1.
The decrease of river carrying capacity promotes sedimentation and forms accumulation landform. Common river accumulation landforms mainly include: (1) alluvial fan plain.
Alluvial fan is a fan-shaped accumulation in the estuary. After the river leaves the mountain pass, the specific gradient is significantly reduced, and the water flow is divided into many intersections and flows outward in a fan shape, so that the energy of the river water is significantly reduced and a large amount of substances are accumulated, which is beneficial to the diversion of the river water. With the continuous accumulation and change of branches, alluvial fans are formed. The material structure of alluvial fans is generally coarse at the top, mainly composed of sand and gravel. With the weakening of the bearing capacity of water flow to the edge, the accumulated materials gradually become thinner, and the edge is generally sand, silty sand and loam, so the separation performance is better. Therefore, alluvial fan is a good aquifer, and springs are often exposed at the edge, so gravity irrigation can be developed. If the ravine rises intermittently with the mountain, it can also form a superimposed alluvial fan.
(2) Floodplain
The floodplain originates from the middle and lower reaches of the river. In the middle and lower reaches of the river, the erosion of the river is weakened and the lateral erosion is strengthened. Rivers often scour concave banks and accumulate on convex banks, forming underwater accumulation bodies. The area of accumulation body gradually expands, and it is exposed to water in dry season, forming a floodplain (see the figure below).
During the flood season, the floodplain was flooded and continued to receive sediments. If the river is diverted, the floodplain will be abandoned. Many abandoned floodplains are connected to form a floodplain.
(3) Delta Plain
Delta plain refers to the alluvial plain in the estuary area. It is the product of the interaction between rivers, oceans and dominant rivers. When the river reaches the mouth of the ocean, due to the extremely slow flow rate and the diffusion of water, the sediment it carries will accumulate near the estuary, and the tide will support it to form a delta. The shape of the delta is a bit like a triangle on the plane, with its apex facing the land. The terrain is flat, the river network is dense and criss-crossed, and the rivers radiate from the fork tip to the ocean. Several deltas are connected together to form a vast delta plain.
2. Organize the knowledge points of geography in the last semester of Senior Two.
Important geographical dividing line of China: (1) Qinling-Huaihe line is an important geographical dividing line of China, and the landform of this line is very different from north to south:
① the southern boundary of the Loess Plateau;
② It is roughly where the 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 and the 800 mm precipitation line pass;
③ the dividing line between XX belt and warm temperate zone;
(4) the boundary between the humid area and the semi-humid area;
⑤ The boundary between evergreen broad-leaved forest with XX belt and temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest;
⑥ Whether rivers have ice age boundaries;
⑦ the boundary between agricultural paddy field and dry land, three crops in two years and two crops in one year, rice and wheat miscellaneous grains;
The dividing line between the long river system and the Yellow River system.
(2) Daxinganling is also an important geographical dividing line of China, and its landforms on the east and west sides are also very different:
(1) 400 mm rainfall line.
(2) the dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region;
(3) the dividing line between the inner flow area and the outer flow area;
(4) places where pastoral areas and agricultural areas pass;
⑤ The dividing line between Inner Mongolia Plateau and Northeast Plain;
⑥ The boundary between the second and third levels of Chinese topography;
⑦ The boundary between forest landscape and grassland landscape.
3. Organize the knowledge points of geography in the last semester of Senior Two.
0 longitude:
Crossing point: London, east of Gibraltar Strait, Gulf of Guinea. Geographical things nearby include London, Paris (east of 0), Mediterranean, Sahara desert, Gulf of Guinea and so on.
East longitude 30:
Crossing point: Murmansk port, east of Turkey Strait, Cairo (Nile). Geographical things nearby include Murmansk (30 East), Moscow (30 East), the junction of Eastern Europe Plain and Bode Plain, Black Sea, Asia Minor Peninsula (west), Mediterranean Sea, Cairo, Nile, East African Plateau (west) and South African Plateau (east).
60 degrees east longitude:
Crossing point: Ural Mountains, Aral Sea, east of the Strait of Hormuz. Nearby, there are Ural Mountains, Aral Sea, Yilan Plateau, the eastern side of Arabian Peninsula and Arabian Sea.
90 degrees east longitude:
Crossing point: Yenisei River, Altai Mountain and Ganges Delta. The geographical objects nearby are Yenisei River (the boundary river between West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau), Altai Mountain, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountain, Tarim Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ganges Delta and Bay of Bengal.
