The Khitans are a people who appeared in the northeast of China in the Middle Ages.
origin
Qidan nationality originated from Xianbei Rouran Department, a descendant of Donghu people. She used the word "Qidan" which originally meant "iron" as the national title, symbolizing the indomitable will and indestructible national spirit of the Qidan people. Historical documents first recorded that Qidan began in 389 AD, but it was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty of Xianbei Tuoba. Among them, Beirouran retreated to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and became the ancestor of the Mongols, Shiwei. Nan Rouran lives in the area south of Xilamulun River and north of Laoha River in Inner Mongolia, and lives a nomadic and fishing and hunting clan social life in the form of a group of teachers. At this time, the names of the eight tribes were Siwandan, Hedahe, Fufuyu, Yuling, Piji, Li, Tuliuyu and Rilian. In the turbulent years of war, the ministries moved towards unity, forming the Khitan nationality, which has gone through the two tribal alliance times of Yamato and Yaoti. The Khitan nationality is a far-reaching minority in the history of China. The original meaning of "Khitan" is wrought iron, indicating firmness. Because of the reputation of the Khitan, some ethnic groups abroad still call China "Khitan".
Qidan, a branch of Xianbei, originally belonged to Donghu people. It was separated from Xianbei people in the 4th century and lived in Huangshui (now Xilamulun River in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). Tuhe (now Laohahe, Chifeng City) area. At the beginning of the 6th century, the Khitan nationality was still in the tribal stage. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it formed a tribal alliance and once surrendered to the Mobei Turkic khanate. In the second year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (628), the Qidan Tribal Alliance abandoned the Turks and joined the Tang Dynasty. Between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty, there were not only tributes, official positions and trade, but also wars and plunder. In 907, the Khitan established political power and became a powerful force in northern China. In 9 16, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan nationality, established the Khitan State. In 947, Emperor Taizong Ye Ludeguang changed his country name to Liao, and Liao became the unified regime in northern China. The kingdom of Qidan is powerful, with its territory stretching from the sea in the east to quicksand in the west, the Great Wall in the south and the desert in the north. 1 125, Liao was destroyed by Jin, and then the Khitan gradually merged.
Development and destruction
In the Northern Wei Dynasty, I first saw the name of the Qidan nationality. Originally divided into eight parts, they lived in the south of Huangshui (now Xilamulun River in Inner Mongolia) and the north of Huanglong (now Chaoyang in Liaoning). Ma Wenpi often contributed to the Northern Wei Dynasty and did trade. In 628 (the second year of Tang Zhenguan), Mohui, the leader of Qidan, led his troops back to Turkey and attached himself to the Tang Dynasty. At this time, the Khitan has formed a tribal alliance, and you have grown into an arrogant family. In 648, the ministries of Qidan were invited to belong to their clan, and Tang Ting took his land as the capital of Songmo County (now south of Bahrain Right Banner in Inner Mongolia) and his leader Keke as the capital. He was appointed as a man in Wuji County and given the surname Li. He also established Jimmy, the tenth state, with its tribal leader as the secretariat. Cao was led by another chieftain of the Khitan and belonged to the Tang Dynasty in 62 1 year (the fourth year of Tang Wude). His great-grandson, Wan Rong, was the secretariat of Guicheng State (685 ~ 688) hanging on the memorial archway in Wuzhou, and lived in heaven (696 ~ 697). He was loyal to his brother-in-law, Li, the commander-in-chief at the end of the Song Dynasty (later Brother Dong), and was insulted by Zhao Wendong, the commander-in-chief of the country, so he sent troops to kill him. According to Yingzhou rebellion, attack Hebei. Wu Zetian recruited soldiers to beg for it, and with the help of Xi and Turkic, she was pacified. After that, the Khitan was attached to the post-Turkic. In 7 15 (the third year of Tang kaiyuan), Li, the leader, was inactive and returned to Songmo county, taking inactivity as governor and making Songmo county king. Tang Xuanzong also married his niece, Princess Yang Weiyong Le's wife. Later, Khitan leader Ke Tugan rebelled against the Tang Dynasty again. In the Tang Dynasty, in order to defend the Khitan, strengthen the northeast border guards, set up Fanyang and Pinglu our troops, and reused An Lushan, the conference semifinals, which led to the Anshi Rebellion. During the Tang Zhide period (756 ~ 758), the Khitan maintained a tributary trade relationship with the Tang Dynasty, but it was also controlled by Uighurs who rose in Mobei. In the mid-9th century, Uighur was destroyed, and Qidan returned to the Tang Dynasty, which gave him a seal to serve the country.
