From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were many military disasters, and several of the biggest natural disasters in the ancient history of China also appeared in this period. The national strength is weak, and the tombs of princes and nobles are not as luxurious as before. Later, in the Qing Dynasty and Kanggan period, the national economy and productivity were greatly restored, and the architectural style of the mausoleum was also changed, paying more attention to the ground building and combining it with the ancestral temple garden. Drawing lessons from the anti-theft experience of past dynasties, the underground tombs in Qing Dynasty are extremely solid and the most difficult to start. abstract
No matter which dynasty, which generation, and thousands of years' burial forms in China, they all originated from the five elements of geomantic layout advocated by Fuxi's sixty-four hexagrams, and they all insisted on occupying the world. In the final analysis, what they pursue is eight words: within nature, the harmony between man and nature. Tomb-like structure
Civilians are generally designed according to the house they live in, with a main room, a back room and two wing rooms. The owner's coffin was parked in the center of the main room. Nobles are much bigger. The underground tomb is divided into three parts: front, middle and back. There is a thousand-kilo gate hanging at the door. The first one is a "Ming Hall" (Ghost Hall). According to the hall layout of the tomb owner's home before his death, there are all kinds of furniture. These objects are called "funerary objects". Further inside, the tomb in the middle is called "Sleeping Hall", where the coffin is placed. Secondly, there is the "Ancillary Hall", which is a special place for putting funerary wares. wall painting
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, most of the tombs of princes had murals, which described the great achievements of the tomb owners.
Question 2: It is a social and cultural phenomenon with a long history that how grave robbers accurately discover grave robbery. Archaeological data of the Neolithic Age can already see the remains of conscious destruction of tombs. After the social change of "bad manners, happy collapse" in the Spring and Autumn Period, the wind of reburial rose, so grave robbery prevailed. Shaanxi Fengxiang 1 Qin Cemetery is the largest tomb in the pre-Qin period discovered so far, and it is also the largest tomb excavated by scientific archaeological methods in China at present. A total of 247 stolen caves were found in this ancient tomb, of which 10 directly entered the tomb.
Tool editing in the old society
1. On the one hand, excavating ancient tombs depends on people's skills and experience; On the one hand, it is operated by tools. In the old society, the tools of poaching were shovels, picks, shovels, axes, torches and candles. Before the Ming Dynasty, grave robbers did not have special detection tools, and iron cones began to be used in the Ming Dynasty. Its appearance makes grave robbers always only aim at tombs with obvious signs on the ground (such as sealing soil and tombstones). Grave robbers use a special iron cone to explore the unmarked underground on the ground. Once they find the ancient tomb, they can dig a hole directly and steal it according to the metal smell brought up on the cone. Wang Shixing in Ming Dynasty said in Guang Zhi Yi: "Luoyang is rich in water and soil resources, and burying people is not as good as spring." "However, although buried, thieves can still smell it. If there are gold, silver, copper and iron, they will make (dig)."
From iron cone to Luoyang shovel, it is a leap for grave robbers in the north to use underground detection tools. The north, especially Luoyang and Guanzhong, is located in the Loess Plateau with deep water and thick soil. The shovel clamp of Luoyang shovel is only 2 inches wide and is in a U-shaped semicircle. The shovel is mounted on the upper part.
Grave robbing tools
Long handle, every time this shovel is inserted into the ground, it can go down three or four inches deep, and when it is lifted, it can bring up the soil stuck in the semicircle.
Grave robbing and treasure hunting have existed since ancient times, especially today. Its methods, techniques and tools have developed into more modernization, intelligence and collectivization. Military compasses and detectors are used for detection, detonators, explosives and chainsaws are used for excavation, and cars, motorcycles and mobile phones are used for transportation and communication. Therefore, the struggle against excavating ancient tombs and selling smuggled cultural relics is more complicated and arduous, with a long way to go!
Skill editing
The four words of grave robbers
Different from Luoyang and Guanzhong in the north, Luoyang shovel is useless because of the thin soil and high water level in many places in the south. Local grave robbers "adapted to local conditions", after long-term exploration and summary, formed a set of methods and skills to find and understand treasures. Liu Hongfu, a Hunan scholar, has been dealing with folk antique dealers for many years, taking the opportunity to understand and study the modus operandi of grave robbers around Changsha before liberation.
Cao Cao-the most professional grave robber
And it can be summarized into four words: looking, smelling, asking and cutting.
