The "city" is usually located on the edge of the city. At first, it was only a temporary place. Because the trade doesn't happen every day, it's not on holidays, and it's not on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. At that time, farmers in the surrounding ten miles and eight townships will come with the goods to be exchanged and get together to exchange with the city people. This is called "market", which is the original form of "city".
After the exchange developed into trade, the number of times increased, and the temporary "set" became a formal "city". In the future, people used to associate "city" with "city" and called it "city", but there was a deep-rooted difference between them, which was particularly prominent in the hierarchical feudal society. Since ancient times, building a city has been regarded as a major event, and its degree of attention is first manifested in the layout and planning of "city" and "city". The perfection of financing is almost as fine as the width of the city, the width of the street, the location and the distribution of the road. They all have their own rules, and the concept of hierarchy is reflected everywhere.
The construction of Baoding city wall also follows this principle. After the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Republic of China, New China was founded, the Song Dynasty was built, and the Yuan Dynasty was destroyed first and then built, which laid the foundation for today's Baoding Old Town. The construction of Baoding city wall and the formation and development of the streets and alleys in the city began from the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Haowen, a writer in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, left a comprehensive record of this in "Building Shuntianfu", which made us know that the reconstruction of Baozhou City at that time had the following characteristics:
(a) based on reality, comprehensive planning. "Plan the market, set up houses and set up government offices" and "guide according to the situation", paying special attention to the development and utilization of water resources. In the southwest of the city, because of the terrain, the adjacent water protrudes, making the city shape like a boot. The center of the city is the official residence in the north and the residence in the south. According to the theory of "geomancy" (geomancy), the East Street is connected with the West Street, and the North Street is staggered by a certain distance, forming a T-shaped street. From outside the city, the water of Er Quan, A Mu in spring and a spring of chicken distance, "as a new canal, flows in from Xishuimen", traveling along the east of the city, bypassing the east of the ancient lotus pond, returning to the north and coming out from the north gate, accounting for four-tenths of the city's waters. There are five reservoirs in the city: Liutang, Xixi, Nanhu, Beitan and Yunjinkou. At the turn of summer and autumn, lotus seeds embroider and fly up and down. "When you swim in a boat, you can cast a net to catch fish." This not only solves the problem of "Jing Quan is salty and inedible" in Baozhou, but also shows the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, which is "deep and comfortable, with water and birds in it".
(2) The scale of the city is grand, which enhances the functions of the city. The scale of government and civilian residential workshops in the city is planned in a unified way, including Jiquan, Maoqian, Guihou, Reasoning, Relocation of Kindness, Righteousness, Enrichment of the People, Guiyi and Xingwen ("Fang" is a residential area with streets as the unit. In the early years of the Republic of China, "Fang" was just the name of the street administrative district); The city is densely covered with water networks, and ten bridges have been built to lead to the future; There are four floors on the bridge, such as coming to the green, floating, patrolling the wind and dividing the tide, for people to play. Use the water in the city to build four gardens: Xizhixiang, Beixiangyuan, Nanxiuxiang and Dongshouchun. 16 Buddhist temples were restored and built: Riyueyin, Hongfu, Tianning, Xingguo, Zhifa, Hongji, Thanksgiving, Puji, Dayun, Chongyan, Tianwang, Happiness, Qing 'an, Pure Land (Xiwei Temple) and Yongning Compassion Pavilion. 1 1 Taoist temple: Shen Xiao, Tianqing, Qingning, Dongyuan, Xuanwu, Quanzhen, Yuan Chao, Zhen Xuan, Qingyun, Chaozhen and Deyi. Nine new ones were built and the second one was restored. Four holy places: Huang San (Huang San), Daizong (Dongyue Temple), Wu 'an (Guandi Temple) and Chenghuang Temple.