However, after the middle of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, unable to take care of the management of frontier nationalities. By the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Tang finally collapsed under the attack of peasant rebels.
At that time, Liu Rengong and Liu Shouguang, who occupied Yanzhou area, were even more tyrannical, and wherever they went, they were "slaughtered and clear water did not flow". Liu Rengong is belligerent, stipulating that men above 15 and below 70 must bring their own food to join the army. "There is nothing in the valley", which makes "the hermit, Zhuo died in Qidan", while the two strong neighbors in the northwest of Qidan, Turkic and Uighur, declined in the middle of the 8th century and the middle of the 9th century respectively. Within the Khitan society, as mentioned above, due to the development of production, class differentiation is becoming more and more fierce, and some factors of the state mechanism are sprouting from time to time.
Both external conditions and internal factors show that the Khitan society has reached a turning point around the 10 century, and a strong leader is needed to push the Khitan society to a higher development stage. But Khan, as the leader of the alliance at that time, was "not in charge". In the struggle with Liu Shouguang and his son, his son was captured. After "that horse came to redeem 5 thousand" was rejected, he had to "beg for it" and never dared to go south again. On the contrary, she is "seeking city grazing with good horses" for Liu's atrocity of burning his pasture behind the autumn frost and starving many livestock every year. According to the custom of Khitan, the leader must have "virtue and merit", otherwise he will be replaced by someone else. It is under such historical conditions that Yeluboji, who is brave and good at fighting, stepped onto the stage of leaders of various ministries in Qidan.
Daliao
In 907 AD, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan overlapping thorn department, unified the ministries and replaced Qin Deyi's viola. He successively suppressed the rebellion of the Khitan nobles and conquered the tribes of Xi, Shiwei and Jeb, with great momentum.
In 9 16 AD, Lu Ye, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor and established a slave country, the Khitan State. In 925 AD, Liao Taizu led the troops to conquer the Bohai Sea, changed the Bohai Sea to Dongdan, and made Yelubi the king of Dongdan.
In 938, Shi Jingtang in the late Jin Dynasty ceded the land and people of sixteen prefectures to Qidan.
In 947 AD, Liao Shizong designated the country as Da Liao, and the Liao Dynasty was established. Liao Shengzong's military and civilian tactics are outstanding and extraordinary, and he has won many battles.
In A.D. 1 104, Liao and Song joined the Yuan Dynasty and made friends with Xixia, forming a political separatist situation in which Liao, Song and Xixia were divided into three parts. Liao * * *, a total of nine emperors, the regime ruled for 2 10 years. It has a vast territory, bordering the Sea of Japan in the east, Tianjin, Baxian in Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shaanxi Province in the south, Lengge River and Shileka River in the north and Altai Mountain in the west. In the contacts with the Central Plains and other countries in the Western Regions, Liao accepted everything, which effectively promoted the rapid development of politics, economy and culture in Qidan.
Xiliao
1 125 years, Liao was destroyed by the Jin people of the Jurchen nationality. When the Liao Dynasty was about to perish, Yelvshi, a noble of Qidan, led some people to enter Mobei area northward, and then developed westward, conquering the vast area of Central Asia today. 1 132, Yelvshi proclaimed himself emperor, and established the Western Liao regime (that is, Karaki Station in Black Khitan), also known as "Karaki Tan", which became a powerful country in Central Asia at that time. The Western Liao Dynasty perished in the Mongolian Empire in 12 18.
Liao Dynasty changed from a tribal clan society to a slave society in a relatively short period of time, and ruled northern China while leaping into feudal society, which strengthened the ties between people of all ethnic groups and promoted integration. It has played an important role in the development of Mongolia and northeast China. They created a splendid civilization and left a glorious history of Qidan.
The disappearance of qidan people and their descendants
Most of the Khitans are integrated into other ethnic groups in northern China, such as Han, Jurchen and Mongolian. According to textual research, the present Daur people may be descendants of the Qidan people. In addition, among the families with genealogy in southwest China, according to genealogical records, the descendants of Khitan who stayed with the expedition of Mongolian army have been integrated with the local residents.
In fact, there are hundreds of thousands of people in Baoshan, Yunnan, belonging to more than a dozen ethnic groups. In recent years, they claimed to be descendants of the Khitans and asked the relevant departments to clarify their ancestry. However, due to the obstacles in archaeological technology, the academic circles have never been able to "correct the name" of this group claiming to be descendants of the Khitan. Similarly, once upon a time, there was always a debate in academic circles about the ethnic origin of the Daur nationality. Some people say that it originated from the Dahe clan in Qidan, while others say that it has developed independently from other ethnic groups since ancient times, each holding its own word.
