goldfish
[category]
Animal kingdom-Chordata-Vertebrates-Fish-Skeletons-Cypriniformes-Cyprinidae-Carassius auratus-Carassius auratus.
Goldfish and crucian carp belong to the same species and use the same scientific name (Carassius auratus) in science. Goldfish, also known as "golden crucian carp", is an ornamental fish evolved from crucian carp. There are many varieties of goldfish, including red, orange, purple, blue, ink, silvery white, five flowers and so on. , divided into three categories: language, dragon and egg.
Goldfish originated in China, and the genetic research of goldfish domestication began in12nd century. After a long period of cultivation and continuous optimization of varieties, goldfish from all over the world are now directly or indirectly introduced from China.
Goldfish is easy to raise, and beautiful goldfish can beautify the environment, which is very popular with people and is a unique ornamental fish in China. Price: 1~ 100 yuan each.
Ornamental carp cultured in pots and ponds are called crucian carp. Originated in East Asia, but has been transplanted to many other regions. Similar to carp, but without beard. In China, at least as early as the Song Dynasty (960? 1279) has been domesticated. In the wild state, the body is green, brown or gray, but there are various variations, such as black, color, gold, white, silvery white, three-tailed, dzi bead-shaped, or no dorsal fin. Over the centuries, the selection and cultivation of this abnormal individual has produced more than 125 goldfish species. Including the common tulle wing with a three-leaf tail, the lion's head with a velvet hat, and his eyes protruding to the sky. Omnivorous, feeding on plants and small animals. Small crustaceans are also eaten during breeding, and chopped mosquito larvae, grains and other foods can be used as supplementary feed. Oviposition takes place in spring and summer. In this season, the body color begins to become bright, the female fish's abdomen expands, and the male fish's gill cover, back and pectoral fin can be idolized with the size of a needle tip. Eggs attach to aquatic plants and hatch for about a week. It is known that the life span of ornamental goldfish is 25 years, but the average life span is much shorter. In many parts of the eastern United States, goldfish that have escaped from parks and gardens have become wild. Restore your true colors after playing wild, and you can raise 5? 10 cm (2? 4 inches) to 30 centimeters.
Goldfish is an ornamental fish that our people are happy to raise. It has become a natural and living work of art because of its peculiar posture and gorgeous colors, so it is loved by people. According to historical records and modern scientific experiments, scientists have found out that goldfish originated from wild crucian carp, which is widely eaten in China. First, it changed from silver-gray wild crucian carp to red-yellow golden crucian carp, and then from red-yellow golden crucian carp to different varieties of goldfish after domestic rearing in different periods. As an ornamental fish, red crucian carp was recorded in China as early as the Jin Dynasty (265-420). Red and yellow crucian carp began to appear in the "release pond" in the Tang Dynasty, and golden crucian carp began to appear in the Song Dynasty. People began to raise goldfish in ponds, and the color of goldfish appeared in white flowers and spots. In the Ming Dynasty, goldfish moved into a fish tank. In animal taxonomy, it belongs to vertebrates, cephalopods, jaws, fishes, eustoma, CYPRINIDAE, CYPRINIDAE and Carassius. Goldfish and crucian carp belong to the same species and use the same scientific name (Carassius auratus) in science.
Fish is closely related to human beings. As early as the Stone Age, people lived on fishing. More than 3,200 years ago, there were records of fish farming in China (according to Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins). Because of the long-term fishing and fish culture, there are many opportunities to contact with fish, which means that there are many opportunities to observe and understand fish, so it is easy to find the mutated species in wild fish, especially those that turn golden yellow or red, which are more likely to attract people's attention. At that time, people collectively referred to golden or red fish as "goldfish". Li Shizhen, a great pharmacist in Ming Dynasty, wrote in Compendium of Materia Medica: "There are several kinds of golden spots, such as carp, crucian carp and loach, especially loach, but golden crucian carp is durable, which was unknown in ancient times.
As can be seen from the above, there are four kinds of fish called "goldfish". The "golden crucian carp" is the kind of crucian carp that turns yellow and red, and it has changed more and more since it was farmed alone. Therefore, the name "goldfish" only represents the variety cultivated by golden crucian carp, which is today's goldfish.