"Look" means looking at Feng Shui. Old grave robbers are experienced and good at geomantic omen, so wherever they go, they should first look at the terrain and see where the ancient tombs that were destroyed on the ground are. As long as it is a real treasure trove of geomantic omen, it is usually a tomb with many treasures inside. Using geomantic omen to guide the determination of unmarked tomb sites on the ground is almost a hit. According to legend, during the Republic of China, there was a grave-robbing master named Cai in Changsha, and his feng shui was very good. If he goes out and chooses a place, his followers will gather around. Once he went to visit relatives in Ningxiang county and went to a scenic spot. He pointed to a rice field and told his colleagues that there must be a big tomb under this field, and the treasure in the tomb will definitely make you and me rich. None of his colleagues believed him, so the man made a bet with them: if there was no grave, he would lose 1000 dollars. On the contrary, 70% of the treasures are found in graves. Many people gamble wildly and secretly find dozens of villagers to dig at night. In the middle of the night, they dug up a brick tomb with pictures of the deceased's life before his death. There are swords, Baoding, jade articles, lacquerware, golden cakes, inkstones, bamboo tubes and other items in the tomb. Later, they sold them to American missionaries and got a lot of dollars to get rich.
"Smell" means smell. Grave robbers with this magical skill specialize in the olfactory function of the nose. Before digging, he turned over the surface soil of the tomb, took a pinch of tomb soil and put it under his nose to smell it fiercely, so as to distinguish whether the tomb was stolen from the smell of the soil and judge the age according to the color of the soil. It is said that Kung Fu can best distinguish the subtle odor difference between the tomb soil in Han Dynasty and the tomb soil in Tang Dynasty with amazing accuracy.
When Changsha was just liberated, an old grave robber was shot. He sold the cultural relics and national treasures he stole all his life to foreigners. This man is Wen Jia, who used to rob tombs in Han and Tang Dynasties. As long as you smell the unearthed objects, you can accurately determine the age. A grave robber brought some old lacquerware, saying it was from a prince's grave. Leaning on the couch, smoking opium, he picked up a lacquer ware, sniffed it under his nose, and then said with a smile, "Dear friend, it will take about seven months for your lacquer ware to be taken out in the urine pit." The man was shocked and even said, "Offend! Attack! "
"Asking" means stepping on the spot. People who are good at this method often dress up as Feng. >>
Question 3: Does the ancient tomb face the geographical position? According to geographical geomantic omen, the tomb faces south, but it is not due south, and it can also be in the southeast and southwest. The key is that the surrounding geographical environment is surrounded by mountains, mountain to mountain and mountain to mountain, which conforms to the pattern. You can visit the Qing Dongling on the spot. None of them are due south. They all follow the mountain and find a good pattern. The same is true of other tombs.
Ordinary people can only be buried in their ancestral graves; Or plain areas, we can't find the pattern, so we have to face south. It is caused by the family conditions of the tomb owner.
Question 4: How to determine the location of the ancient tomb? Don't think about it for 50 minutes Large tombs have been found in all countries, but only small tombs have not been found.
Question 5: What are the requirements for the geographical location of the ancient tomb? The ancients in China realized long ago that human beings' attachment and adaptation to nature, food, clothing, housing and transportation, sickness and death are closely related to nature and must live in harmony. People will have problems if they are divorced from nature. People's feng shui thought is produced in the summary of nature, and "burying in the ground" and "harmony between man and nature" are the embodiment of this thought in funeral. The word "burial" vividly illustrates this concept: burial after death, covered with plants. Nowadays, it can be seen in many cemeteries. After the memorial service, people scattered flowers on the tombstone or planted flowers and trees around it. The ancient traditional custom of "burial" is still continuing.
Contemporary people pay more and more attention to the living environment. Before buying a house, they should choose a place and look around. So what kind of "living environment" should they choose for the deceased? Especially at present, cemeteries are concentrated in the form of cemeteries. How many people can realize their wishes and choose a blessed land with good feng shui for their deceased relatives?
The principle of relying on mountains and rivers
Surrounded by mountains and rivers, green mountains and green waters are a beautiful environment that people generally yearn for, and it is also the basic principle of a good cemetery. Reflected in the theory of geomantic omen, it means that "the owner of a mountain will decide that water dominates wealth", which means that choosing a mountain can make future generations prosper; Choosing water can make money roll in. Stone is the bone of the mountain, water is the blood of the mountain, benevolent people enjoy Leshan, and wise people enjoy water. Water is the source of life, and there is life when there is water in mountains. A mountain without water seems to have no soul, so there is a saying in Feng Shui: If there is no water in the mountain, don't look for land again. Look at the water before you look at the mountain. It can be seen that "the master of mountains and the master of wealth" is the simplest and most incisive summary of investigating the geomantic omen of cemeteries. Some feng shui theories that focus on regulating qi emphasize storing wind and gathering qi. As the saying goes, "the method of geomantic omen is to get water first, then hide the wind" (burial book) thinks that the bigger the water surface, the thicker the gas gathering and the thicker the wealth.
