? Forty-six items (1/4 of the total intangible cultural heritage in Guangdong) have been listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list. Chaoshan culture, which contains rich medieval details, is praised by sinologists as "the window of Central Plains culture". Since the Tang Dynasty, it has been an important gateway to China's Maritime Silk Road and the main passage to Taiwan Province. Since the Song Dynasty, it has enjoyed the title of "Linghai Famous State, Southland County and Zou Lu by the Sea". Lao She, a famous contemporary writer, wrote a poem saying that he missed Chaoshan for dozens of autumn days.
? Chaoshan dialect has a history of more than 2000 years. Chaoshan dialect is one of the remains of ancient Chinese in China, which can be traced back to the pre-Qin period before the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the oldest official languages in China, and it is an authentic language that has been constantly transformed and swallowed up after the reunification of Qin.
? Chaoshan dialect originated from Putian dialect and is an ancient Minnan dialect. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Putian people in Fujian gradually immigrated to Chaozhou today in the harsh coastal border movement in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The reason for emigration is that Putian, Fujian is overpopulated and fled the war caused by foreign invasion. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the war triggered by the invasion of fleeing foreigners was the largest in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of Fujian Putian people immigrated to today. Fujian ancient Putian dialect belongs to Min dialect, but now Puxian dialect is influenced by Fuzhou dialect, the provincial capital. In fact, Putian immigration is a very famous event.
? According to relevant historical records, Chaozhou dialect originated in Qin and Han Dynasties, formed in Tang and Song Dynasties, and formed its own independent language system in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The main body is Central Plains ancient Chinese, with mixed dialects, and its phonology is basically the same as other Minnan languages today. Today, hipsters and Zhangquan people can still communicate in some simple dialects.
? Chaozhou dialect is a kind of Minnan dialect and one of the oldest and most special dialects in China. For chaozhou people, Chaozhou dialect is a bond to maintain feelings and has great cohesion. Especially in a foreign land, the local accent is the same, that is, "stick to yourself." The language features of Chaoshan dialect can be summarized as special grammar, rich vocabulary, unique phonology and rich ancient semantics. Chaozhou dialect has four tones of "Ping", "Shang", "Qu" and "Ru", and Chaozhou dialect is divided into Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yin Ru, Yang Ping, Yang Shang, Yang Qu and Yang Ru. Guests call people guests, hens call hens, typhoons call typhoon platforms, walking calls walking, iron pots call ding, and bottles call bottles. Chaoshan dialect retains the characteristics of ancient Chinese. Chaozhou dialect has multiple meanings, and a word "eat" covers almost all oral food actions, such as eating (smoking), drinking (drinking) wine, eating (chewing) sugar cane and drinking (drinking) water. Chaoshan dialect has a long history and has a peculiar charm that attracts us to explore.
? Not only Chaoshan dialect is a major feature of Chaoshan, but when it comes to Chaoshan, more people think of the sacrificial customs of Chaoshan.
? Chaoshan people believe in many gods: God of Wealth, God of Land, God of Heaven and Earth, God of Bo, Maharaja, Empress, God of Grains, Mother of Grains, Seven Saints, Kitchen God, Mazu, etc ... Chaoshan people not only worship many gods, but also attach great importance to their ancestors.
? In this respect, we trace back to primitive society. At that time, due to low productivity and limited understanding, natural phenomena such as wind, rain, thunder, electricity and celestial movement could not be explained or overcome, so they were regarded as vitality gods. In the early feudal society, Chaoshan, a place of ancient Chu, took advantage of maritime transportation and had frequent contacts with Japan and Southeast Asian countries. Therefore, compared with mainlanders, they are well-informed and active. Qu Yuan, a famous poet in ancient Chu State, put forward a series of questions about the mysteries of nature in his philosophical poem Tian Wen. Many of these questions still have no scientific answers. Therefore, the problems in the brain can only be explained by gods, thus forming the tradition of "believing in ghosts and being good at shrines" in Chu people. In addition, Chaoshan people have a long-term habit of developing overseas. Almost every family in Chaoshan has relatives who have traveled across the ocean and lived in other places. Due to long-term isolation from home and abroad, relatives can only comfort their hearts with silent prayers to commemorate their deceased relatives and ancestors. This is the root of the belief in ghosts in Chaoshan Miao nationality township and hipsters. The custom of worshipping God arises spontaneously.