Goldfish's hometown is Jiaxing and Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Goldfish from all over the world came from China. According to the research of Japanese scholar Ishii Matsui (1934), the earliest record of China goldfish being introduced into Japan is 1502. Goldfish spread to Britain at the end of 17, and to European countries in the middle of 18, and 1874 to the United States.
The external morphology of goldfish is very different from that of crucian carp, and there is almost no character without variation. Its posture changes include body color, body shape, scale number, scale shape, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin, anal fin, caudal fin, head shape, eyes, gill cover and nasal septum. Here are the changes of body color, head shape and eyes.
[Edit this paragraph] Changes in body color
The color of goldfish is mainly produced by many colored skin cells in dermis. There are only three color components of goldfish: black pigment cells, orange pigment cells and light blue reflective tissue. All these ingredients exist in wild crucian carp. The bright and changeable body color of domestic goldfish is only caused by the recombination and distribution of these three components, the change of intensity and density, or the disappearance of one, two or three of them.
Some fish of the same species have different colors among different individuals. The color of the same individual in some fish changes with the background in a certain range. This is a special adaptation of fish to the living environment. This change, with different species, the ability and speed of color change will be different.
There are many fish that change color, and goldfish is one of them. The change of color is mainly controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system, and the perception of most colors mainly depends on the head nervous system. Mainly to adapt to the color of the environment, there are other factors. For example, after electro-optical irradiation, some colors and stripes will be displayed. When the fish is injured, sick or lack of oxygen in the water, and the water quality becomes worse, the body color of the fish will become dark and lose its luster.
[Edit this paragraph] The change of head shape
Breeders in all parts of China divide the head types into tiger head, lion head, goose head, high head, hat head and toad head. Some of these heads are of the same type and have different names in different places. For example, the breeder in Beijing calls it a tiger head, and the south calls it a lion head; What is called a hat in Beijing is called a high head or goose head in the south. According to Professor Marco's name, there are three types of head shapes: flat head, goose head and lion head.
1, flat head type: its head skin is thin and smooth, which is called flat head type. There are narrow flat heads and wide flat heads.
2, goose head type: the sarcoma on the top of the head is thick and convex, while the gills on both sides are thin and smooth.
3, lion head type: the sarcoma on both sides of the head and cheeks is a thick lump, which can even cover the eyes when developed.
[Edit this paragraph] Eye changes
It can be divided into normal eyes, longan eyes, celestial eyes and bleb eyes.
1, normal eyes: eyes with the same size as those of wild crucian carp are called normal eyes.
2. Longan: the eyeball is excessively enlarged, and part of it protrudes from the orbit. This kind of eye is called longan.
3. Eye of the sky: Eye of the sky is similar to longan, both larger than normal eyes, and the eyeball also partially protrudes from the orbit. The difference is that the pupil of the celestial eye turns 90 degrees upward and faces the sky. There is also an eye with translucent bubbles outside the eye, which is called the eye.
4. Blister eye: The eye socket of this eye is as big as longan, but the eyeball is as small as a normal eye, and there are translucent bubbles on the outside of the eyeball. This kind of eye is called bleb eye. There is also a kind of bubble eye, which is similar to the bubble eye, but the translucent bubble in the orbit is smaller, and only a small protrusion is formed in the orbital abdomen. The surface looks like the head of a frog, so it is called frog head, and some people call it toad head.
In fact, the types of creatures are not immutable. Can gradually evolve from a simple type to a variety of forms.
Feed type of goldfish Although goldfish is an omnivorous fish completely domesticated by human beings, it is the same as other fish such as crucian carp. Whether the feed selection is reasonable and the feeding is correct directly affects the growth and development of goldfish, the depth and brightness of color, the characteristic appearance, the fullness, the amount of eggs laid, the hatching rate and the disease resistance of goldfish. Therefore, the feed for goldfish must be rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and a certain amount of inorganic salts and trace elements. For example, if other conditions are the same, feeding enough fresh red worms every day will lead to great growth and development, especially the characteristics of lion head and blisters (referring to sarcoma and blisters), which may be the reason why red worms contain a lot of animal proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other rich nutrients.