The principle of leaning forward and leaning back, embracing each other left and right.
I'm afraid that people have heard a lot in the cemetery. This is feng shui's summary of the terrain around the cemetery. In fact, it is surrounded by mountains and there is a spacious basin in the middle. The "hole" of Feng Shui theory is in this basin, and all the mountains and rivers are called "sand". This kind of terrain is also reflected in the word "burial" mentioned above, which is the word "Fu" (pronounced as arch) below the word, which means holding hands together and forming a hollow cave in the middle. The ancients thought it was a good burial place, so the word "burial" itself reflected the ancients' view of funeral.
Principles of buckling and winding
In the past, quadrangles and temples all had screen walls facing the gate, and modern people pay more attention to the design of the porch when decorating. Screen walls and porches are designed according to feng shui, not just for beauty. Their function is to avoid and block Sha Qi from colliding head-on. How can a cemetery stop suffocation? The principle of geomantic omen advocates "straightness is blunt" and "bending is smooth". The road should be curved and the scenery should be winding, that is, winding. The winding path leads to a secluded place not only has the practical effect of geomantic omen, but also has a unique artistic effect, such as garden buildings in the south of the Yangtze River.
The principle of opening the hall
In ancient times, when someone became famous, became an official or made a fortune, people often talked about the geomantic omen of this person's ancestral grave, which was called: outstanding people and outstanding people. Feng Shui believes that Tang Ming's opening up is conducive to training talents and developing its career. Therefore, we should "go up the mountain to see the Shuikou" and "go into the cave to see Tang Ming". Tang Ming means that there must be a vast and flat place in front of the tomb. Only when Tang Ming is open and full of vitality can it have a bright future. On the contrary, cemeteries should not be located in narrow and limited valleys.
The principle of returning to nature
In the current urban planning, the cemetery is getting farther and farther away from the city. Why not be closer to the city? It is convenient to pay homage to the grave. Isn't it more humane? Isn't it more modern to be wrapped in the middle of a tall building? Here, the geomantic omen of Yin House is just the opposite of Yang House. City people advocate the integration of people and vehicles, man-machine (computer) integration, work first, efficiency first, while cemetery emphasizes nature first and the harmony between man and nature.
Principle of headwind water supply
The cemetery also pays attention to "upper hand and water". The upwind direction and water supply direction of Beijing are northwest, so the Ming Tombs are located in Changping District, northwest of Beijing. The northwest is determined according to the central axis of Beijing. This central axis starts from the Drum Tower in the north, passes through the Palace Museum and the front door, and ends at Yongdingmen in the south. The center is the Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City.
To sum up, the significance of geomantic omen is to help people choose good or bad luck, which is consistent with the starting point of choosing a cemetery for funeral to let the dead rest in peace and the living feel at ease. As for whether Feng Shui will benefit future generations, that is a matter of different opinions, but it is not wrong to choose an auspicious place. It is said that the famous architect Bei ...
Question 6: Where is the Tomb School? The ancient tomb school should refer to the school of the heroine Xiao Longnv in Jin Yong's martial arts novel The Condor Heroes.
The tomb of the living dead in Zhong Nanshan (now Huxian County, Shaanxi Province) is at the bottom without mercy.
Question 7: How to judge that there are ancient tombs 1 and "Wang" in the local area? Just look at the air, feng shui and vegetation. China ancient society was superstitious about geomantic omen. Therefore, the mausoleum was also chosen in the land of feng shui. If the mountain faces the water, it must be where the graves gather. In addition, the vegetation and even the soil around the tomb is an important basis for judging whether there is a tomb. For example, where there are ancient tombs, because the soil has been dug and trampled, the growth of crops will be worse than that next to it. In addition, when it snows, different geology will leave different traces. When you meet a place with beautiful scenery, undulating mountains and beautiful scenery, or a place with deep soil and dry climate, you should check it in detail. It is possible to find some large tombs without ground signs.