? The timing of worship is also very particular: on the fifteenth day of the first month, the landlord's grandfather is worshipped on major festivals, and there are major events such as marriage, life and death, going to the house for further study, and the children who have not left the garden worship their mother-in-law on major festivals. In Chaoyang and other places, gods are also sacrificed on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. Some villages also worship generals (located at the entrance of Zhaimen Village) on the 15th day of the first lunar month, and other gods send them to meet them. The god of wealth usually looks for it early, but he can get up later.
? God of wealth items: three kinds of meat (simplified version is three kinds of meat, pork, squid, meatballs. If you use fish or chickens, ducks and geese, you must use the whole one. Except for three birds and fish, other animals generally don't need it. At this time, women and old people are always skilled in operation.
? When worshipping God, there are things called "quick bowls" (fungi, sugar, laver), fruits (big fruits are like apples and pears, and small fruits are usually on plates), candy, incense sticks and paper money vary greatly from place to place in Chaoshan, and the elderly are very particular about this.
? The custom of worshipping God and Buddha in Chaoshan people is quite distinctive. Chaozhou people generally deify nature and natural phenomena, deify ancestors, sages, national heroes, emperors and loyal ministers, and worship them as gods. This is against scientific civilization, but it can't be simply called superstition. I think it should be analyzed, studied and treated as a special humanistic phenomenon.
? The architectural geomantic omen in Chaoshan is also related to the gods. When others build houses or move, they will worship the gods and find a good life.
? Chaoshan architecture is also famous. The progress of Chaoshan ancient architecture culture was influenced by Confucianism, especially the restriction and influence of Yijing, which left a deep impression. From the Tang Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, the prosperity of business of surveyors and fortune tellers was a social phenomenon at that time. Before building the house, I invited a geographer to see Feng Shui, and made a very complicated study on the trend, environment, gossip and restraint of the five elements. The main orientations of Chaoshan architecture are mostly north-south, northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest.
? There are various forms of ancient buildings in Chaoshan, including memorial archways, ancient tombs, Buddhist temples, temples, dwellings and pavilions, but the most distinctive one is ancient dwellings.
? Chaozhou-style ancient houses originated from the ancient style of the Central Plains and attracted the northern style. Combined with the local environment and astronomical phenomena, they creatively designed and built improved quadrangle villages with commercial land roots, four-quarter gold and four-horse trailers. Typhoon resistance, earthquake resistance, beautiful and durable.
? Shanglugen style is an exclusive small courtyard style, suitable for small and medium-sized families. It consists of a hall, two large rooms, two small rooms, a patio and a guard room. Generally, there are wells and small yards, and the living conditions are basically complete.
? The four-part golden flower column evolved from Phytolacca acinosa, and its specification is higher than that of Phytolacca acinosa. For example, the commercial land central hall generally does not exceed 15 watt slot, the room does not exceed 10 watt slot, and the four cents are not less than this. In addition to the central axis hall, patio and gatehouse, there are big rooms on both sides of the hall, and there is water (usually kitchen) in front of the big room. There are two symmetrical halls on both sides of the patio, commonly known as the East-West Hall or the North-South Hall. There are two wings on both sides of the gatehouse, and two or four side doors lead to two flower paths. For example, the single flower lane is commonly known as the single sword, while the double flower lane is a double sword, and the owners are mostly people with large population or relatively well-off families.
? Hummer trailer is the best in Chaoshan dwellings, with the largest scale and complete functions. Its basic combination is a ancestral temple building with a binary or triple entrance in the middle, with two flower lanes on both sides, four symmetrical quadrangular gold on both sides, a back lane, a rucksack and a flower lane. Its use function and defense function are incomparable with other architectural forms. De 'anli, Hongyang, Puning, is a very representative village with many Hummer trailers and a four-point gold combination. Chen Cifu's house in Chenghai is based on Hummer trailer, absorbing and applying western building materials and technology, and further improving it. It is a classic of Hummer trailer, which makes ordinary Hummer trailer far behind.