[Edit this paragraph] I. Animal feed
Animal feed is one of goldfish's favorite nutritious feeds. It has many varieties, the common ones are:
1) Fish worms (commonly known as red worms and Daphnia)
It is a kind of zooplankton, which breeds in sewage pits, ponds and rivers. It is a general term for all kinds of water fleas. It is big and small, like a spider mite. Its body color is blood red, and it is very small. It is not only nutritious, but also feeds on phytoplankton, which is beneficial to purify water. Therefore, goldfish fed with fresh red mites properly tend to develop faster than goldfish fed with other alternative feeds, and the incidence of fish diseases is correspondingly reduced.
2) Cyclops, with a bluish gray body (commonly known as green jump)
It belongs to copepods in crustaceans. Its advantages are strong vitality, fast swimming speed and being able to live for several days. But the disadvantage is small size. If it is used to feed parents of several years old, it is more difficult to hunt because of its fast swimming, and the cyclops can also bite its young. Therefore, it is best to scald it with boiling water when feeding cyclops.
3) paramecium (commonly known as grey water)
It is the general name of several protozoa in plankton. Such as paramecium, can be cultivated with straw, which is most suitable for feeding newly hatched fry. Rotifers, that is, single-celled animals (that is, composed of many cells), such as rotifers, water rotifers, column rotifers, bubble rotifers and so on.
4) Mosquito larvae (called blood worms in the south and oil jumps in the north)
It is a chironomid larva, and its body color is blood red, so it is named blood worm. Rich in nutrition, expensive and difficult to preserve. Need to be refrigerated, ordinary lovers can feed directly after freezing.
5) Water earthworm
There are many kinds of them, among which the most popular is the water earthworm goldfish. They are rich in protein, fat and vitamins. They generally live on the surface of sewage sludge in fertile rivers or flowing water, with one end piercing the sludge and the other end swinging with the water. Their bodies are small, soft, bright red or crimson and are easily swallowed by goldfish. However, they must be rinsed repeatedly before feeding. If possible, it must be kept for a few days, and then the earthworm spits out the mud and feeds it.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. Plant feed
Of course, animal feed is the most ideal feed for goldfish, but in the absence of animal feed for various reasons, plant feed can be used as an emergency or life-sustaining auxiliary feed. Weeds and aquatic plants are common, among which weeds are one of the smallest species of seed plants. Plants are as small as sand and have no roots, so they are more nutritious. The other is duckweed, which has filamentous roots. Goldfish should eat when they are hungry. Generally, only larger goldfish can be fed, not more. Before feeding, carefully check whether there are pests and eggs, or soak in low-concentration potassium permanganate solution for a while before feeding, otherwise it is easy to bring in germs and pests.
[Edit this paragraph] III. synthetic diet
To develop large-scale goldfish farming, it is not enough to catch natural bait fish and insects. In addition to artificial breeding of fish and insects, it is also necessary to develop the production and supply of pellet feed to the market. On the one hand, it can solve the feed source of farms, and on the other hand, it can meet the needs of goldfish lovers to raise and play goldfish at home. With artificial feed, it is much more convenient to raise goldfish at home.
Compound pellet feed requires complete nutrients to meet the needs of goldfish growth and development. The main ingredients should include protein, sugar, fat, inorganic salts and vitamins.
1. protein is the main component of goldfish. Its function in the body is to grow new tissues and repair old tissues, and it is also a component of heat energy supply. There must be enough protein in the bait to promote the rapid growth of goldfish.
2. Sugar is the main substance of goldfish's heat energy and the main feed component of goldfish.
3. Fat is the food with the highest thermal energy storage, and its physiological function, like sugar, is oxidized in the body to supply energy. Generally speaking, the lack of fat in the feed, the slow growth and small size of goldfish will reduce the tolerance of fish to low temperature and hypoxia, and it is easy to cause death when overwintering; Too much fat and fat fish will hinder the development of gonads.
4. Inorganic salts are the main elements that constitute the color skeleton, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Fish's blood and muscles also contain a certain amount of calcium and phosphorus. A certain amount of calcium in feed can promote digestion and help absorb fat and phosphorus. Goldfish can not only get calcium and phosphorus from feed, but also penetrate calcium and phosphorus in water into the body through skin and gills. Goldfish also needs trace elements such as iron, copper, magnesium, sodium, potassium and diamonds. Without these elements, it will grow slowly and cause diseases. In order to ensure the normal growth of goldfish, feed should contain these elements.