Now, this historical mystery that has been puzzling historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the origin problem of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames. This cracking process is as follows: in five small villages in Baoshan, Yunnan, experts took blood samples from nationalities such as A, Mang and Jiang's surname "I"; The wrist bones of the female corpse of the Khitan were taken from Leshan, Sichuan, and the teeth and skulls of the Khitan people with epitaphs were taken from Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Blood samples were collected from Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han nationalities in Molidawa Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method from dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, an accurate conclusion is drawn: Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan.
At this point, experts have made such a conclusion and metaphor: when the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian Empire across Eurasia, they fought for years, and the Khitans who frequently used troops were conquered and scattered everywhere. Some of them have maintained large ethnic groups, such as Daur, while others have been assimilated by the local people. The latter is the most difficult to find, because the Khitans have maintained the "exogamy system" for more than 1000 years, so the pure Khitans no longer exist. After continuous migration, isolation and integration, most of the Khitans melted like ice thrown into the sea. In professional terms, they were named as "descendants in the molecular sense".
Fuxin, a prefecture and county, began in Liao country, and Fuxin is called the "hometown" and "cradle" of the Qidan people by historians. During the Liao Dynasty, Fuxin had nine prefectures with a population of 200,000. It can be said that Fuxin and Qidan are inextricably linked.
In 1980s, Dai Weiwei, the county magistrate of Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, discovered two genealogies collected by Ye Jiazhen in Ye Changqing's home in Hedong Village, Wang Fu Town. One is written in Mongolian, and the other is written in Chinese. Together with these two genealogies, there are two documents sent to this family by the Tumote government, one is from the 15th year of Qing Daoguang, and the other is from 19 18, all in Mongolian. Later, these two genealogies and documents were included in Meng Guole's Jin Family and Villagers' Examination edited by Gao Lebagan in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County. Since then, Chen Zhijian, a cadre of Fuxin Construction Bureau, has determined that Ye is a descendant of the Khitan family according to the Chinese version of Mongolian Lejin Surnames and Villagers' Studies and the Ye Changqing Family Tree, and affirmed that his family origin comes from Yelv's family, that is, Ye is now from Yelv's Liao Qidan.
Yesterday, the reporter met Ye Changqing. Although Elymus is over seventy years old, he is in strong health. He showed the reporter two genealogies and two government documents collected by his family. The title of the document awarded by Daoguang in the 15th year is: "Allow Lu Ye to learn from Confucianism and treasure roads, etc. Register as a local license. " The preface of his Chinese Genealogy is: "During the reign of Gengzi in Kangxi, Qing Dynasty, he was asked to accompany Gege. Grandfather was Tu Niu Lu of Zhengbaiqi, and Kangxi died in Beijing in the year of Renyin. By the first year of Yongzheng, his father and grandmother Zheng accompanied him to become a monk. " This family tree dates back to the fourth generation from grandfather Naha and grandmother Zheng.
Zhu Ziwan, a famous historian in Qidan, commented on the two genealogies collected by his family: "It provided a precious material for the flow of Qidan people after the death of Liao."
Qidan: Historical Memory of Modern People
Fuxin is the hometown of Qidan nationality, which has long been recognized by historians. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Qidan nationality has been active in Fuxin. Liao was founded in 907, with the title of Khitan, on 9 16. It was renamed Liao in 938 (947), Qidan in 983, and Liao in 1066. Since Lu Ye Abaoji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, established Da Liao, during the whole Liao Dynasty, the rulers of Qidan took Fuxin as their "hinterland". According to textual research, there are nine prefectures in Fuxin today, which belong to Suizhou, Zhou Shun, Haozhou and Zhou Huan in the early Liao Dynasty, Huizhou, Chengzhou and Hengzhou in the middle period, and there is also an oasis with unclear times. At that time, there were more than 1.9 million people in these nine States. If the military population is added, it can reach more than 200,000 people, of which the Khitans account for 10%.
After Liao died, where did all the Khitans in Fuxin flow? How many foreign Khitans have flowed to Fuxin, and which ethnic groups have they merged into?
At present, the discovery of the descendants of Qidan, which is proved by Fuxin genealogy, provides a real context for exploring the mystery of the disappearance of Qidan. Perhaps, in the near future, the disappearing national Khitan will bring more surprises to people.