2. "smell". Is to smell, according to the smell of different places to distinguish whether there is an ancient tomb. For example, in Qin and Han tombs, mercury and cinnabar are often injected for anticorrosion; However, the tomb walls after the Tang and Song Dynasties were generally painted with green paste and mud. It is said that some people's sense of smell is beyond the reach of ordinary people, even worse than hounds. As long as they smell it with their noses, they can judge the age of the tomb according to the smell in the soil and whether it has been stolen. Some people can even accurately distinguish the tombs of the Han Dynasty from those of the Tang Dynasty. Tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties have a strong smell, because they are relatively late and are mostly masonry structures. Another important meaning of "smell" is listening to sounds. Generally, large-scale ancient tombs will be filled with a lot of soil when buried, but due to the age, the soil will inevitably settle naturally, and some will appear the phenomenon of solid outside and empty inside. Once the tomb is shaken, such as thundering in the air, it can send a sound different from other places to the surface. Experienced people can judge whether there is a mausoleum here by the subtle differences of these voices. Moreover, graves of different geology and ages make different sounds.
3. "Ask". Searching for a mausoleum requires collecting information from many sources. There are many stories about ancient tombs in China folklore. In some remote places suitable for building tombs, you can ask the locals about their history, who famous people they have had and whether there have been any strange phenomena. By talking with these people, we can get information about ancient tombs.
4. "cut". It is a thorough and detailed survey of the surface, which is also the most important link in finding ancient tombs. It can not only judge the actual situation of the ancient tomb, but also judge its age, scale and funerary objects. Insert Luoyang shovel into the ground and judge by the soil layer picked up by the shovel. If the soil layer is consistent in color and harmonious as a whole, it proves that the underground here has not been excavated and there are no tombs. If there is a fault in the soil layer, the color changes, and there are different five-flowered soils in the middle, there are probably tombs. If there are some impurities in the soil, such as metals, pottery pieces, sawdust, cinnabar, pit ash, etc., it means that there must be ancient tombs here, and the age of the tombs can be judged according to the metals and pottery pieces. People with a keen sense of smell can also judge the tomb information according to the smell of the soil layer brought out by Luoyang shovel. In the process of Luoyang shovel detection, we can judge the situation of tombs according to the different feelings of hands on the shovel handle. If the hand feels light, it means soft soil. If there is a strong tremor in your hand, it means that you have touched something hard. Then according to the subtle differences, you can tell whether it is a coffin, a stone or something else.
It can be a wild road. For example, Luoyang shovel was invented by grave robbers. But now, archaeologists have been using this thing for a long time, which is regarded as "standard equipment". Archaeologists also need to study some historical books and ancient books to judge that there may be tombs somewhere.
Sometimes in the process of construction, ancient tombs may be found, which is very accidental and cannot be found by this. You can't dig around with an excavator, can you?
Question 8: How to judge whether there are ancient tomb sites in some places? Judging from the present situation of burial preservation, it can be divided into two situations. In a case, some parts of the site are still exposed on the surface or profile, and can be judged intuitively according to the shape of the site or the nature of the contents (find out the artificial sites), such as the enclosure of the Qin Shihuang mausoleum, the Great Wall, the Grand Canal and so on. Due to some human activities such as farming, earth borrowing and natural erosion, some relics are sometimes disturbed to the surface from their original positions, which is also a clue to judge whether there are relics. In another case, the site is basically buried underground, and there are no traces or clues on the ground, but it is impossible to judge the whole picture of the site. At this time, we need to explore. There are many kinds of exploration. Useful manpower, such as digging a small pit to see the accumulation profile and drilling with a shovel to bring out a small amount of soil samples to maintain the original accumulation order, will cause some damage to the site to some extent. There are also nondestructive testing mainly relying on machines, including remote sensing and various physical and chemical testing equipment. There is also an independent evidence that exists outside the ancient ruins, such as documentary records and oral historical materials. This is not an archaeological method, but it is often used in archaeological work.
Hope to adopt
Question 9: We already know the approximate location of the ancient tomb. How do we determine the location of the grave? You want to steal national cultural relics, don't you?
Question 10: What are the funerary objects of the ancient tombs in the Song Dynasty generally placed in the middle of a flat farmland in Tanjiacun Formation, Jinkengqiao, Fulin Town, Changsha County, and a loess hill about 300 meters high is particularly conspicuous. There is a big hole halfway up the mountain, which extends inward about 2 meters from the hole. Around the big hole, it is surrounded by gray-black bricks. At the bottom of the cave, there are some big bricks with patterns on them.