5. Vitamins This is also necessary for the growth of goldfish. Long-term lack of vitamins, fish body dysplasia, slow growth or complete stop, or even deformity, the resistance to adverse external environment and various fish diseases decreased. Lack of vitamin A will lead to the fracture of color fins, the disappearance of fish pigment and the pale body color. Lack of vitamin E will lead to gonadal hypoplasia or hypoplasia, and the resistance to aquatic fungi will also decrease. Adding a small amount of vitamin B 12 to feed can promote growth.
Correctly grasp the feeding time and method
The feeding time of goldfish, whether it is live feed or artificial feed, should master the following principles:
1. The feeding frequency is only 1-2 times a day, and each feeding amount should be eaten within 1-2 hours. The feeding amount of species with normal weather and water quality and strong vitality can be increased appropriately.
2. Feeding time should be as early as spring and summer, usually around 6-7 am, when the sun begins to shine and the fish ponds (tanks) begin to feed. Feeding time can be delayed in late autumn and winter, usually around 7-8 o'clock, and even delayed to 10 in winter. But don't eat too much at night. Even if the fish are obviously foraging, it is best to feed them in small quantities around 3 pm. 1 1 month later, the water temperature dropped obviously, and the appetite of goldfish decreased, especially at night.
3. With the growth of goldfish, the food intake should be gradually increased appropriately, but it should not be blindly fed, especially artificial feed, which should be strictly controlled. In family fish farming, the feed can be divided into 1-2 times a day to avoid excessive feeding at one time, accumulation of ponds (tanks) and deterioration of water quality.
[Edit this paragraph] goldfish water change method
The predecessors of goldfish breeding have long had the experience of "raising fish first and then raising water", which shows that the quality of water quality will directly affect the normal growth and development of goldfish. The purpose of changing water is to remove dirt (garbage, fish manure, surplus feed and stale impurities), keep the water clean, adjust the water temperature and increase oxygen in the water, thus stimulating the growth and development of goldfish.
If you want to raise goldfish well, you must have a preliminary understanding of fish culture water:
1. Unpurified water
Refers to tap water or well water that has just been discharged and has not been dried. Its water temperature is often quite different from that of fish ponds (tanks), and contains more chlorine, which is very harmful to goldfish.
2. Fresh water
It is tap water, well water or spring water. After drying and standing for about 2-3 days, the water temperature is equal to or similar to that of fish pond (tank) water.
3. Chen shui
It is the dirty water with feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank). Including the water supply that has not been replaced for a long time in the pool (cylinder).
4. Old water
It is the general name of clean water in fish ponds (tanks) that is tender green, green, old green or brown green. Among them, light green water is the best. There are many green algae floating in the old water, which is also a good auxiliary feed for goldfish. This kind of water decomposes less organic matter and more dissolved oxygen, and it is often used to raise fish with tender green and clean old water. The fish bred have the largest appetite, strong body, bright color and rapid development.
Step 5 return to clear water
If it is found that the old green water in the original pool (tank) suddenly turns into clear water, and a lot of green algae are precipitated at the bottom of the pool, this phenomenon is called returning to clear water. This kind of water is easy to cause fish diseases and needs to be completely replaced.
(1) Under normal water exchange conditions, especially in hot summer, it is only necessary to gently suck out the feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank) together with the old water every day with a hose to remove the dust and floating feces on the water surface, and then slowly inject isothermal new water along the wall of the pond (tank) to keep it. This method of changing water is not easy to hurt fish, simple and safe, and is most suitable for family fish tanks or small ponds.
Shooting, kicking, jumping, all kinds of goldfish (2) Local water change This water change method is mainly divided into two situations. In one case, in the hot summer and early autumn, the feed water in the fish pond (tank) has been changed for several days, but the water turns green quickly (due to a small amount of feed), and the water quality is still clean. Therefore, in order to prevent goldfish from scalding their tails, all the goldfish in the pond (tank) can be fished out, and then the water in the pond (tank) can be rotated into a spiral shape, and the pond (tank) can be put to rest for a while.