(3) Streets and lanes are formed in the urban construction pattern, and the development of the city promotes the increase and change of streets and lanes. Because building a city requires building a city wall, and with the city wall, the city gate will be opened. With the city gate, the street faces the city gate. On both sides of the street with vertical and horizontal main roads, quadrangles with the same size and three-dimensional courtyards are connected through doors to form hutongs with different widths, which are convenient for pedestrians and horses to enter and leave, and become a vein connecting houses and vertical and horizontal main roads. It is these hutongs and small streets that make up Fang, and pieces of Fang have become residential areas in the city. Whether it is a earthen city in Yuan Dynasty or a brick city in Ming and Qing Dynasties, this grid pattern has not changed much for hundreds of years.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of the city and the change of the environment (such as the filling of waterways and puddles), the government moved and the streets and lanes changed. At that time, Baoding had four streets and lanes (North Street Rome, Nanguan Coal Market, Dongguan Vegetable Market and Xiguan Grey Market), eight streets (East, South, West and North, and Chengguan) and seventy-two hutongs. After entering the Republic of China, with the increase of urban population and the construction of new houses, the number of streets and hutongs increased. At that time, there were 49 named streets and 126 hutongs in the urban area. The name of Baoding Hutong existed during the reconstruction of Baozhou City in Yuan Dynasty.
According to scholars' research, the word "Hutong" first appeared in Yuan Qu. For example, Guan Hanqing's "Single Knife Meeting" has the words "Fight our way out of the alley". Regarding the origin of the word Hutong, according to the book Hutong in Beijing, although Hutong was a special term in the architectural layout of northern China in Yuan Dynasty, there are three explanations. First, Hutong comes from the Mongolian word "water harmony". Water is an indispensable resource in life, so people live in concentrated places around wells, that is, turning wells into streets and lanes, called hutongs; Second, hutongs are equivalent to paths, crosswalks and alleys. Also from Mongolian; Third, at the end of Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians began to build the Yuandadu (that is, Beijing City). At that time, the houses of the residents in the city were separated by pieces, with a passage in the middle. This passage was pronounced as "fire pupil" in Mongolian, and later as Hutong.
Baoding Hutong began from its origin, and its name and characteristics exude a strong Baoding style. Almost every hutong has a history, and there is an ancient story and legend that records the historical features of Baoding. The name of Baoding Hutong is colorful, simple and vivid, not only interesting, but also rich in cultural connotation.
Hutong in Baoding appeared only after the city was built, and the change of its name accompanied the history of Baoding's urban construction. As early as the Song Dynasty, Baoding was the border town where the Song and Liao Dynasties confronted each other, and in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it moved from road administration and government metallurgy to provincial administration. In the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1403), Daning, the governor of the three provinces, moved to Baoding. In the eighth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1669), the governor of Zhili moved to Baoding, and Baoding became the political, military and cultural center of Zhili.
At the same time, the scale of the city is also expanding day by day. Only when offices, official residences, temples, ancestral halls, universities, shops, markets and residential buildings connect all the streets and lanes can a city with a certain scale be formed. When hutong is formed as the smallest unit of urban traffic, people will naturally give it a name. Once the name is accepted by people, it represents the orientation of this hutong in the city, becomes an indispensable symbol in people's communication, visit and communication activities, and also serves as a basis for distinguishing it from other hutongs. The name of Baoding Hutong began to be passed down from mouth to mouth when Zhang Rou was built in Yuan Dynasty, and the government also put it on record. As for writing on the signboard and hanging on the alley mouth, it started from 19 18.
The names of hutongs generally reflect the characteristics of their areas. So many hutongs in Baoding are named after a conspicuous, famous or image symbol. The most conspicuous and prominent signs in the early years were city gates, yamen, temples, ancestral halls, official schools, rivers and wells. Named after the city gate. Such as: Ximen North Road and Ximen South Road. In the name of all previous government departments. For example, the street in front of the Governor's House is called the street in front of the Governor's House (the capital of the Republic of China), and the road in front of Baoding House is called Fumen, and further west, because it is the resident of the Inspection Department, it is called Ise Street. In the late Qing Dynasty, the street name was changed to Silk Street. The street where Qingyuan County Department lives is called Brewmaster Street. Originated from hutongs named after temples, such as Huang San Temple Street.