East longitude 120:
Crossing points: Daxinganling, Bohai Sea, Hangzhou, west coast of Taiwan Province Province, Philippine Islands and Western Australia. Geographical things nearby include Lena River (east), Daxinganling (east), Beijing (west), Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Bay, Shanghai and Hangzhou (east), Philippine Islands, Malay Islands and Western Australia.
East longitude 150:
Crossing point: East Siberian Mountains, Canberra (Sydney). Nearby geographical things include East Siberian Mountain, Thousand Islands, Great Watershed, Canberra, Sydney and so on.
180 :
International international date line, across the central Pacific Ocean. Geographical things nearby include Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, New Zealand and so on.
150 W:
Crossing point: central Alaska and eastern Hawaii, USA.
120 W:
Crossing point: (Vancouver, Seattle, San Francisco) East, Los Angeles.
West side. The nearby geography includes the Rocky Mountains.
90 degrees west longitude:
Crossing points: Hudson Bay, Great Lakes (west) and New Orleans. Nearby geography includes Hudson Bay (west), Mississippi River (east), Great Lakes (west), New Orleans, Gulf of Mexico and Central America.
60 degrees west longitude:
Crossing point: Newfoundland (west), unfavorable North Ellis, Antarctic Peninsula. Nearby geography includes Newfoundland (west), Caribbean (east), Guyana Plateau, Amazon Plain, Brazil Plateau, La Plata Plain (mouth of the La Plata River) and Antarctic Peninsula.
30 degrees west longitude:
Across the middle of the Atlantic.
20 degrees west longitude:
The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres crosses the Atlantic Ocean. Geographical things are mainly Greenland (East) and Iceland.
East longitude 160:
The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres runs through the Pacific Ocean. Nearby geographical things include the mountains of eastern Siberia, the Thousand Islands and the waters of eastern Australia.
Equator:
Crossing point: Central Africa, Southeast Asia and northern South America. Geographical things nearby include Congo Basin, East African Plateau (Lake Victoria), Malay Archipelago and Amazon Plain.
Tropic of Cancer:
Crossing points: North Africa, Red Sea, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Peninsula, Indochina Peninsula, China South China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Taiwan Province), Hawaiian Islands, Mexican Plateau, Gulf of Mexico, etc.
30 Newton:
Crossing points: North Africa (Cairo), the estuary of two rivers (Euphrates River and Tigris River), West Asia, South Asia, China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Yarlung Zangbo River _ Grand Canyon), Sichuan Basin, Yangtze River _ Middle and Lower Reaches Plain (Hangzhou), Hawaiian Islands, and South America (New Orleans).
40 Newton:
Key points: Iberian Peninsula (Madrid), Sardinia, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Turkish Strait, Asia Minor Peninsula, Caspian Sea, Central Asia, Talmu Basin (Kashgar), Jiuquan, Inner Mongolia Plateau, North China (Beijing), Bohai Sea, North Korea, Japan (northern mainland), Central America (south of the Great Lakes) and Eastern America (Philadelphia).
50 Newton:
Crossing Points: English Channel, Western Europe Plain, Southern Central Europe Plain, Eastern Europe Plain (north of Caspian Sea), Altai Mountain, northern Mongolia, northeastern China, Aleutian Islands, north of the US-Canada border, north of the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.
Arctic circle:
Key points: southern Iceland, northern Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland), northern Russia, Bering Strait, northern Alaska and northern Canada.
Tropic of Capricorn:
Key points: South Africa, Central Australia and Central South America. The main geographical areas are the South African Plateau, Madagascar, Australian Desert, great artesian basin, Great Divide, Central Andes, La Plata Plain (North) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
4. Finishing the geographical knowledge points in the last semester of Senior Two.
1, subsistence agriculture and commodity agriculture are relative, so we should pay attention to the flexible use of what we have learned when judging. There is a close relationship between intensive agriculture and commodity agriculture. Capital-intensive agriculture and technology-intensive agriculture generally belong to commodity agriculture, while labor-intensive agriculture mostly belongs to subsistence agriculture.
2. The prerequisite for human beings to use and transform natural factors is not to violate the laws of nature. Greenhouse agriculture generally appears in higher latitudes and winter; Because of the abundant heat in tropical areas, greenhouse agriculture is generally not developed.
3. Terraces need to be built, which is generally suitable for areas with small slope rate, so not all mountainous areas can transform natural conditions by building terraces.
4. Monsoon paddy field agriculture belongs to subsistence agriculture, with low commodity rate and low mechanization level, but not all Asian countries belonging to the regional type of monsoon paddy field agriculture have low commodity rate and low mechanization level, such as Thailand with high commodity rate and Japan with high small mechanization level. Therefore, the analysis of problems should be based on specific data to prevent blind classification of materials.