Another situation is that the water in the pool (tank) has only been changed for a few days, and the color of the water is still good. However, due to excessive feeding and floating head, emergency measures must be taken. The method of changing water is the same as that mentioned above.
If it is a big fish pond in a fishing ground, it is not necessary to fish out the goldfish, but to enclose the fish with a folding screen, and then gently rotate the water in the pond with a fishing net for several tens of seconds. When the water is still for a while, start the drain gate to drain slowly, or suck the surplus fish, feces and old water in the center of the pond (trough) with a straw, or fish out the surplus fish and insects in the center with a fishing net bag, and then release 1/4-.
(3) Completely changing water This water changing method is often a combination of turning over the pond (tank) and selecting young or adult fish. It is often used because the water quality is seriously deteriorated or the moss is too long and the fish is too dense. There are two specific methods:
1. When there is no free pool, we have to fish all the goldfish into the basin or put the cage in the water of the adjacent pool for temporary cultivation, and add an oxygen increasing head in the basin or cage to increase oxygen. Then, brush off the moss on the wall of the original pond, rinse it thoroughly, re-inject isothermal fresh water, let it stand for a while until the water temperature is equal, and then put the fish into the original pond (cylinder).
2. If there are free ponds and fresh water, all goldfish should be caught in pots or cages, and selected and treated separately. Goldfish can be moved into fresh water and fed in sub-ponds, regardless of water temperature. This method of changing water should pay special attention to the water temperature, and it is best to choose it before 9 am on a sunny day. However, this method is generally only applicable to adult fish or larger young fish, and young fish should not be used. If possible, it is best to fill the standby pool (tank) with flooded water before completely changing the water, and then fish it directly into the standby pool (tank). In this way, the water temperature changes little, the fish can easily adapt to the new environment, and the fish can be prevented from being squeezed in pots or cages. In spring and autumn, this method of changing water is generally carried out every half month or so 1 time. In summer, when the weather is heavy and the water temperature is above 28℃, the water should be completely changed every 4-7 days 1 time. In winter, when the water temperature drops to about 4℃, goldfish move slowly, their appetite drops, and the water quality is not easy to deteriorate. Generally, all water is not changed unless there are special circumstances.
[Edit this paragraph] How to tell the sex of goldfish?
Male and female goldfish are mainly distinguished from the following aspects:
(A) the difference between external forms:
(1) Body size difference: Generally speaking, male goldfish are slightly longer, while female goldfish are slightly shorter and rounder. The abdomen of female fish is larger than that of male fish during spawning.
(2) The difference of tail stalk: the male fish is slightly stronger than the female fish.
(3) Difference of pectoral fin: Careful observation shows that the male fish is slightly longer, and the first fin of pectoral fin is thicker and harder; The female fish is short and round, and the first fin of pectoral fin is not too hard.
(4) The difference of genitals: From the belly up, the genitals of male fish are small, narrow and concave; Female fish genitals are large and slightly round, protruding outward.
(2) Color difference: The body color of male and female goldfish is slightly different. Males are usually brightly colored, while females are slightly lighter. During the reproductive and developmental period, males are more brightly colored.
(3) Touch and feeling: Hold the fish's abdomen gently with your hands. The middle finger and ring finger feel that the male fish's abdomen has obvious hard lines, and the female fish's abdomen is soft. When walking by the fish pond, the male fish swims fast and agile, while the female fish moves slowly.
(4) Idyllization: With the increase of temperature, goldfish will have a second characteristic-idolization of spawning period, which is the easiest and most accurate time to identify the sex of goldfish and the easiest method to master. Male fish occasionally appear on the first thorn of pectoral fin and the edge of gill cover. Many times, there are idolize on each fin of the whole pectoral fin, and the front end is obvious, so you can only observe it carefully at the back. This rough little white dot is idolized.
Using the above identification methods, we must rely on years of feeding experience and careful observation at ordinary times to accurately identify the male and female goldfish.
[Edit this paragraph] Goldfish breeding
Generally speaking, during the spawning period, the belly of the female fish is relatively large, and the belly of the male fish has not changed. However, it is not difficult to find that there are several small white spots on the hard bone spurs in front of the left and right front fins of the male fish, especially during the spawning period, but the female fish certainly does not.
