The Historical Origin of Buddhism in Han Dynasty
First, the initial spread of Buddhism
(1) Buddhism before and after Ashoka.
For example, since the establishment of Buddhism enlightenment, Sakyamuni pushed aside the purely religious narrative in the classics, and in order to solve the historical case, he made a rational balance, which made it difficult to determine the actual situation and sphere of influence of Buddhism at that time, or the area and number of people the Buddha might have. We can draw the conclusion that during his lifetime and one or two hundred years after his death, the spread of Buddhism was roughly as follows: from the north to the southern foot of the Himalayas, such as Nepal; South to high-frequency mountains; West to Motoro and east to Yangjia. Roughly between China and East Indies, it has not surpassed the Ganges River basin. However, there are tens of thousands of people enlightened by Buddhism, which is huge and sensational enough in terms of the population ratio of ancient India.
In addition to the efforts of Buddhist disciples to publicize Buddhism, the real development of Buddhism still depends on political power. In the two hundred years after the demise of Buddhism, India produced a famous king in history. His heroic deeds can be compared with Alexander the Great, the famous Ashoka in world history. He is also the most devout Buddhist, which is the so-called "Great Protector" in Buddhist terminology. With the backing of powerful political power, the promotion of military power and the enlightenment of Buddhism, it will naturally be popularized. During the reign of King Ashoka, 1,000 monks, led by Lian Xu, gathered in Jiyuan Temple, the capital of Fahrenheit, to regroup Buddhist classics. This is the famous "Fahrenheit City Collection" in the history of Buddhist culture. And according to legend, he has built many pagodas, and even myths and legends. He said that the pagodas made by Ashoka later spread to China, such as pagodas in the jungles of several monasteries in Zhejiang and Sichuan, and there is still a legend that they flew from India, so they are called "Ashoka Pagoda". This is of course the result of the emotional function of religious psychology, and there is no need to pursue it further.
If historical facts are quoted, there is such a record in the 13th rock inscription established by Ashoka: "Ashoka ascended the throne for nine years, and he was added to the throne ... but he defended the positive X method and returned to the positive X method, which spread the doctrine of the positive X method. ..... "There is another cloud:" The barbarians living in the mountains were led by the king, and the heaven pitied them. They turned to the positive X method ... and covered the sky to delight all beings. This supreme victory is the victory of the positive X method. The victory of the positive X method was not only in the realm of kings, but also in neighboring countries, which was 600 years ago. For example, four kings, namely Javana (Greece), Antijoko, Tulamaya (Tommy), N 'Duquenet (Antigonus), magaz and Alicasadra (Alexandria), lived in this residence ... all declared by Ashoka and followed Law X. "
According to the record of this short passage, it can be seen that Buddhism in the time of Ashoka has prevailed and spread to Europe and Africa outside India. For example, the Entiyoko mentioned in the article is Antiochus II of Syria. Lambaya is Ptolemy II, king of Egypt. Endikenny is King antigone II of Macedonia. Maga is the king of Silene, Megas. Alexandra is Alexander II, king of Epirus. At the back of the essay, it is recorded that Mr. Xuan was sent to Syria, Egypt, Macedonia and Epirus, and the grand occasion of his spread was so obvious. According to the second volume of Good Solution, Panisha, the countries that sent Xuan teachers at that time were Kebin, Gandhara (Kashmir, Besiawa), Moyamoya Datura (Monsol in South India), Bonaboshi (RatchiPotala), Appolandoga (Sibenqiha) and Mobo.
Three or four hundred years after Ashoka, Buddhism gradually prevailed in China, Afghan and Sri Lanka, and gradually declined in India. In the second century BC, Brahman military commanders were rich and dense, usurped the peacock dynasty, wiped out Buddhism in China and India, burned temples, killed monks and nuns, persecuted and destroyed incalculable. But Buddhism in northern India still stands. Soon, Buddhism in China and India recovered slightly due to the efforts to rob the remaining monks, but there was a dispute between ministries and factions, which generally formed as many as 18. Buddhism in Sri Lanka actually started from the time of Ashoka, and was later inherited by the Ming King and became their national religion. In the second century BC, King Toda Gamini began to build pagodas. In the 1st century A.D., King Givada Gamini built the Fearless Mountain and wrote the oral Tibetan Sanzang. Later kings also did many Buddhist undertakings.
After Ashoka, in the second century A.D., the king of India, Kaneshiga, rose and Buddhism flourished again. King Garnish Jia was originally a descendant of the Yue family, and later gradually annexed parts of northwest and central India. I am confident that the Buddha started, so I made a vow to invite friends from all over the world, A?vagho?a, and all the worshippers to learn from the Bodhisattva and gather in Milo, Kashmir to collect classics, which lasted for 12 years. Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty returned to China after studying in India, and most of the classics, laws and papers handed down by him were collected by this association. Since then, in the second and third centuries, the Dragon Tree Bodhisattva has emerged in South India as a great Buddhism. In the 4th century, two brothers, Una and You Shi, developed the Maitreya School and expounded the knowledge of knowing only the Dharma, which was very famous at that time. Master Fa Xian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a monk studying in China, arrived in India in 4 1 1 year before Xuanzang. In the 6th century, Dignā ga, the protector, Qingbian and other theorists preached Buddhism with a focus on emptiness. Master Xuanzang went to India after these teachers in the early Tang Dynasty, and studied under Master Jiexian, Master Guang Zhi and Master Sanju successively, but all of them originated from the theory of idealism and emptiness. At the same time, there are some famous Indian monks, such as Dharma, Dharma, Zhen Zhen, Jonadado, Dharma Gupta, etc. They all came to China to preach and translated many classics. At the end of the 7th century, there was a master of the Book of Changes in China, who studied in India and stayed in the South China Sea. After returning home, he wrote a lot. In the eighth century, Buddhism in India gradually declined. At this time, Bodhi, Vajrayana and Sanzang came to China from India to spread tantric teachings. /kloc-After Islam was introduced into India in the 20th century, Buddhists took refuge in South India, China and Tibet. Since then, Indian Buddhism has gradually declined.