How to waterproof the roof of ancient buildings

The history of building waterproofing in China can be traced back to tens of thousands of years ago, and it has become an important part of the splendid architectural culture in China. Our ancestors have accumulated rich experience in building waterproofing in practice, such as "drainage first, prevention second", "multiple fortification, rigid-flexible combination" and other building waterproofing design concepts, which are still adopted by architects all over the world. This is not only the precious wealth that the Chinese nation has dedicated to mankind, but also the historical essence that we should seriously study and carry forward today.

Slope construction and ditch construction are mainly row.

House leakage, water as the root, roof water, groundwater trapped, will inevitably lead to water leakage, reduce the water leakage rate by 80% as soon as possible. So build a sloping roof, increase the slope, and facilitate drainage. The slopes near the roof are more than 60, but the slopes on the eaves are less than 30. Use the steep slope to make the water rush down, and then skillfully use inertia to rush out of the eaves. The design of underground buildings also pays attention to drainage, and the underground palace is equipped with blind ditches to communicate with a lower distance. It doesn't trap the underground palace in stagnant water, but it is moisture-proof.

Porcelain, copper, iron and tin tile can't prevent the thatched roof of the Stone Age from leaking, not to mention the small slope and large span, so new waterproof materials must be created. The birth of tile has brought great changes to the roof and the building has entered a new era. However, the early tiles had high water absorption and serious wetting, so the research on tile quality was strengthened. Make it roll as dense as a stone and knock as smooth as a chin, and the water absorption will be reduced to 3%, which is better than modern porcelain. At the same time, the residual glaze on the ceramic tile is sintered into completely non-absorbent glass. Copper tiles and iron tiles have also been developed. In the17th century, only Europe had waterproof tiles. Tiles are waterproof in structure, and there are cracks in the overlapping parts of tiles. Where there is overlap, there is always an inappropriate place, and rainwater is easy to penetrate. For this reason, a completely closed lead-tin back of the coil was created. If asphalt felt was born at the end of 18, then China had a metal coil 500 years ago. The appearance of fully enclosed coiled material provides conditions for building waterproof materials, which is a revolution of waterproof technology and an extension of flat roof.

Multiple lines of defense combining rigidity with softness

Small tiles overlap up and down, left and right. If it is watertight, it is very difficult to be impervious for a hundred years. It is not enough to rely on a layer of ceramic tile for waterproofing, but it needs multiple lines of defense. Add a layer of gray-green back under the tile, similar to the existing cement mortar. The gray-green back is covered with a layer of lime back with a thickness of about 10 cm. Ground lime is mixed with fine clay and compacted with water, just like the rigid waterproof layer of concrete now. At present, our waterproof principle is rigid-flexible combination, and multi-channel fortification is also very similar.

Waterproof of wooden columns is not a layer of paint, but a seven-layer method, so that the water in the columns can go out and the rain can't enter.

Take local materials according to local conditions

China has a vast territory, with different climates in the north and south, and great differences in rainfall between the east and the west. In areas with little rain, houses are covered with mud, and the slope is only two or three degrees. In grassland areas, herders don't settle down, so it's good to build mobile homes-felt bags or tents, and use cattle and sheep felt as roofing materials. In rainy areas in the south, the roof is waterproof with small blue tiles, which are pressed up and down by about 3/4, forming a thick tile layer, which has the function of heat insulation in summer. Choosing materials according to local conditions is the experience of waterproofing of ancient buildings.

Material selection and construction require quality.

In ancient times, the requirements for construction quality were so strict that they were very demanding. For example, if the back is gray, lime paste and fine mud are mixed evenly, and white gray spots are not visible to the naked eye. After flattening and beating, the water-tight density can be achieved. If you go to the royal building, you will be killed if you fail slightly. For the detection of ceramic tiles, tap first, then detect one by one, then detect water and observe the water absorption rate. Laying tiles should not only pay off, but also strictly control the number of tiles per foot. It is the strict control of construction quality that makes the completed roof not leak for hundreds of years. It is a miracle that the buildings in the Tang, Song and Liao Dynasties have not been renovated for thousands of years and have not leaked rain.

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In ancient building materials, gluttonous decoration waterproof is also commonly used.

For example, the gluttonous pattern half tile is a waterproof building component of ancient roofs, made of clay. 1957, a semi-tiled tile was excavated on the west bank of the moat about 700 meters south of Guang 'anmen Bridge, which was identified by archaeologists as a unique roof waterproof part of palace buildings in the Warring States Period.