In addition, during the spawning period, the male always chases the female's ass. At this time, it's almost time to lay eggs. The pair of fish should be put in the fish tank alone, and more aquatic plants should be put in the tank, so that the fish eggs can attach to the aquatic plants, otherwise the fish eggs will sink to the bottom and be eaten by the fish. After laying eggs, the female fish should not be mixed with any male fish for the time being, so that it can have a full rest to protect the female fish.
Put aquatic plants with fish eggs in a fish tank (preferably a crock) with fish water and put them in the sun. The breeding season of goldfish is at the turn of spring and summer every year. The south of China is 1-2 months earlier than the north. The south lays eggs in March and April, and the north lays eggs from the end of April to the end of June. Goldfish generally lay eggs at maturity of 1 year, which means that 1 year can breed 1 generation. If the temperature is raised in winter and the feeding management is strengthened, goldfish can lay eggs in advance in cold winter when they are 7-8 months old, and they don't need to lay eggs until 1 year old (12 months old). Goldfish can lay eggs many times during the breeding season. Every two weeks 1 time, 2-3 times. Where it shines, small fish will appear in a month or so.
[Edit this paragraph] Types of goldfish
1, grass seed fish grass seed fish is the oldest kind of goldfish, similar to crucian carp. Its body is spindle-shaped, and its dorsal fin and pectoral fin are triangular, long and sharp. Its main varieties are:
(1) The caudal fin of crucian carp is short, simple and concave; The whole body is orange-red, which is the oldest goldfish species.
(2) Grass goldfish originated directly from golden crucian carp. Tail fin is long, Shuang Ye or trifoliate, undivided, and it is dovetail or water chestnut (that is, three tails); The whole body is red.
(3) The tail fin of the red-and-white goldfish is short, with a single leaf and a concave tail shape; There are red and white on the head and body.
2. Arowana Arowana is the representative species of goldfish and the main species. Its main characteristics are short body, flat and wide head, swollen eyeball protruding from the orbit, like longan; The scales are round and big, the pectoral fin is long and pointed in a triangle, and the caudal fin has four leaves. The main varieties are:
(1) Red longan has the characteristics of arowana, and is the most common variety of arowana.
(2) Mo Long's eyes are all black, especially on his back, which is called "black peony". A good variety is black and shiny, like black velvet satin.
(3) The tail of a butterfly has the characteristics of a day pearl fish, but it looks like a butterfly.
(4) The whole body of Zi Long Ophthalmichthys is copper. If properly raised, it can also emit dazzling copper metallic luster.
(5) The body color of blue dragon eyes can be divided into light blue and dark blue. When swimming, the scales are shining and the posture is quiet and beautiful.
(6) Wuhua Tianzhu is a hybrid of transparent scale goldfish and various kinds of Tianzhu fish. Most of them are transparent scales, and a few are ordinary phosphorus, showing five-color spots, forming a dazzling pattern, like colorful silk fluttering when swimming.
(7) Purple-blue-flowered dzi beads are a cross between Zi Long's eyes and blue longan, with blue as the background color and irregular brown markings, which are plain but not light, and have quite a style.
(8) The twelve erythema of white longan is silvery white, and it is named after its four-leaf caudal fin, two pectoral fins, two ventral fins, two eyeballs, dorsal fin and kiss. Its color is clean and bright red, which is very pleasing to the eye and is a relatively precious variety.
(9) The main color of the magpie-flowered day pearl fish is blue, the head, kiss, eyeball and tail fin are all blue and black, and the abdomen is silvery white and bright, which looks like the color of magpie. Its posture is delicate and touching, but it is easy to fade during feeding, so the color is stable for the top grade.
(10) Panda goldfish is cultivated from the tail of a butterfly and has the characteristics of arowana. The body is short and round, and the tail fin is butterfly-shaped. Except for a silvery white spot on the abdomen and sides, the head, eyes, pectoral fins, dorsal fins, ventral fins and gluteal fins are all black, and some eyes have a circle of white, black and white, which looks like pandas. Its simple and dignified posture is very popular.