? However, Chaoshan cuisine is what everyone is most concerned about. There are many special snacks in Chaoshan, and women will make some sacrifices to worship the public on holidays.
? Beef balls, a major delicacy in Chaoshan, are mainly made of beef and starch, and are also famous snacks in Guangdong. They are handmade and crispy, and can be divided into beef balls and beef tendon balls, among which beef balls are tender, while beef tendon balls are made by adding some tender tendons to beef balls to improve chewiness. In addition, there are many other delicacies, such as roasted oysters, beef offal kway teow, red roasted goose, Chaoshan rice rolls, Chaoshan oyster sauce, shrimp, dried bean curd, Chaoshan mung bean cake, Chaoshan duck mother twist and so on.
? When it comes to food, it is inseparable from the table customs in Chaoshan. As the saying goes, Fiona Fang cannot be achieved without rules, and being polite is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation.
1. You can't entertain guests with three courses, because bearers or death row inmates have to eat three courses before serving the law. Preferably four, eight or twelve courses. Five dishes are also very popular with people, because "Five children get into the topic" and "Mei Kai Five Blessingg" symbolize good luck.
2. I can't eat the "four-cent gold" in the chicken head plate at the banquet-chicken head, chicken wings and chicken tail.
3. Cook the whole fish (except sliced fish), and make sure that the whole fish is intact when the meat on one side is turned over. And say "come here" when flipping. Avoid eating fish heads and bones. Because there is a saying in Chaoshan that "give people food, not bones". It is said that this shows the backbone of Chaoshan people. Fish's eyes cannot be eaten, because there is a saying in Chaoshan that "even the eyes are screwed off" (meaning revenge).
Don't stack the dishes on the dining table, it's a sacrificial ceremony.
5. On holidays and festive days, don't break dishes, bowls and other ceramics on the dining table to prevent them from being accidentally broken, such as "opening your mouth is rich."
6. When eating, chopsticks should not be one long and one short (three long and two short), a pair of chopsticks should not be placed on both sides of the bowl ("chopsticks" are separated), a pair of chopsticks should not be colored (non-civil), a pair of new chopsticks should not be old, chopsticks should not be tied to the table vertically (scaring off the grain owner), and chopsticks should not be inserted into the rice bowl. This is a personal sacrifice. Don't knock on the edge of the bowl with chopsticks, this is what beggars do.
7. Don't clean up the dishes before the guests leave, especially when most people have left and only one or two guests are left. In this way, the guests will think that the host will not let the guests continue to eat.
8. Don't squat in the chair after eating.
9. When eating, don't put the spoon upside down on the table, which symbolizes capsizing.
10. At the banquet, the people at the main table don't leave, and the people at the table don't let them go first. If the person sitting in the main seat retires, so does the whole audience.
1 1. Children should avoid leaving rice grains at the bottom of the bowl after eating, or their spouses will have spots on their faces in the future.
12./kloc-Children under 0/5 (not "out of the garden") should avoid eating chicken feet, chicken blood and pig tails on the dining table. Eating chicken feet will tear up textbooks when reading. Eat chicken blood and become a new son-in-law or new wife. Eating pig's tail will "shake your head and wag your tail" and behave inappropriately.
13. When inviting guests to smoke after dinner, don't just pass a cigarette. Pass two cigarettes, and then the guests will receive one.
14. Never take medicine at the dinner table. Because you can't eat medicine as a meal.
15. It is forbidden to dig rice hearts, which is a unique etiquette of Chaoshan people. Chaoshan people should worship Buddha or ancestor with rice hearts, so the first person who scoops rice can't dig from the middle.
16. When eating, you can't turn around with chopsticks. You can only take a few dishes in front of you, and you can't cross the center line of the table to get dishes farther away from you.
17. When you leave the table, you must nod to others and say, I'm finished. Please enjoy yourself.
? The above is a survey report on the customs in Chaoshan area, which is a unique folk culture in Chaoshan area, and we should pass on this folk culture to death.