5. The distribution area of rice planting needs both rain and heat, but it is not absolute. If a place is scarce in precipitation but rich in surface water resources and can develop irrigated agriculture, rice cultivation can be developed, such as Hexi Corridor in China.
6. Mixed agriculture is divided according to production objects. Pond agriculture in the Pearl River Delta of China is far from mixed agriculture in Australia and Western Europe, but it still belongs to mixed agriculture.
7, industrial production is less affected by natural conditions, not unaffected by natural conditions. For example, the mining industry is greatly influenced by natural (resource) conditions.
8. The positioning of different oriented industries is not static. As long as economic benefits can be obtained, market-oriented industries can also be close to raw materials, such as high-end furniture factories; Industries facing raw materials can also be close to the market. Therefore, when analyzing industrial location, we should use the viewpoint of development.
9. The quality of labor force not only refers to the education level of workers, but also includes their experience and proficiency.
10, pay attention to distinguish between electronic industry and electronic assembly industry, the former is a technical industry and the latter is a labor industry.
1 1. Emerging industries can be divided into labor-intensive (northeastern and central Italy) and technology-intensive ("Silicon Valley" in the United States), not specifically technology-intensive industries.
12. Both traditional industries and high-tech industries have high requirements for traffic conditions, but the former focuses on large-capacity water transport and railway transport, while the latter focuses on fast and efficient air transport.
13. Plain is the most ideal environment for urban development, but not all plains are densely distributed with cities, such as Amazon Plain.
14, the river junction is conducive to the formation and development of the city, but in mountainous areas with high mountains and deep valleys, the river junction is not conducive to the formation and development of the city.
15. The influence of traffic conditions on cities is dynamic. The prosperity of the dominant mode of transportation in a certain period will often promote the development of the city, otherwise it will hinder the development of the city. The rise and fall of Yangzhou is a typical example.
16, pay attention to the difference between urbanization level and urbanization speed: the former is mainly reflected by the percentage of urban population to the total population, and the greater the percentage, the higher the urbanization level; Urbanization speed refers to the change of urbanization level in a certain period. The level of urbanization in developed countries is high and the speed of urbanization is slow, while the level of urbanization in developing countries is still lower than that in developed countries, although the speed of urbanization is fast.
17, the understanding of urbanization should not be limited to the concentration of rural population in cities, but should also realize that the transformation from rural areas to cities is also urbanization.
18. Anti-urbanization is not urban decay, but a new form of urban expansion, which occurs mostly in big cities in developed countries.
19, urban problems do not exist in every city, but appear at a certain stage of urban development, which is not inevitable.
20. Pay attention to the difference between urban regional form and urban basic form: the former mainly refers to the external form of the city-centralized, grouped, strip or radial; The latter includes external form and internal form-centralized compact type and decentralized loose type.
5. Sorting out the geographical knowledge points in the last semester of Senior Two.
Malacca Strait: between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island; Anda Caspian Sea connects the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. The throat of Pacific-Indian Ocean shipping is called Japan's "maritime lifeline". The Strait of Hormuz: Located between Iran and Arabian Peninsula, connecting Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. The Persian Gulf is the throat leading to the Arabian Sea and the "oil strait" of the world.
Bering Strait: Chukchi Peninsula-alaska peninsula; Communicate the Arctic Ocean-Pacific Ocean. The dividing line between Asia and North America and the passage between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
Mande Strait: between Arabian Peninsula and African continent; Communicate the Red Sea-Indian Ocean. The main road connecting the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean.
Turkey Strait: Between the Black Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea is the gateway to the Mediterranean and the dividing line between Asia and Europe.
Strait of Gibraltar: Iberian Peninsula-African continent; Communicate the Mediterranean-Atlantic. The Mediterranean Sea is the gateway to the Atlantic Ocean and the only way for Asia-Europe routes.
English Channel: Great Britain-continental Europe; Traffic between the North Sea and the Bay of Biscay. The North Sea-Atlantic shipping artery is the busiest shipping channel in the world, with the largest number of ships passing through it.
Strait of magellan: between the South American continent and Tierra del Fuego; Communicate the South Atlantic-South Pacific. Large ships and routes between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Drake Strait: between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula; Connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. The dividing line between South America and Antarctica; The only way for scientific research teams from all over the world to visit Antarctica.
Mozambique channel: Between the African continent and Madagascar. Connecting the South and North Indian Oceans, it is the longest strait in the world.