. Later, Song Ang donated a lot of money to expand it and became the largest official school in Guizhou at that time, making Guiyang the education center of Guizhou in one fell swoop. Founded the Song Family Private School, which was the earliest private school for chieftains in Chinese history. After Song Bin opened the private school, he not only hired famous scholars such as Liao Ju to give lectures, but also personally strictly urged his descendants to study. Under the training of Bin, three famous scholars emerged from his descendants, namely Song Ang, Song Yu, and Song Xuan. The brothers Song Ang and Song Yu once co-authored a collection of poems, "Lianfang Lei Manuscript", and published it in Nanjing. This is the earliest collection of poems in the history of Guizhou. The poet Luo Qi praised Song Ang's poems in the "Preface to the Manuscript of Lianfang Lei" for "wanting to compete with the great masters of the Central Plains." "Poetic Comprehensive" contains several poems by the Song Ang brothers, and also praises their poems as "" graceful and graceful. Try to recite them with your surname, south of Ya, don't think that they are ignorant and dwarf people (people from the frontier). "The Jiaxiu Tower Autumn River bids farewell to Governor Yang - Song'ang River water clears the leaves and pills, Linqi people send Baitai officials. For ten years, the curtains and stilts have been involved in machine maintenance, once the sky is shaking, the waves are far away in the Dongting, the moon is bright in the Yangtze, and the tide is cold at dusk. Jinghua The scenery is beautiful, and the flowers and willows are boundless. I'm going to send Mr. Wang back to Jiahe. Song Yucheng goes up to the building and goes down the female wall. It's a windy and rainy autumn day, and the dream of hometown has gone with the clouds. Far away, the feeling is empty and the sun is getting longer. Who can come to manage the fishing and sailing of Daonan Lake sooner or later? Xiulou's poem "Two Wonders of Yuji" says: (1) The water is shining brightly and the clouds are shining, and the boat is floating in the water. Looking at the painting, it is full of joy at the end of the day. After fishing, it is getting late, and the children are laughing and picking up the fishing rod. At the same time, under the promotion of the Song Dynasty, Guiyang's cultural level continued to develop. Over the past 100 years, there have been 9 Jinshi and more than 140 people in Guizhou's Xuanwei Division. During the same period, there were 28 Jinshi and more than 300 people in the province. It can be seen that Guiyang's education has taken a leading position in the province. During this period, a number of famous Confucian scholars appeared in Guiyang, such as Wang Xun, Zhan Ying, Yi Gui and Xu Jie. Their literary integrity was often on par with the talents from the south of the Yangtze River in the Central Plains. In 1537, the Ming Dynasty started to recruit scholars in Guizhou, which ended Guizhou's imperial examinations were attached to the history of other provinces. The rapid development of Guizhou culture in the Ming Dynasty mainly relied on the Ming Dynasty's policies such as large-scale immigration and the establishment of schools in Guizhou. However, the major chieftains in Guizhou vigorously studied and supported Han culture, which also became the Important reasons to promote the development of culture and education.