Guan Yue Miao Hutong is also named after the rebuilt Guan Yue Temple in Cao Kun on the east side of Hutong. Similar hutongs include Yu Ling Temple Street, Jiusheng Temple, Baiyi Temple and Dawu Temple Street. Named after the topography and morphological characteristics of hutongs, such as: Yuanba Hutong, Eggplant Hutong, Lentil Hutong, Zaoer Hutong, Baobao Hutong (later refined into Aibo Hutong) and Wallseam Hutong (later refined into Xiangfeng Hutong). Named after places, such as West Street, East Street, South Street, North Street, Nanyi Hutong and Yi Bei Hutong. Named after wells, such as: single well hutong, double well hutong, Hujiajing and Jing Erhu. Named after surnames, such as Liangjia Hutong, Dajijia Hutong and Tangjia Hutong. Named after rivers, such as Nanhepo, Beihepao, Xiheyan, Dongheyan and Zihetao.
Named after the places where people of the same trade live, such as Shaniu Hutong (Yahua is Shaniu) and Shazhu Hutong (Yahua is spreading pigs). Named after the residences of historical celebrities, such as Shuaifu Hutong (the residence of Marshal Zhang Rou in Yuan Dynasty), Xiangfu Hutong (Yu Chenglong, governor of Zhili in Qing Dynasty, once lived here, and was called Xiang in history because he was awarded the title of Prince Shaobao), Doctor Brothers and Guogong Street (the former residence of Liu Ge in Ming Dynasty). It is called Wu Wen Hutong because it is said that two civil and military officials lived here in the Ming Dynasty. In order to commemorate the Warring States period, Yan Zhaowang learned from the doctor Guo Kun, built a story about recruiting talents in Huang Jintai, and set up a post street named Jintai Post Street. In addition, there is an interesting legend that evokes people's memories. It is called "Three mountains don't show up, and four waters don't flow". Three mountains refer to Daliangshan, Xiaoliangshan and Taishan Palace; Four waters refer to Dongdakeng and Wowotou pits in the northeast corner, Nanhekeng in the southeast corner and Xihekeng in the southwest corner. Although there are mountains, they are not mountains, but street names. Although there is water, it can't flow. It's a puddle.
At the beginning of liberation and after the Cultural Revolution, Baoding only changed the indecent or time-sensitive names of streets and lanes, restored the names changed during the Cultural Revolution, and basically continued the original names of other streets and hutongs. After the reform and opening up, especially since the beginning of 2 1 century, Baoding's urban construction has taken an unprecedented step, and the urban area has formed a new old city with its own characteristics; With the reconstruction of the old city and the acceleration of road network construction, the situation of urban streets has changed greatly. Not only has the new city opened up many thoroughfares to Asia, but the streets and alleys of the old city have also taken on a new look. In the great changes, some old street names have inevitably disappeared, and newly opened streets are in urgent need of names. The original signs of street names and place names are also relatively backward, and there are many situations such as nameless roads, nameless roads, street signs, chaotic door (building) signs, outdated styles, incomplete and so on. People from all walks of life and citizens have repeatedly reflected and suggested this and demanded a solution.
Based on this, the municipal government used two years (2003-2004) to standardize and adjust the names of urban streets on a large scale. In the adjustment of street names in urban areas, we not only pay attention to retaining the old place names with rich historical and cultural connotations, but also determine the adjustment principle of "East-West Road, North-South Street, One Road, Different Old and New, Multi-use Original Names" according to the Regulations on the Administration of Place Names of the State Council and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Administration of Place Names of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, that is, to embody. To reflect the hierarchy; Serialization, standardization and scientificity; Safeguard national dignity and national unity; No name; No foreign place names; Do not use political slogans or time-sensitive words for naming; There are no administrative divisions, no famous mountains and rivers, no simple numbers, no simple place naming; There is no same name; Different voices. Insist on naming the soil after the street, which not only respects the tradition of calendar officials, but also reflects the characteristics of the city.
At the same time, considering that Baoding is a famous historical and cultural city named after the State Council, many place names in the ancient city are rich in historical culture or folk customs, which is a witness to the history of urban development. Once it disappears, the cultural connotation of the city will undoubtedly become thin. Therefore, in the adjustment, we will focus on the principle of "distinguishing the old from the new" and keep a certain number of original place names of ancient cities. After the adjustment, there are 156 streets and 103 hutongs in the urban area, and the street name signs have all been updated. The newly established signs are solemn, generous and eye-catching, basically covering the streets and lanes of the city, adding new highlights, making place names really play the role of business cards and improving the cultural taste of the city.